干扰生境下黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi)日活动时间的分配

1999年至2000年,采用瞬间采样法对贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区干扰生境中的野生成年黑叶猴的日活动规律进行了研究。结果表明:干扰生境中野生成年黑叶猴在全年的行为时间分配中表现为休息和摄食所占比例最多,分别为35.41%和31.67%;其次是游走、拥坐和嬉戏,分别为14.44%、9.61%和8.54%;仅将很少时间用于理毛行为,为0.33%。与未干扰生境相比,干扰生境下黑叶猴全年中除用于休息的时间下降外,用于其余活动类型的时间均有所提高。研究还表明野生成年黑叶猴的活动规律在不同季节存在一定差异性。休息和摄食行为在各季节日活动规律中都存在显著高峰期,但高峰期持续时间和强度不同。游走、嬉戏和拥坐行为在各季节的日活动规律所占比例均较低。理毛行为存在季节有或无的现象。

Remote Sensing Monitoring and Analysis of Responses of Ma Yang Francois Nature Reserve to Impoundment of Pengshui Reservoir

The ecological environmental changes of Francois langur natural reserve was monitored during Pengshui Reservoir construction and influence of reservoir fil-ing on the habitat of the natural reserve was analyzed to provide the scientific basis and basic data for scientific evaluation and protection of original ecological environ-ment of the natural reserve and Francois langur’s habitat, and vegetation recover. The results showed that 4.8 hm2 of the nature reserve was submerged after reser-voir fil ing, which occupied for 0.1% of total area of the natural reserve only. The main influence area was in the submerged area of Hongdu River basin. The water level rise resulted in partial changes in land utilization and soil erosion, which indi-cates that reservoir fil ing has insignificant effect on ecological environment of the whole natural reserve.

笼养黑叶猴(Trachyp ithecus francoisi)食物量的研究

2002年1～12月在南宁动物园灵长类繁殖中心研究笼养状态下黑叶猴的觅食行为序、雌雄个体对食物的选择和一年四季的日食量.笼养黑叶猴对可采食的植物种类仍存在选择性;觅食行为序由探究行为、抢食行为、爬墙行为和进食行为等4步组成.平均每只黑叶猴个体的日进食量为(1114.96±55.75)g,折合干物质(249.50±16.78)g,具有明显的季节性变化规律,表现出冬季觅食量最多,夏季最少,春季比秋季少的现象.

An Observation of Franois' Langurs Using Caves at Mayanghe National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China

The utilization of caves is a rather rare phenomenon in nonhuman primates, found almost exclusively in those members of the genus Trachypithecus that share a preference for forest on limestone （karst） hills in Vietnam and southern China. Here we report a new case of usage of caves as overnight sleeping shelters by Franqois＇ or black langurs （Trachypithecusfraru;oisi） at Mayanghe National Nature Reserve in Yanhe County, Guizhou Province, China. We tentatively address three possible hypotheses that may account for the use of caves in Francois＇ langurs at Mayanghe： shelter against climatic conditions, acquisition of minerals and protection from predators. utilization

Sperm motility inhibitory effect of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkey, Presbytis entellus entellus

Aim： To assess the contraceptive efficacy of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkeys. Methods： The test substance was given p.o. to five monkeys at 50 mg/kg body weight/day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 3） received olive oil as vehicle. Sperm parameters as per World Health Organization standards, sperm functional tests, morphology of testis and epididymis, haematology, clinical biochemistry, serum testosterone and libido were evaluated. Following completion of 360 days treatment the animals were withdrawn from the treatment and the recovery pattern was assessed by semen analysis and sperm functional tests. Results： Total inhibition of sperm motility was observed following 60 days of treatment that continued until 360 days study period. Sperm count, percent viability and percent normal spermatozoa showed a drastic decline following 30 days of treatment. Sperm morphology showed predominant mid piece abnormalities. Sperm functional tests scored in sterile range. Histology and ultrastructure of testis revealed vacuolization in the Sertoli cells and germ cells. Loss of cytoplasmic organelles was evident in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Histology and ultrastructure of epididymis of treated animals were comparable to those of control animals. Hematological and serum clinical parameters and testosterone levels fluctuated within the control range throughout the study period. Recovery was evident following 60--120 days of treatment withdrawal. Conclusion- The results suggest that the benzene chro- matographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya shows contraceptive efficacy without adverse toxicity, mediated through inhibition of sperm motility. （Asian JAndro12008 Mar; 10： 298-306）

