The westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidental& (Pergande) is a highly invasive pest that is able to exploit many crops across a wide range of environmental conditions. Five full-length cDNAs of heat shock prot...The westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidental& (Pergande) is a highly invasive pest that is able to exploit many crops across a wide range of environmental conditions. Five full-length cDNAs of heat shock protein (HSP) genes (Fo-HSP90, Fo-HSP70, Fo-HSP60, Fo-HSP40 and Fo-HSP28.9) were cloned from F. occidentalis, and their expression profiles were investigated under conditions of thermal stress and insecticide exposure, and at different stages during development, using real-time quantitative PCR. All five gene sequences showed high similarity to homologs in other species, indicating the conserved fimction of this gene family. HSP60 represents an informative phylogenetic marker at the ordinal taxonomic level within Insecta, but HSP90, which has two homologous copies in Hymenoptera, was not informative. The expression of Fo-HSPs under thermal stress suggests that Fo-HSP90, Fo-HSP70, and Fo-HSP28.9 are inducible by both cold and heat stress, Fo-HSP40 is only heat-inducible, and Fo-HSP60 is thermally insensitive. There were two patterns of cold induction of Fo-HSPs: one is from 0 to 4℃ and the other is around -8℃. All five Fo-HSPs genes were induced by exposure to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide avermectin. The expression of the five Fo-HSPs during different developmental stages suggests that they all play a role in development of F. occidentalis.展开更多
The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive sucking pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops in China. Spinosad is one of the most commonly used insecticides to manage...The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive sucking pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops in China. Spinosad is one of the most commonly used insecticides to manage thrips. To assess the incidence of spinosad resistance in F. occidentalis field populations in eastern China, survival rates for 24 different populations were compared with those of a susceptible laboratory strain. All populations showed significantly higher resistance to spinosad compared with the control as determined by comparing median lethal concentrations. Two populations from Shouguang and Liaocheng in Shandong Province were classified as having moderate and high levels of resistance to spinosad with a mean resistance ratio of 17.0 and 89.2, respectively. Our research indicates a widespread reduction in spinosad efficacy for controlling F. occidentalis field populations, and that resistance management strategies should be implemented as soon as practicable, to reduce the potential of progressive resistance development and loss of efficacy.展开更多
Heat shock protein 70(HSP70) is one of the most important members in the heat shock protein family, and plays important roles in the thermotolerance of insect. To explore the molecular mechanism of thermotolerance o...Heat shock protein 70(HSP70) is one of the most important members in the heat shock protein family, and plays important roles in the thermotolerance of insect. To explore the molecular mechanism of thermotolerance of Frankliniella occidentalis adults, the difference in the expression of HSP70s in F. occidentalis male or female adults under the thermal stress was studied under the laboratory conditions. Two full length c DNAs of HSP70s gene(Fohsc704 and Fohsc705) were cloned from F. occidentalis by using RT-PCR and RACE. The genomic sequence was demonstrated by genomic validation, and the position and size of the intron were analyzed by sequence analysis of c DNA. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the HSP70 expression patterns. The c DNA of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 possessed 2 073 and 1 476 bp which encoded 690 and 491 amino acids(aa) with a calculated molecular weight of 75 and 54 k Da, respectively. Four introns in Fohsc704 and six introns in Fohsc705 protein were found. However, the HSP70 protein sequences in our study were ended with EKKN and GIFL, which were different from the reported Fo HSP70s. Various expression patterns of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 were found in both genders of F. occidentalis under thermal stress. The expression of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 reached to the highest level at –12 and –8°C in male adults, respectively, and Fohsc705 expressed the highest level at 33°C in female adults. In conclusion, HSP70s of F. occidentalis in our study are novel heat shock proteins. There were difference in expression patterns of the two hsc70s in genders of F. occidentalis, and the two HSP70s play important roles in the thermotolerance of F. occidentalis.展开更多
