Development of experimental apparatus about reverse circulation bit

A set of experimental apparatus on reverse circulation bit are developed, in order to lucubrate the mechanism of the new type reverse circulation bits, and the structure of the bits influencing the ability of taking core and carrying powder.Both the major structure of the equipment and the procession of experiment are described.

A new two-dimensional experimental apparatus for electrochemical remediation processes

Electrochemical extraction of contaminants from soils is a promising soil decontamination technology. Various experiments have been conducted to study electrochemical reactions and geochemical processes in the electrochemical extraction using different experimental apparatuses. This paper presents the development of a new closed two-dimensional(2D) apparatus that can better simulate the field application of the technology and accurately monitor the most important electrochemical parameters to understand the process. The innovative features of the new apparatus include the outer and inner electrodes designed to apply a non-uniform electrical field across the specimen as in the field electrochemical remediation process, the probes installed to measure the 2D distribution of electrical voltage, and the gas and fluid volume measurement devices used to accurately monitor the gas generation and electroosmotic flow rates at both electrodes as a function of time. The components of this new apparatus and the features of each component are described. The operating procedure and some typical results from three experiments with the apparatus are demonstrated. The results show that the variation of the gas generation rate is in good agreement with the electric current. Their relation provides a valid evaluation for electrochemical behavior of the system and Faraday's laws of electrolysis. The 2D profiles of cadmium concentration and voltage distribution at the end of the experiment reveal the great effects of a non-uniform electrical field on the contaminant mobilization.

An experimental study of shear strength of gas-hydrate-bearing core samples

The shear strength of gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs is one of the most important parameters used to study mechanical properties of gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs. The shear strength of gas-hydrate- bearing reservoirs changes with filling and cementation of gas hydrates, which will affect the wellbore and reservoir stability. Traditional shear tests could not be conducted on gas-hydrate-bearing core samples because the gas hydrates exist under a limited range of temperature and pressure conditions. This paper describes a novel shear apparatus for studying shear strength of gas-hydrate-bearing core samples under original reservoir conditions. The preparation of gas-hydrate-bearing core samples and subsequent shear tests are done in the same cell. Cohesion and internal friction angle of the core samples with different saturations of gas hydrates were measured with the apparatus. The effect of gas hydrates on the shear strength of reservoirs was quantitatively analyzed. This provides a foundation for studying wellbore and reservoir stability of gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs.

Laboratory core flooding experimental systems for CO_2 geosequestration: An updated review over the past decade

Carbon dioxide(CO2) geosequestration in deep saline aquifers has been currently deemed as a preferable and practicable mitigation means for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gases(GHGs) emissions to the atmosphere, as deep saline aquifers can offer the greatest potential from a capacity point of view. Hence,research on core-scale CO2/brine multiphase migration processes is of great significance for precisely estimating storage efficiency, ensuring storage security, and predicting the long-term effects of the sequestered CO2in subsurface saline aquifers. This review article initially presents a brief description of the essential aspects of CO2subsurface transport and geological trapping mechanisms, and then outlines the state-of-the-art laboratory core flooding experimental apparatus that has been adopted for simulating CO2injection and migration processes in the literature over the past decade. Finally, a summary of the characteristics, components and applications of publicly reported core flooding equipment as well as major research gaps and areas in need of further study are given in relevance to laboratory-scale core flooding experiments in CO2geosequestration under reservoir conditions.

An Experiment on Cavitating Flow in Rocket Engine Inducer

An experiment for rocket engine inducer cavitating flow is conducted on a new experimental platform.The experiment platform,using water as working medium,can be used to investigate the steady and unsteady flows of cavitating and noncavitating turbopumps.The experimental platform is designed as a flexible and versatile apparatus for any kind of fluid dynamic phenomena relating to high performance liquid rocket engine turbopumps.Design details for the platform is introduced.Various extend of cavitation images and dynamic pressure impulse are obtained,which provides a reference for cavitating flow study in rocket engine inducer.

