Attacks on adult females with infants by non-resident males in the François langur

Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals,especially primates,as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species.Usually,infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers,and are traditionally considered a male reproductive strategy(i.e.,support the sexual selection hypothesis,Hrdy,1974).To verify the validity of this conception,we observed one group of François’langurs in the Nonggang Nature Reserve,China,between August 2003 and July 2004.During the study period,a François’langur female with the youngest infant in the group was attacked three times by immigrating males,and later disappeared by the third day after the final attack.We suggest that these attacks on the female-infant dyad represent infanticide attempts by males,and may be the cause of the adult female and her infant’s disappearance.Presumably,that female dispersed with her infant to avoid infanticide and was not killed.Though these observations do not completely verify the sexual selection hypothesis,they are not inconsistent with it.

François Noel,Reading Chinese Philosophy and Spiritual Transformation

卫方济(1651—1729)1711年出版了两本与中国哲学有关的书。《中国哲学》根据亚里士多德的框架向欧洲人介绍儒家思想,《中国经典》是六部儒家经典的译本。这两本书论述了一位欧洲传教士是如何通过阅读儒家经典及其注释而得到转变的。尽管卫方济的著作被卷入“中国礼仪之争”,克里斯蒂安·沃尔夫等几位德国哲学家对这些著作还是有所了解的,并在伦理领域的理性自主性受到威胁的辩论中使用了这些著作。卫方济的理论前提和解释方法可能从当代学术的角度看已经不再那么重要,但是他的这一案例表明,儒家经典的阅读是可以在伦理与实践的层面上改变一个欧洲学者的。卫方济的作品也邀请我们重新考虑系统哲学和作为实践的哲学之间的现代分裂,而这一分裂皮埃尔·哈多的著作已经做以批评了。从这个意义上说,卫方济将亚里士多德与孔子联系起来的尝试见证了一场更大的运动。

Habitat use and locomotion of the François’langur(Trachypithecus francoisi)in limestone habitats of Nonggang,China

We collected data on habitat use and locomotion of the François’langur(Trachypithecus francoisi)between August 2003 and July 2004 at Nonggang Nature Reserve,China.A total of 739 h of behavioral data were collected during this study.We tested 2 predictions:(1)that the langurs may have special patterns of habitat use and locomotion adaptive to the limestone habitat,and(2)the langurs may exhibit different patterns of habitat use and locomotion among different zones of limestone hill.Our results indicated that François’langurs spent more time in the low-risk,relatively food-poor cliff-hilltop areas.When young leaves and fruit were scarce in the dry season,the langurs increased their time in the high-risk,food-rich valley basin.François’langurs were semi-terrestrial,and leaping and climbing were their main locomotor modes.These behavioral patterns are considered to be related to characteristics of topography and vegetation in limestone habitat,such as large areas of cliff and discontinuous canopy.Our results also supported Prediction 2.The langurs confined locomotion to the main canopy and frequently adopted leaping while traveling in the hillside and valley basin.While traveling in cliff-hilltop areas,they tended to stay in the lower stratus(≤5 m)or move on the ground,and walking and climbing were their dominant traveling modes.

Ranging behavior of the François’langur(Trachypithecus francoisi)in limestone habitats of Nonggang,China

Ranging behavior is an important aspect of animal behavior that researchers use to investigate ecological influences on individual behavior.We collected data on the ranging behavior of one group of François’langurs(Trachypithecus francoisi)between August 2003 and July 2004 in a limestone habitat within Nonggang Nature Reserve,China.We evaluated the influences of food availability,water resources and sleeping sites on ranging behavior.During the study period,the total home range size for the study group was 64.5 or(69.3 ha if the lacunae within the borders in which langurs were not observed were included),and the mean daily path length was 541 m.These are well within the range of variation reported in Trachypithecus species.The monthly range size was between 9.8 and 23.3 ha,and monthly range size correlated negatively with young leaf availability.The langurs tended to use a larger range size during young leaf-lean periods.The langurs did not use their home range uniformly,and 74%of their activities occurred within 35%of their home range.The most heavily used quadrats in the home range were located near the most frequently used sleeping sites,suggesting that sleeping sites have a significant influence on the ranging behavior of François’langurs in limestone habitats.

自由的重负:《你好,忧愁》中的“忧愁”新解

弗朗索瓦丝·萨冈在其首部作品《你好,忧愁》中以一抹说不清道不明的“忧愁”叩响了文学世界的大门,俘获了无数读者,成为一代“出版现象”。萨冈的文学创作中充斥着孤独、空虚、自由等主题,与萨特的哲学思想遥相呼应。本文旨在借助萨特的自由观解读《你好,忧愁》中的“忧愁”,阐释这种“忧愁”是存在的自由在遭遇他人阻碍的境况中,人进行自由选择和行动后所必须担负的沉重的责任意识。