Comparison of locomotor behaviour between white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Franois' langurs T. franoisi in Fusui,China

We studied the locomotor behaviour of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Francois＇ langurs T.francoisi to test two hypotheses： （1） these monkeys have evolved locomotor ability to support their activities on limestone hills, and （2） Francois＇ langurs have evolved more diverse locomotor skills than white-headed langurs. Data were collected from 1996 - 1998 and in 2005 in Fusui Nature Reserve, Guangxi, and showed that the two species had similar locomotor types, but Francois＇ langurs had more locomotor modes （26） than white-headed langurs （12）. Quadrupedal walking and leaping were two major types, and white-headed langurs were more arboreal than Francois＇ langurs. We suggest that, while keeping their ancestral locomotor types, the two species have evolved new types allowing them to live on limestone cliffs. Compared to white-headed langurs, Francois＇ langurs have more diverse locomotor modes that probably have allowed them to live in more habitat types. As an evolutionary outcome, Francois＇ langurs have a larger distribution range .

Safety evaluation of long-term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride and its non-invasive reversal on accessory reproductive organs in langurs

Aim:To evaluate the safety of the long term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) and its non-invasive reversal at the level of accessory reproductive glands (ARGs) in langurs.Methods:The morphology of seminal vesicle and ventral prostate was evaluated by light as well as transmission electron microscopy.Serum clinical chemistry and urine albumin were evaluated in an autoanalyzer using reagent kits.Fructose,acid phosphatase and zinc in the seminal plasma were evaluated spectrophotometrically according to the WHO manual.Serum testosterone, prostate specific antigen and sperm antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using reagent kits and hematology was estimated according to standard procedures.Results:The morphological features and secretory activity of the seminal vesicle and prostate were normal as evidenced by the presence of well- developed mitochondria,rough endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi bodies,secretory granules and normal nuclear charac- teristics throughout the course of investigation.Serum testosterone and prostate specific antigen remained unaltered and serum antisperm antibodies level presented negative titres.Urine albumin was nil.Total red blood corpuscles (RBC),white blood corpuscles (WBC),hemoglobin (Hb) and red cell indices,serum protein,glucose,cholesterol, creatinine,creatine kinase (CK),serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT),serum glutamate pyruvate transami- nase (SGPT),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),bilirubin,urea,triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not show appreciable changes following vas occlusion and after its non-invasive reversal.Although fructose,acid phos- phatase (ACP) and zinc in the seminal plasma showed a significant reduction following vas occlusion,it could not be related to the morphology of seminal vesicle and prostate.Conclusion:SMA vas occlusion and its non-invasive reversal do not damage the accessory reproductive organs.

Attacks on adult females with infants by non-resident males in the Franois langur

Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals, especially primates, as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species. Usually, infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers, and are traditionally considered a male reproductive strategy （i.e., support the sexual selection hypothesis, Hrdy, 1974）. To verify the validity of this conception, we observed one group of Franqois＇ langurs in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, China, between August 2003 and July 2004. During the study period, a Francois＇ langur female with the youngest infant in the group was attacked three times by immigrating males, and later disappeared by the third day after the final attack. We suggest that these attacks on the female-infant dyad represent infanticide attempts by males, and may be the cause of the adult female and her infant＇s disappearance. Presumably, that female dispersed with her infant to avoid infanticide and was not killed. Though these observations do not completely verify the sexual selection hypothesis, they are not inconsistent with it.