Electrically Charged Torque Pendulum Experiment with a Null Result

We repeated Saxl’s electrically charged pendulum experiment with an accuracy about one order higher.We found.no anomalous period change reported by him.Further experiment research shows that his result could be explained if there were the affection of a capacitance between the pendulum disk and other part of the apparatus in his experiment.

虚拟仪器在大空间水平管自然对流传热实验中的应用

介绍了虚拟仪器在大空间水平圆管空气自然对流传热实验中的应用,为更新改造传统仪器设备、提高教学实验水平提供了可借鉴的经验。

液体饱和蒸气压测定实验改进探索

液体饱和蒸气压的测定是物理化学实验课程的经典项目,传统实验装置的数据采集和加热控制方法存在很多不足。该文设计制作了集数据测量和加热功能于一体的自动化仪器,自主研发了实验配套的数据采集和加热控制软件,很好地解决了这些问题。新研制的仪器和新开发的软件使数据采集更高效连续,减少了人为误差,改善了实验效果,使得实验数据理想、线性程度高,实验安全有保证,获得了良好的教学反馈和评价。

虚拟仿真与慕课结合助力《材料分析方法》实验教学

针对材料分析方法实验教学中面临的仪器设备限制、实验内容及考核点受限等问题,以福州大学材料科学与工程学院为例介绍了虚拟仿真与慕课结合的教学方法,运用“线上慕课预习+虚拟仿真实验”与“线下指导+实际操作”结合,虚实结合,该法不仅彻底解决了传统实验教学中存在的问题,还为学生构建了更全面的知识体系、丰富的教学内容。该法有助于培养学生思考和解决问题的能力,可显著提高学生对实验课的满意度和学习积极性。

单片机串口通信在物理实验仪器联机控制中的应用

阐述了通过单片机串口与计算机串口通信的方式,实现计算机对物理实验仪器的控制和数据采集的方法,详细说明了单片机串口通信的软硬件设计,并以具体实验为例做了进一步分析。

A review on hot tearing of magnesium alloys

Hot tearing is often a major casting defect in magnesium alloys and has a significant impact on the quality of their casting products.Hot tearing of magnesium alloys is a complex solidification phenomenon which is still not fully understood,it is of great importance to investigate the hot tearing behaviour of magnesium alloys.This review attempts to summarize the investigations on hot tearing of magnesium alloys over the past decades.The hot tearing criteria including recently developed Kou’s criterion are summarized and compared.The numeric simulation and assessing methods of hot tearing,factors influencing hot tearing,and hot tearing susceptibility(HTS)of magnesium alloys are discussed.

Application of nuclear magnetic resonance technology to carbon capture,utilization and storage:A review

Carbon capture,utilization and storage (CCUS) is considered as a very important technology for mitigating global climate change.Carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into an underground reservoir will induce changes in its physical properties and the migration of CO2 will be affected by many factors.Accurately understanding these changes and migration characteristics of CO2 is crucial for selecting a CCUS project site,estimating storage capacity and ensuring storage security.In this paper,the basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies are briefly introduced in the context of laboratory experiments related to CCUS.The types of NMR apparatus,experimental samples and testing approaches applied worldwide are discussed and analyzed.Then two typical NMR core analysis systems used in CCUS field and a self-developed high-pressure,low-field NMR rock core flooding experimental system are compared.Finally,a summary of the current deficiencies related to NMR applied to CCUS field is given and future research plans are proposed.

Geostructures, dynamics and risk mitigation of high-altitude and long- runout rockslides

Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides.Two types of sliding-prone geostructure models,i.e.the fault control type in orogenic belt and the fold control type in platform area,are proposed.Then,large-scale experimental apparatus and associated numerical simulations are conducted to understanding the chain-style dynamics of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow.The results reveal the fragmentation effects,the rheological behaviors and the boundary layer effect of long-runout avalanche-debris flow.The dynamic character-istics of quasi-static-transition-inertia state and solid-liquid coupling in rapid movement of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow are investigated.Finally,the risk mitigation strategy of the non-structure and structure for resilient energy dissipation are illustrated for initiation,transition and deposition zones.The structural prevention and mitigation methods have been successfully applied to the high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in Zhouqu and Maoxian of the Wenchuan earthquake zone,as well as the other major geohazards in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas.