Impatiens necrotic spot virus( INSV) is an important plant virus identified in recent years. Western flower thrip( Frankliniella occidentalis) has been confirmed to be the most efficient vector for INSV. In the presen...Impatiens necrotic spot virus( INSV) is an important plant virus identified in recent years. Western flower thrip( Frankliniella occidentalis) has been confirmed to be the most efficient vector for INSV. In the present study,Illumina's second-generation sequencing technique was used to determine the variation in gene expression at the transcriptome level in western flower thrip before and after infection with INSV. By aligning 168 188 unigenes of western flower thrip to the NCBI protein database,47 558 unigenes were annotated,accounting for 28. 27% of the total. Species classification revealed that 58. 7% of the annotated unigenes of western flower thrip did not match any other species,and 15. 4% of had a match in Zootermopsis navadensis,12. 4% in Mus musculus,7. 3% in Mustela putorius,3. 4% in Theileria parva,and 2. 7% in Tribolium castaneum. By analyzing DEGs between INSV-free and INSV-carrying western flower thrips,we found that 11 genes were upregulated,and 9 genes were downregulated in western flower thrip after INSV infection. In addition,cell cycle and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in western flower thrip were significantly infected by INSV infection.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to explore the effects of plant secondary metabolite on protective enzymes and detoxification enzymes of quarantine pest Frankliniella occidentalis. [Method] F. occidentalis were continuously...[Objective] The paper was to explore the effects of plant secondary metabolite on protective enzymes and detoxification enzymes of quarantine pest Frankliniella occidentalis. [Method] F. occidentalis were continuously exposed to artificial diets containing nicotine from the second to fifth instars for five generations, and the effects of nicotine on protective enzymes and detoxification enzymes of larvae were determined. [Result]The activities of carboxylate esterase(CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase(GST) in midgut of the fifth instar larvae were significantly increased, and reached the maximum at the third generation(1.86 times and 1.59 times, respectively). Nicotine inhibited the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT). With the increase of feeding generations, the inhibitory effect of nicotine weakened. Nicotine significantly increased the activities of peroxidase(POD). [Conclusion] F. occidentalis will gradually adapt to the harm of plant toxins by starting its own detoxification enzyme system and regulating protective enzyme system after feeding on plant secondary substance nicotine.展开更多
Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus(TSWV)causes substantial economic losses to vegetables and other crops.TSWV is mainly transmitted by thrips in a persistent and proliferative manner,and its most efficient vector is ...Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus(TSWV)causes substantial economic losses to vegetables and other crops.TSWV is mainly transmitted by thrips in a persistent and proliferative manner,and its most efficient vector is the western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande).In moving from the thrips midgut to the salivary glands in preparation for transmission,the virions must overcome multiple barriers.Although several proteins that interact with TSWV in thrips have been characterized,we hypothesized that additional thrips proteins interact with TSWV and facilitate its transmission.In the current study,67 F occidentalis proteins that interact with GN(a structural glycoprotein)were identified using a split-ubiquitin membrane-based yeast 2-hybrid(MbY2H)system.Three proteins,apolipoprotein-D(ApoD),orai-2-like(Orai),and obstructor-E-like isoform X2(Obst),were selected for further study based on their high abundance and interaction strength;their interactions with Gn were confirmed by MbY2H,yeastβ-galactosidase and luciferase complementation assays.The relative expressions of ApoD and Orai were significantly down-regulated but that of Obst was significantly up-regulated in viruliferous thrips.When interfering with Obst in larval stage,the TSWV acquisition rate in 3 independent experiments was significantly decreased by 26%,40%,and 35%,respectively.In addition,when Obst was silenced in adults,the virus titer was significantly decreased,and the TSWV transmission rate decreased from 66.7%to 31.9%using the leaf disk method and from 86.67%to 43.33%using the living plant method.However,the TSWV acquisition and transmission rates were not affected by interference with the ApoD or Orai gene.The results indicate that Obst may play an important role in TSWV acquisition and transmission in Frankliniella occidentalis.展开更多
The daily flight activity of westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was examined using color, yellow-light and chemical attractant traps in a cucumber greenhouse and...The daily flight activity of westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was examined using color, yellow-light and chemical attractant traps in a cucumber greenhouse and under controlled laboratory conditions. In the greenhouse, flying thrips were most abundant between hours 08:00-10:00, declined at mid-day, and then slightly increased during hours 14:00-16:00; however they decreased to a very low level at 18:00. The use of light traps showed no thrip flight activity during the night. The total number of thrips that flew onto cards on rainy or cloudy days was higher than that on sunny days. We reconfirmed that traps treated with attractant attracted 4.0-9.4 times more thrip than the untreated traps. Under laboratory controlled conditions, thrip flight activity was highest under light intensity between 4 000 and 6 000 lux, air temperature of 28℃, and RH of 70%. In addition, starved thrips flew more readily than non-starved thrips.展开更多
基金partially funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201526)the National 973 Program of China(2009CB119000)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for Modern AgroIndustry Technology Research System(CARS-25-B-07)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(20090332)