A new record of the capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) in China

DEAR EDITOR, The distribution of the capped langur （Trachypithecus pileatus） in China has become controversial since Shortridge＇s langur （Trachypithecus shortridgei） was upgraded to a full species. The capped langur is considered to be distributed in northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and northwest Myanmar only （Brandon-Jones et al., 2004; Choudhury, 2008, 2014; Das et al., 2008; Groves, 2001）. In our field survey, however, we obtained photos of the capped langur, demonstrating its existence in China. Following the species promotion of Shortridge＇s langur （Brandon-Jones et al., 2004; Groves, 2001） and the delimiting of its distribution range to northwestern Yunnan in China and northeastern Myanmar （Brandon-Jones et al., 2004; Cui et al.,

笼养黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)日活动时间分配及活动时间节律分析

为了了解黑叶猴日活动时间分配及影响活动时间节律的因素,从2017年4月份至2018年3月份,采用瞬时扫描(5 min)法对都匀市西山公园笼养黑叶猴(1雄,2雌)进行了行为观察。结果表明:雄性个体全年平均日活动时间分配情况为休息72.5%、摄食12.3%、移动5.4%、乞食5.3%、玩耍3.4%、梳理0.6%,其他0.5%;雌性个体全年平均日活动时间分配情况为休息67.3%、摄食11.5%、乞食6.7%、玩耍6.4%、梳理4.8%、移动1.8%,其他1.5%。雄雌性别间移动和梳理行为在不同季节中差异显著(P<0.05),并且黑叶猴具有明显的日活动时间节律性。通常上午出现摄食及移动高峰,中午长时间休息,下午出现明显的移动、玩耍及乞食高峰。下午乞食高峰的出现与游客数量较多有关。不同性别间移动、梳理及玩耍行为的日活动时间节律差异显著(P<0.05)。各季节间雄性个体的移动及乞食行为时间节律差异显著(P<0.05),雌性个体的玩耍行为时间节律差异显著(P<0.05)。说明笼养黑叶猴活动时间节律受人为(游客投食)、性别及季节因素的影响。

Habitat Utilization and Feeding Biology of Himalayan Grey Langur (Semnopithecus entellus ajex) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Habitat utilization and feeding biology of Himalayan Grey Langur （Semnopithecus entellus ajex） were studied from April, 2006 to April, 2007 in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The results showed that in the winter season the most preferred habitat of the langurs was the moist temperate coniferous forests interspersed with deciduous trees, while in the summer season they preferred to migrate into the subalpine scrub forests at higher altitudes. Langurs were folivorous in feeding habit, recorded as consuming more than 49 plant species （27 in summer and 22 in winter） in the study area. The mature leaves （36.12%） were preferred over the young leaves （27.27%） while other food components comprised of fruits （17.00%）, roots （9.45%）, barks （6.69%）, flowers （2.19%） and stems （1.28%） of various plant species.

Attacks on adult females with infants by non-resident males in the François langur

Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals,especially primates,as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species.Usually,infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers,and are traditionally considered a male reproductive strategy(i.e.,support the sexual selection hypothesis,Hrdy,1974).To verify the validity of this conception,we observed one group of François’langurs in the Nonggang Nature Reserve,China,between August 2003 and July 2004.During the study period,a François’langur female with the youngest infant in the group was attacked three times by immigrating males,and later disappeared by the third day after the final attack.We suggest that these attacks on the female-infant dyad represent infanticide attempts by males,and may be the cause of the adult female and her infant’s disappearance.Presumably,that female dispersed with her infant to avoid infanticide and was not killed.Though these observations do not completely verify the sexual selection hypothesis,they are not inconsistent with it.

白头叶猴婴猴月龄和性别对母婴关系的影响

非人灵长类动物的母婴关系是婴猴第一次重要的社会体验,对婴猴的生长发育、正常社会行为以及心理健康都具有重要意义。因此,母婴关系研究一直是灵长类学研究的热点之一。为深入了解白头叶猴(Trachypithe⁃cus leucocephalus)母婴关系的发展和影响因素,2009年9月至2010年8月,我们以广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区岜盆片区的一群野生白头叶猴为研究对象,记录其母婴行为的发生持续时长和发生频次,结合婴猴月龄和性别,探究婴猴月龄和性别对白头叶猴母婴关系的影响。结果表明:婴猴月龄显著影响白头叶猴的母婴关系。随着婴猴月龄的不断增长,母猴对婴猴的保护也随之逐渐减少,表明婴猴的发育是从依赖母猴到逐步独立融入社群的过程。婴猴性别对母婴行为的持续时间无显著影响,但在发生频次上母猴对雌性婴猴的照顾明显多于雄性婴猴。婴猴性别对母婴间的理毛行为、含乳行为均无显著影响,但对怀抱行为具有显著影响。白头叶猴母猴对不同性别的婴猴采取不同的照顾方式,这可能与雄性婴猴和雌性婴猴未来所承担的社会角色不同有关。