A laboratory method to simulate seismic waves induced by underground explosions

The seismic waves induced by underground explosions generate geological hazards affecting deep buried tunnels such as rockbursts and engineering-induced earthquakes. This issue is difficult to study through full-scale testing due to the expense and unpredictable danger. To solve this problem, the authors developed experimental apparatus and presented a laboratory method to simulate seismic waves induced by underground explosions. In this apparatus, a combined structure of a diffusive-shaped water capsule and a special-shaped oil capsule was designed. This structure can provide an applied confining stress and freely transmit the stress wave generated by external impact. Therefore, the coupled loading of in situ stress and seismic waves induced by underground explosions in the deep rock mass was simulated. The positive pressure time and peak value of the stress wave could be adjusted by changing the pulse-shaper and the initial impact energy. The obtained stress waves in the experiments correspond to that generated by 0.15-120 kt of TNT equivalent explosion at a scaled distance of 89.9-207.44 m/kt.

Needs of thermodynamic properties measurements and modeling in the frame of new regulations on refrigerants

In 1987, the Montreal Protocol prohibited the worldwide use and production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) were proposed as alternative refrigerants. Unfortunately, HFCs have non negligible global warning potential and therefore new refrigerants must be proposed or old refrigerants must be used associated with HFC. Accurate experimental thermodynamic data and predictive techniques are required for better under-standing of the performance of the newly proposed refrigerants. In this communication, experimental techniques based on either analytic or synthetic methods are first described. Data are reported. Then two newly developed predictive models based on thermodynamic approach with the isofugacity criterion and artificial neural network method are presented. The results can provide better evaluation of refrigerants, especially with the aim of studying global warning effects.

Mathematical Model for the Continuous Vacuum Drying

An improved mathematical model for the continuous vacuum drying of highly viscous and heatsensitive foodstuffs was proposed, The process of continuous vacuum drying was presented as a moving boundary problem of moisture evaporation in cylindrical coordinates. Boundary condition of the first kind for the known functional dependence of the drying body surface temperature on time was considered. Finally, the appropriate system of differential equations was solved numerically and the values of drying rate, integral moisture content of the material, moving boundary position as well as temperature in any point of the material and at any moment time were obtained. This procedure was applied to continuous vacuum drying of foods such as natural cheese and fresh meat paste.

自制仪器设备对提高基础力学实验教学质量的探讨

自制仪器设备的功能多样性、直观性和经济性能有效解决目前力学基础实验室台套数偏少、部分陈旧,维修困难,经费偏少等问题,有助于维持教学秩序和实验室管理。同时,通过自制实验设备,大学生、实验教师及技术人员的自身素质得到提高。在以上两方面的相互良性推动作用下,自制仪器设备对提升实验教学质量水平起到了促进作用。

Optimization design of fertilizer apparatus owned arc gears based on discrete element method