文摘The westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidental& (Pergande) is a highly invasive pest that is able to exploit many crops across a wide range of environmental conditions. Five full-length cDNAs of heat shock protein (HSP) genes (Fo-HSP90, Fo-HSP70, Fo-HSP60, Fo-HSP40 and Fo-HSP28.9) were cloned from F. occidentalis, and their expression profiles were investigated under conditions of thermal stress and insecticide exposure, and at different stages during development, using real-time quantitative PCR. All five gene sequences showed high similarity to homologs in other species, indicating the conserved fimction of this gene family. HSP60 represents an informative phylogenetic marker at the ordinal taxonomic level within Insecta, but HSP90, which has two homologous copies in Hymenoptera, was not informative. The expression of Fo-HSPs under thermal stress suggests that Fo-HSP90, Fo-HSP70, and Fo-HSP28.9 are inducible by both cold and heat stress, Fo-HSP40 is only heat-inducible, and Fo-HSP60 is thermally insensitive. There were two patterns of cold induction of Fo-HSPs: one is from 0 to 4℃ and the other is around -8℃. All five Fo-HSPs genes were induced by exposure to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide avermectin. The expression of the five Fo-HSPs during different developmental stages suggests that they all play a role in development of F. occidentalis.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371942)the National Key Research and Development Program,China (2016YFC1200600)the Ministry of Science and Technology,China
文摘The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive sucking pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops in China. Spinosad is one of the most commonly used insecticides to manage thrips. To assess the incidence of spinosad resistance in F. occidentalis field populations in eastern China, survival rates for 24 different populations were compared with those of a susceptible laboratory strain. All populations showed significantly higher resistance to spinosad compared with the control as determined by comparing median lethal concentrations. Two populations from Shouguang and Liaocheng in Shandong Province were classified as having moderate and high levels of resistance to spinosad with a mean resistance ratio of 17.0 and 89.2, respectively. Our research indicates a widespread reduction in spinosad efficacy for controlling F. occidentalis field populations, and that resistance management strategies should be implemented as soon as practicable, to reduce the potential of progressive resistance development and loss of efficacy.
基金funded by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201103026, 200803025)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Student in Yangzhou University,China (X20160637)
文摘Heat shock protein 70(HSP70) is one of the most important members in the heat shock protein family, and plays important roles in the thermotolerance of insect. To explore the molecular mechanism of thermotolerance of Frankliniella occidentalis adults, the difference in the expression of HSP70s in F. occidentalis male or female adults under the thermal stress was studied under the laboratory conditions. Two full length c DNAs of HSP70s gene(Fohsc704 and Fohsc705) were cloned from F. occidentalis by using RT-PCR and RACE. The genomic sequence was demonstrated by genomic validation, and the position and size of the intron were analyzed by sequence analysis of c DNA. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the HSP70 expression patterns. The c DNA of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 possessed 2 073 and 1 476 bp which encoded 690 and 491 amino acids(aa) with a calculated molecular weight of 75 and 54 k Da, respectively. Four introns in Fohsc704 and six introns in Fohsc705 protein were found. However, the HSP70 protein sequences in our study were ended with EKKN and GIFL, which were different from the reported Fo HSP70s. Various expression patterns of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 were found in both genders of F. occidentalis under thermal stress. The expression of Fohsc704 and Fohsc705 reached to the highest level at –12 and –8°C in male adults, respectively, and Fohsc705 expressed the highest level at 33°C in female adults. In conclusion, HSP70s of F. occidentalis in our study are novel heat shock proteins. There were difference in expression patterns of the two hsc70s in genders of F. occidentalis, and the two HSP70s play important roles in the thermotolerance of F. occidentalis.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301665)
文摘Impatiens necrotic spot virus( INSV) is an important plant virus identified in recent years. Western flower thrip( Frankliniella occidentalis) has been confirmed to be the most efficient vector for INSV. In the present study,Illumina's second-generation sequencing technique was used to determine the variation in gene expression at the transcriptome level in western flower thrip before and after infection with INSV. By aligning 168 188 unigenes of western flower thrip to the NCBI protein database,47 558 unigenes were annotated,accounting for 28. 27% of the total. Species classification revealed that 58. 7% of the annotated unigenes of western flower thrip did not match any other species,and 15. 4% of had a match in Zootermopsis navadensis,12. 4% in Mus musculus,7. 3% in Mustela putorius,3. 4% in Theileria parva,and 2. 7% in Tribolium castaneum. By analyzing DEGs between INSV-free and INSV-carrying western flower thrips,we found that 11 genes were upregulated,and 9 genes were downregulated in western flower thrip after INSV infection. In addition,cell cycle and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in western flower thrip were significantly infected by INSV infection.
