An Observation of Franois' Langurs Using Caves at Mayanghe National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China

The utilization of caves is a rather rare phenomenon in nonhuman primates, found almost exclusively in those members of the genus Trachypithecus that share a preference for forest on limestone （karst） hills in Vietnam and southern China. Here we report a new case of usage of caves as overnight sleeping shelters by Franqois＇ or black langurs （Trachypithecusfraru;oisi） at Mayanghe National Nature Reserve in Yanhe County, Guizhou Province, China. We tentatively address three possible hypotheses that may account for the use of caves in Francois＇ langurs at Mayanghe： shelter against climatic conditions, acquisition of minerals and protection from predators. utilization

干扰生境下黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi)日活动时间的分配

1999年至2000年,采用瞬间采样法对贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区干扰生境中的野生成年黑叶猴的日活动规律进行了研究。结果表明:干扰生境中野生成年黑叶猴在全年的行为时间分配中表现为休息和摄食所占比例最多,分别为35.41%和31.67%;其次是游走、拥坐和嬉戏,分别为14.44%、9.61%和8.54%;仅将很少时间用于理毛行为,为0.33%。与未干扰生境相比,干扰生境下黑叶猴全年中除用于休息的时间下降外,用于其余活动类型的时间均有所提高。研究还表明野生成年黑叶猴的活动规律在不同季节存在一定差异性。休息和摄食行为在各季节日活动规律中都存在显著高峰期,但高峰期持续时间和强度不同。游走、嬉戏和拥坐行为在各季节的日活动规律所占比例均较低。理毛行为存在季节有或无的现象。

Comparison of locomotor behaviour between white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Franois' langurs T. franoisi in Fusui,China

We studied the locomotor behaviour of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Francois＇ langurs T.francoisi to test two hypotheses： （1） these monkeys have evolved locomotor ability to support their activities on limestone hills, and （2） Francois＇ langurs have evolved more diverse locomotor skills than white-headed langurs. Data were collected from 1996 - 1998 and in 2005 in Fusui Nature Reserve, Guangxi, and showed that the two species had similar locomotor types, but Francois＇ langurs had more locomotor modes （26） than white-headed langurs （12）. Quadrupedal walking and leaping were two major types, and white-headed langurs were more arboreal than Francois＇ langurs. We suggest that, while keeping their ancestral locomotor types, the two species have evolved new types allowing them to live on limestone cliffs. Compared to white-headed langurs, Francois＇ langurs have more diverse locomotor modes that probably have allowed them to live in more habitat types. As an evolutionary outcome, Francois＇ langurs have a larger distribution range .

Remote Sensing Monitoring and Analysis of Responses of Ma Yang Francois Nature Reserve to Impoundment of Pengshui Reservoir

The ecological environmental changes of Francois langur natural reserve was monitored during Pengshui Reservoir construction and influence of reservoir fil-ing on the habitat of the natural reserve was analyzed to provide the scientific basis and basic data for scientific evaluation and protection of original ecological environ-ment of the natural reserve and Francois langur’s habitat, and vegetation recover. The results showed that 4.8 hm2 of the nature reserve was submerged after reser-voir fil ing, which occupied for 0.1% of total area of the natural reserve only. The main influence area was in the submerged area of Hongdu River basin. The water level rise resulted in partial changes in land utilization and soil erosion, which indi-cates that reservoir fil ing has insignificant effect on ecological environment of the whole natural reserve.

黑叶猴(Presbytis francoisi)和菲氏叶猴(P.phayrei)四肢肌的主要特征

中国科学院昆明动物研究所灵长类学联合实验室中国实验动物云南灵长类中心灵长类学联合实验室

笼养黑叶猴(Trachyp ithecus francoisi)食物量的研究

2002年1～12月在南宁动物园灵长类繁殖中心研究笼养状态下黑叶猴的觅食行为序、雌雄个体对食物的选择和一年四季的日食量.笼养黑叶猴对可采食的植物种类仍存在选择性;觅食行为序由探究行为、抢食行为、爬墙行为和进食行为等4步组成.平均每只黑叶猴个体的日进食量为(1114.96±55.75)g,折合干物质(249.50±16.78)g,具有明显的季节性变化规律,表现出冬季觅食量最多,夏季最少,春季比秋季少的现象.