黑叶猴个体识别的新方法:基于腹股沟白斑斑纹观测

动物个体识别是进行种群数量监测、动物行为学和生态学研究的基础。通过区分个体特征差异,可收集个体行为、社会联属行为和迁移行为等重要数据(Cronin,2012;Crouse et al.,2017),为动物种群数量评估和制定有效保护策略提供关键基础数据。濒危野生动物个体识别方法目前有足迹识别、条纹识别(顾佳音等,2013)、DNA识别(张保卫,2005)、基于卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)进行个体面部图像识别(王革伟,2018;Qi et al.,2020)等。

乔木层植被结构对印支灰叶猴夜宿地选择的影响

为了评估濒危灵长类印支灰叶猴(Trachypithecus crepusculus)现有分布区的夜宿地质量,并为亚洲疣猴栖息地植被的保护提供具体意见,于2010年1月—2022年12月对云南无量山印支灰叶猴夜宿地选择策略进行研究。通过长期行为监测确定猴群夜宿地位置,利用样方调查法对夜宿地地形、乔木层植被特征和食物资源等因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)印支灰叶猴夜宿地内乔木的胸径[(33.92±6.09)cm]、基径[(38.94±8.36)cm]、树高[(16.10±2.86)m]和有藤乔木株数[(8.32±5.95)株]皆显著高于对照样方,其余生境变量与对照样方无显著差异,说明印支灰叶猴偏好在乔木高大且附生藤本植物丰富的区域夜宿,而地形、冠层覆盖度和食源植物丰富度等因素对印支灰叶猴夜宿地选择无影响。(2)就夜宿地内印支灰叶猴的食源植物而言,红梗楠[Phoebe rufescens,(0.67±1.60)株]、华南蓝果树[Nyssa javanica,(0.66±1.18)株]显著高于非夜宿地,罗浮锥[Castanopsis faberi,0株]、枹丝锥[Castanopsis calathiformis,(0.29±1.17)株]和黄丹木姜子[Litsea elongata,(0.59±3.31)株]显著低于非夜宿地,其余19种食源植物在夜宿地和非夜宿地之间无显著差异,说明食物资源丰富度不是猴群夜宿地选择的限制因素。(3)对调查样方环境因子进行主成分分析,共得到7个环境因子,累计贡献率达到81.23%;非参数检验结果表明,高度因子和藤本因子贡献率高且对猴群夜宿地选择有显著影响;冠层盖度和灌木因子有影响,但主成分贡献率低于10.00%;地形因子、数量因子和乔木外形因子对猴群夜宿地选择无显著影响。总体上,无量山印支灰叶猴在选择夜宿地时因安全需求和便利需求主要受乔木层结构的影响,高大乔木丰富的低海拔森林可能提供更多高质量夜宿地资源,建议在无量山印支灰叶猴保护工作中重点关注低海拔森林栖息地的保护与恢复。

笼养黑叶猴发病规律分析

该文旨在探讨笼养黑叶猴的发病规律,以期为该物种健康管理和疾病防控提供科学依据。通过对梧州市黑叶猴保护研究中心笼养黑叶猴的长期监测数据进行回顾性分析,结合环境、饮食、年龄和应激等因素,总结了常见疾病类型及其季节性、年龄相关性以及环境、饮食和应激因素对发病的影响。研究发现,传染性疾病、营养代谢性疾病、消化系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病是笼养黑叶猴的主要疾病类型;发病呈现出明显的季节性和年龄特征,且与饲养环境、食物质量和应激水平密切相关。提出针对性的疾病预防和治疗建议,包括改善饲养环境、优化饮食结构、减少应激源等,以促进黑叶猴的健康和福利。