基金Supported by University Joint General Program of Yunnan Department of Science and Technology(2017FH001-35)
文摘[Objective] The paper was to explore the effects of plant secondary metabolite on protective enzymes and detoxification enzymes of quarantine pest Frankliniella occidentalis. [Method] F. occidentalis were continuously exposed to artificial diets containing nicotine from the second to fifth instars for five generations, and the effects of nicotine on protective enzymes and detoxification enzymes of larvae were determined. [Result]The activities of carboxylate esterase(CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase(GST) in midgut of the fifth instar larvae were significantly increased, and reached the maximum at the third generation(1.86 times and 1.59 times, respectively). Nicotine inhibited the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT). With the increase of feeding generations, the inhibitory effect of nicotine weakened. Nicotine significantly increased the activities of peroxidase(POD). [Conclusion] F. occidentalis will gradually adapt to the harm of plant toxins by starting its own detoxification enzyme system and regulating protective enzyme system after feeding on plant secondary substance nicotine.
基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-24-C-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272548)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)the Hainan Major Science and Technology Project(ZDKJ2021007)。
文摘Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus(TSWV)causes substantial economic losses to vegetables and other crops.TSWV is mainly transmitted by thrips in a persistent and proliferative manner,and its most efficient vector is the western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande).In moving from the thrips midgut to the salivary glands in preparation for transmission,the virions must overcome multiple barriers.Although several proteins that interact with TSWV in thrips have been characterized,we hypothesized that additional thrips proteins interact with TSWV and facilitate its transmission.In the current study,67 F occidentalis proteins that interact with GN(a structural glycoprotein)were identified using a split-ubiquitin membrane-based yeast 2-hybrid(MbY2H)system.Three proteins,apolipoprotein-D(ApoD),orai-2-like(Orai),and obstructor-E-like isoform X2(Obst),were selected for further study based on their high abundance and interaction strength;their interactions with Gn were confirmed by MbY2H,yeastβ-galactosidase and luciferase complementation assays.The relative expressions of ApoD and Orai were significantly down-regulated but that of Obst was significantly up-regulated in viruliferous thrips.When interfering with Obst in larval stage,the TSWV acquisition rate in 3 independent experiments was significantly decreased by 26%,40%,and 35%,respectively.In addition,when Obst was silenced in adults,the virus titer was significantly decreased,and the TSWV transmission rate decreased from 66.7%to 31.9%using the leaf disk method and from 86.67%to 43.33%using the living plant method.However,the TSWV acquisition and transmission rates were not affected by interference with the ApoD or Orai gene.The results indicate that Obst may play an important role in TSWV acquisition and transmission in Frankliniella occidentalis.
文摘The daily flight activity of westem flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was examined using color, yellow-light and chemical attractant traps in a cucumber greenhouse and under controlled laboratory conditions. In the greenhouse, flying thrips were most abundant between hours 08:00-10:00, declined at mid-day, and then slightly increased during hours 14:00-16:00; however they decreased to a very low level at 18:00. The use of light traps showed no thrip flight activity during the night. The total number of thrips that flew onto cards on rainy or cloudy days was higher than that on sunny days. We reconfirmed that traps treated with attractant attracted 4.0-9.4 times more thrip than the untreated traps. Under laboratory controlled conditions, thrip flight activity was highest under light intensity between 4 000 and 6 000 lux, air temperature of 28℃, and RH of 70%. In addition, starved thrips flew more readily than non-starved thrips.