黑叶猴(Presbytis francoisi)和菲氏叶猴(P.phayrei)的动脉

本文对黑叶猴和菲氏叶猴的动脉作了系统解剖观察,记述了这二种叶猴动脉分支的主要特征。同时还与其他灵长类作了比较和讨论。结果表明,叶猴的动脉除具有猴超科共同特征外,有些特征表明与类人猿相似,比其他猴类更为进化;部分特征似为叶猴所特有。

Variations in diet composition of sympatric Trachypithecus francoisi and Macaca assamensis in the limestone habitats of Nonggang, China

Comparative studies of sympatric species are essential for understanding behavioral and ecological adaptation as well as the mechanisms that can reduce resource competition to allow coexistence. Francois＇ langurs （Trachypithecus francoisi） and Assamese macaques （Macaca assamensis） are sympatric primate species found in the limestone seasonal rainforests of Nonggang Nature Reserve, southwestern Guangxi, China. To explore their different adaptation strategies, we collected data on diet using scan sampling at 15-min intervals. Our results revealed that Francois＇ langurs showed a more flexible diet composition than Assamese macaques Francois＇ langurs increased dietary diversity and mature leaf consumption in response to seasonal scarcity of preferred young leaves and fruits, whereas Assamese macaques relied heavily on young bamboo leaves （Indocalamus calcicolus） in most months These variations reflect the differences in digestive physiology, morphology, and the temporal and spatial distribution of food resources.

笼养黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)日活动时间分配及活动时间节律分析

为了了解黑叶猴日活动时间分配及影响活动时间节律的因素,从2017年4月份至2018年3月份,采用瞬时扫描(5 min)法对都匀市西山公园笼养黑叶猴(1雄,2雌)进行了行为观察。结果表明:雄性个体全年平均日活动时间分配情况为休息72.5%、摄食12.3%、移动5.4%、乞食5.3%、玩耍3.4%、梳理0.6%,其他0.5%;雌性个体全年平均日活动时间分配情况为休息67.3%、摄食11.5%、乞食6.7%、玩耍6.4%、梳理4.8%、移动1.8%,其他1.5%。雄雌性别间移动和梳理行为在不同季节中差异显著(P<0.05),并且黑叶猴具有明显的日活动时间节律性。通常上午出现摄食及移动高峰,中午长时间休息,下午出现明显的移动、玩耍及乞食高峰。下午乞食高峰的出现与游客数量较多有关。不同性别间移动、梳理及玩耍行为的日活动时间节律差异显著(P<0.05)。各季节间雄性个体的移动及乞食行为时间节律差异显著(P<0.05),雌性个体的玩耍行为时间节律差异显著(P<0.05)。说明笼养黑叶猴活动时间节律受人为(游客投食)、性别及季节因素的影响。

Safety evaluation of long-term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride and its non-invasive reversal on accessory reproductive organs in langurs

Aim:To evaluate the safety of the long term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) and its non-invasive reversal at the level of accessory reproductive glands (ARGs) in langurs.Methods:The morphology of seminal vesicle and ventral prostate was evaluated by light as well as transmission electron microscopy.Serum clinical chemistry and urine albumin were evaluated in an autoanalyzer using reagent kits.Fructose,acid phosphatase and zinc in the seminal plasma were evaluated spectrophotometrically according to the WHO manual.Serum testosterone, prostate specific antigen and sperm antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using reagent kits and hematology was estimated according to standard procedures.Results:The morphological features and secretory activity of the seminal vesicle and prostate were normal as evidenced by the presence of well- developed mitochondria,rough endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi bodies,secretory granules and normal nuclear charac- teristics throughout the course of investigation.Serum testosterone and prostate specific antigen remained unaltered and serum antisperm antibodies level presented negative titres.Urine albumin was nil.Total red blood corpuscles (RBC),white blood corpuscles (WBC),hemoglobin (Hb) and red cell indices,serum protein,glucose,cholesterol, creatinine,creatine kinase (CK),serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT),serum glutamate pyruvate transami- nase (SGPT),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),bilirubin,urea,triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not show appreciable changes following vas occlusion and after its non-invasive reversal.Although fructose,acid phos- phatase (ACP) and zinc in the seminal plasma showed a significant reduction following vas occlusion,it could not be related to the morphology of seminal vesicle and prostate.Conclusion:SMA vas occlusion and its non-invasive reversal do not damage the accessory reproductive organs.