弄岗黑叶猴的日活动类型和活动时间分配

2005年10月-2006年9月,用瞬时扫描法对广西弄岗自然保护区内的一群黑叶猴(Trachypithecusfran oisi)的日活动节律和活动时间分配进行研究。结果表明:黑叶猴日活动中出现2个觅食高峰和1个休息高峰。觅食高峰分别出现在7:00-9:00和16:00-18:00;休息高峰出现在10:00-14:00。黑叶猴日活动节律表现出明显的季节性变化,表现为旱季上午的觅食高峰被推迟了1h,且觅食时间长于雨季;旱季下午的觅食活动提前1h结束。猴群在雨季较早进入休息高峰,而且中午休息时很少有移动或零星觅食。研究期间,猴群用于休息的时间平均占日活动时间分配的51.99%,移动占20.25%,觅食占18.61%,理毛占7.61%,玩耍占1.20%,其它行为(包括打斗、交配等)仅占0.14%。活动时间分配有明显的季节性差异,主要表现为:与雨季相比,黑叶猴在旱季花费更多的时间用于觅食和移动,而相应地减少用于休息的时间。活动时间分配在不同年龄和性别的个体之间也存在显著差异,表现为成年个体花费更多的时间用于休息和觅食,未成年个体则花费更多的时间用于移动和玩耍;雌性个体比雄性个体花费更多的时间用于理毛。

白头叶猴日活动时间分配及其季节性变化

活动节律和活动时间分配是动物行为学研究的两个重要方面,它们直接与动物的代谢和能量收支相关,但它们又会随环境不同不断调整。通过比较不同生态条件下动物的活动节律和活动时间分配,

RAPD分析与白头叶猴分类地位探讨

为确定白头叶猴的分类地位，分析了菲氏叶猴（Ｔｒａｃｈｙｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｃｒｅｐｕｓｃｕｌｕｓ）、紫面叶猴（Ｔｖｅｔｕｌｕｓ）、长尾叶猴（Ｓｅｍｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｅｎｔｅｌｕｓ）、黑叶猴（Ｔｆｒａｎｃｏｉｓｉ）、白头叶猴（Ｔｆｌｅｕｃｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ）共１３个个体的随机扩增ＤＮＡ多态。用于检测的３０个随机引物中有２２个产生清晰的条带。根据遗传距离建立的系统树显示，黑叶猴与白头叶猴亲缘关系最近，且两者都不是单系群。白头叶猴３与黑叶猴６的亲缘关系比与白头叶猴１、２的更近。根据系统树中的关系对群体进行了ｔ检验，结果显示：在５％水平上，白头叶猴与黑叶猴有显著差异；然而，在同样的水平上白头叶猴１、２、３和黑叶猴６、２、３组成的群体也显著区别于黑叶猴１、４、５组成的群体。系统树和ｔ检验结果表明，白头叶猴与黑叶猴之间遗传差异水平较低，近期两者之间可能存在基因流。结合形态学特征和地理分布特点。

广西扶绥黑叶猴活动节律和日活动时间分配

2002年8月至2003年7月,对生活在完全被周围农田隔离的石山中的一群黑叶猴的昼夜活动节律和日活动时间分配进行研究。采用以群为单位的焦点动物观察法和连续记录法,每月对猴群连续10d跟踪观察。结果表明:3月至10月,黑叶猴的昼夜活动节律由8个环节组成,11月至2月由9个环节组成,移动、觅食和休息在活动节律中重复出现,晒太阳仅出现在11月至翌年2月。休息占黑叶猴日活动时间的比例最大,其次是觅食、移动、晒太阳和理毛。黑叶猴的日活动时间分配具有明显的月变化规律,相关性分析表明,环境温度、栖息地的食物丰富度和光照强度是影响黑叶猴日活动时间分配的主要因素。进一步分析认为,黑叶猴的活动时间分配体现了叶食性灵长类的特点,更体现了黑叶猴对北热带喀斯特石山环境的适应特点。