To improve the uniformity of the flow when fertilizer apparatus discharges fertilizer,a kind of fertilizer apparatus owned arc gears was designed.Also,the design and working principle of its general structure and key components were analyzed theoretically.Aiming at exploring the influence of arc structural parameters to the performance of arc gears discharging fertilizer,DEM simulation was used in this study.Fertilizer apparatus owned arc gears was taken as the research object to analyze the influence of two key components including the arc radius of gears’concave-grooves and the minimal length between two mutual meshing gears.The variation coefficient of fertilizer discharging amount stability and the linear determined coefficient of fertilizer discharging amount in unit time as evaluation index were selected.Two factors and five levels quadratic rotation orthogonal experiment was applied,and Design-Expert 8.0 software was used to achieve data processing and analysis.The results of experiment indicated that the arc radius of gears’concave-grooves had significant effect on the linear determined coefficient of fertilizer discharging amount in unit time,and the minimal length between two mutual meshing gears had significant effect on the variation coefficient of fertilizer discharging amount stability.The optimum structural parameters were 8.54 mm as the arc radius of gears’concave-grooves and 5.22 mm as the minimal length between two mutual meshing gears.Upon this circumstance,the variation coefficient was 0.28 and determination coefficient was 0.9972.The optimum apparatus was selected to conduct the bench test and field simulation test.The results indicated that the variation coefficient is 0.27,and the linear determined coefficient of is 0.9980.The results of simulation experiment were anastomotic basically with the real result,which showed that DEM simulation technology was usable to the experiment of testing fertilizer discharging.The results of this research can provide a reference to the improving of performance in discharging fertilizer.

Design and experiment of vertical pneumatic fertilization system with spiral Geneva mechanism

In the traditional fertilization method,a large amount of fertilizer is applied,which causes congestion easily.It is not conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture.In this work,a vertical pneumatic fertilization system with a spiral Geneva mechanism was designed according to the operational requirements of variable-rate and smooth fertilization.The uniformity in discharging fertilizer with different spiral angles was simulated and analyzed by extended discrete element method(EDEM)based simulation software,from where the spiral angle of the fertilizer discharge wheel was determined to be 45°.The fertilization system includes a fertilizer apparatus with a spiral Geneva mechanism,whose optimal performance parameters were obtained from the bench experiment.The accuracy and uniformity of the fertilizer application system were taken as the evaluation indicators.The linear relationships of the discharged amount of fertilizer with the rotational speed and the opening of the fertilizer discharging wheel were verified by both static blowing fertilization and field experiments.The static blowing experimental results show that the discharged amount of fertilizer has a high linear correlation and accuracy with both the opening and rotational speed,and the highest correlation occurs with the rotational speed.The rotational speed and opening have significant effects on the discharged amount of fertilizer and the average coefficient of variation.The effect of the rotational speed was the most significant.According to the model obtained by multiple regression fittings,the optimal parameters were determined when the average coefficient of variation was small,the rotational speed was 15.9 r/min and the opening was 34.4 mm.Therefore,the purpose of precise fertilization can be achieved by adjusting the opening or rotational speed in a way to get the exact amount of fertilizer discharged as required by the corresponding crops.The field experiment showed that the variation coefficient of each fertilizer discharged decreases first and then increases with an increasing opening under different rotational speeds,which is consistent with the theoretical value.When the opening was 40 mm or 50 mm,the variation coefficient reached the minimum value,which is far less than the qualified index of 7.8%.In the static blowing experiment and the dynamic field experiment,the stability of the fertilizer discharging device can be significantly enhanced with the utilization of the pneumatic conveying fertilizer.This study can provide a theoretical reference for parameter selection and optimization of vertical spiral fertilization systems.

用于生发治疗的大功率LED阵列的光均匀性设计

现有的生发治疗仪多采用普通小功率的LED芯片,光功率密度低,均匀性差,因此有相当一部分头皮虽然在治疗仪内,但功率密度过低,得不到有效治疗。拟定功率密度波动在50%左右为基准,采用光学模拟和实验分析相结合的方式对大功率LED的光均匀性进行设计。首先,确定功率密度波动在50%左右的单颗LED半径、2颗LED的间距,以及三角形、正方形两种阵列单元的LED间距。在此基础上,讨论了半径为95mm的平面生发治疗仪中,三角形、正方形以及圆形阵列的光均匀性分布情况,得出:这三种阵列的功率密度波动在50%范围内的面积百分比均大于75%,且依次增加;LED的颗数和最大功率密度也依此增大。因此,生发治疗仪的大功率LED的阵列形式,可以选择圆形阵列,其均匀性较好,功率密度较高,相应的治疗效率也较高。