配套服务 量身定制——访肯纳金属公司全球行业总监Francois Gau先生

肯纳金属公司(KennametalInc.)是一家全球领先的刀具供应商,其产品包括在生产过程中使用的刀具、工程部件和先进材料。公司通过为客户提供应对最严峻的材料应用所需的应用知识、先进技术和产品,使客户获得卓越的经济收益,从而提升客户的竞争力。

向更前奔跑 向更广寻找——访Materialise公司中国区总经理Kim Francois女士

如今,3D打印产业正在蓬勃发展。虽然3D打印技术的诞生不过30多年,但新机器、新技术、新材料以及新应用不断出现。相应的,3D打印的产业链也更为完善。在3D打印的产业链中,如材料供应商、软件供应商处于上游,设备制造商以及方案提供商则处于中游,消费者及企业用户则属于下游。可以说,这上、中及下游环环相扣,缺一不可。每个阶层,其中必有翘楚。比如说方案提供商,Materialise公司就是其中之一。那么,什么是方案提供商？

Usefulness of a Clinico-Biological Francois’Score in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis:Experience of the University Hospital Center of Parakou,Benin

Introduction: Diagnostic wanderings of acute appendicitis are responsible for serious complications or abusive appendectomies. Existing Clinico-biological scores are efficient. Objective: To determine the diagnostic efficiency of Fran?ois’ score in acute appendicitis. Methodology: over 10 months, all the patients admitted in the CHUD-Parakou Emergency Department for pain in the right iliac fossa had been examined by resident students who calculated Fran?ois’ score. After verification by the surgeon, patients were put into three categories: category 1 score ≥ 2;category 2, score between -6 and 2;category 3, score below -6. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results: out of 54 patients selected (29 men and 25 women), 29 were classified as group 1;19 as group 2 and 6 as group 3. An ultrasound was performed in all patients in group 2, and signs in favor of appendicitis were found in 12 patients. Of the 41 appendicectomies performed, the histologic analysis of 33 operative specimens found a pathological appendix. Sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value per group were 100%. It has prevented almost in one every four patients (24.07%) an abusive appendectomy. Conclusion: This score would reduce diagnostic wanderings and target patient groups for imaging studies.

1例疑似Francois中央浑浊性角膜营养不良患者施行LASIK手术

Purpose: To report a case of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery performed in a patient with likely central cloudy corneal dystrophy of Francois (CCDF). Design: Observational case report. Methods: A48- year- old woman with likely CCDF had myopic LASIK to establish monovision. Outcome measures included visual acuity, manifest refraction, and slit- lamp examination. Results: At5- year follow- up, the patient had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/100, J1, in the right eye (OD)- and 20/20 in the left eye (OS), consistent with monovision correction. Manifest refraction was- 1.50 OD and- 0.25 OS postoperatively; after retreatment at 1 year for regression, the left eye remained stable over the subsequent4- year period. Slitlamp examination revealed no progression of corneal opacities in either eye. Conclusions: LASIK may be safe and effective in patients with CCDF. Further observations of a greater number of patients are required to confirm these findings.

Francois综合征患者中央云雾状角膜营养不良的活体共焦显微镜检查

Objective: To report in vivo corneal confocal microscopic findings of patients with central cloudy dystrophy of Franc.ois. Methods: Two unrelated patients, a 78- year- old man and a 75- year- old woman, with central cloudy dystrophy of Franc.ois were examined using routine slitlamp biomicroscopy and confocal microscopy. Results: In both cases, slitlamp biomicroscopy showed bilateral polygonal opacities separated by clear spaces. The corneal opacities were most prominent centrally and were located in the deeper stromal layer immediately anterior to the Descemet membrane. By confocal microscopy, normal superficial and basal epithelial layers, midstromal layers, and endothelial layers were noted in both cases. However, small highly refractile granules and deposits were observed in the anterior stromal layer in both cases. Also, multiple dark striae among the extracellular matrix with increased intensities were observed in the posterior stroma adjacent to the corneal endothelial layer in both cases. Conclusions: Abnormal stromal deposits and multiple dark striae were observed in central cloudy dystrophy of Franc.ois using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy. Use, of confocal microscopy to investigate these abnormal stromal opacities may be helpful in differentiating various corneal stromal pathologic features.

Sperm motility inhibitory effect of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkey, Presbytis entellus entellus

Aim： To assess the contraceptive efficacy of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkeys. Methods： The test substance was given p.o. to five monkeys at 50 mg/kg body weight/day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 3） received olive oil as vehicle. Sperm parameters as per World Health Organization standards, sperm functional tests, morphology of testis and epididymis, haematology, clinical biochemistry, serum testosterone and libido were evaluated. Following completion of 360 days treatment the animals were withdrawn from the treatment and the recovery pattern was assessed by semen analysis and sperm functional tests. Results： Total inhibition of sperm motility was observed following 60 days of treatment that continued until 360 days study period. Sperm count, percent viability and percent normal spermatozoa showed a drastic decline following 30 days of treatment. Sperm morphology showed predominant mid piece abnormalities. Sperm functional tests scored in sterile range. Histology and ultrastructure of testis revealed vacuolization in the Sertoli cells and germ cells. Loss of cytoplasmic organelles was evident in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Histology and ultrastructure of epididymis of treated animals were comparable to those of control animals. Hematological and serum clinical parameters and testosterone levels fluctuated within the control range throughout the study period. Recovery was evident following 60--120 days of treatment withdrawal. Conclusion- The results suggest that the benzene chro- matographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya shows contraceptive efficacy without adverse toxicity, mediated through inhibition of sperm motility. （Asian JAndro12008 Mar; 10： 298-306）

Attacks on adult females with infants by non-resident males in the Franois langur

Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals, especially primates, as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species. Usually, infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers, and are traditionally considered a male reproductive strategy （i.e., support the sexual selection hypothesis, Hrdy, 1974）. To verify the validity of this conception, we observed one group of Franqois＇ langurs in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, China, between August 2003 and July 2004. During the study period, a Francois＇ langur female with the youngest infant in the group was attacked three times by immigrating males, and later disappeared by the third day after the final attack. We suggest that these attacks on the female-infant dyad represent infanticide attempts by males, and may be the cause of the adult female and her infant＇s disappearance. Presumably, that female dispersed with her infant to avoid infanticide and was not killed. Though these observations do not completely verify the sexual selection hypothesis, they are not inconsistent with it.

A new record of the capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) in China

DEAR EDITOR, The distribution of the capped langur （Trachypithecus pileatus） in China has become controversial since Shortridge＇s langur （Trachypithecus shortridgei） was upgraded to a full species. The capped langur is considered to be distributed in northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and northwest Myanmar only （Brandon-Jones et al., 2004; Choudhury, 2008, 2014; Das et al., 2008; Groves, 2001）. In our field survey, however, we obtained photos of the capped langur, demonstrating its existence in China. Following the species promotion of Shortridge＇s langur （Brandon-Jones et al., 2004; Groves, 2001） and the delimiting of its distribution range to northwestern Yunnan in China and northeastern Myanmar （Brandon-Jones et al., 2004; Cui et al.,

Habitat Utilization and Feeding Biology of Himalayan Grey Langur (Semnopithecus entellus ajex) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Habitat utilization and feeding biology of Himalayan Grey Langur （Semnopithecus entellus ajex） were studied from April, 2006 to April, 2007 in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The results showed that in the winter season the most preferred habitat of the langurs was the moist temperate coniferous forests interspersed with deciduous trees, while in the summer season they preferred to migrate into the subalpine scrub forests at higher altitudes. Langurs were folivorous in feeding habit, recorded as consuming more than 49 plant species （27 in summer and 22 in winter） in the study area. The mature leaves （36.12%） were preferred over the young leaves （27.27%） while other food components comprised of fruits （17.00%）, roots （9.45%）, barks （6.69%）, flowers （2.19%） and stems （1.28%） of various plant species.