All Walk Free:Portia' s Illiteracy of Law

In Shakespeare' s Merchant of Venice,Portia is portrayed as a legal expert.Considerable scholarly work has been devoted to the discussion of the play,and Portia' s ruling appears to be supported by a majority of scholarly commentary.However,a number of important legal issues regarding the contract represented in the play require immediate attention.This article attempts to re-evaluate Portia' s ruling and the conventional views on Portia as a legal expert by considering the issues in question within a recent framework of law,and will argue that Portia' s role as a legal expert is questionable.Antonio,Bassanio,and Shylock can all ' walk free'.

Mobile user forecast and power-law acceleration invariance of scale-free networks

This paper studies and predicts the number growth of China＇s mobile users by using the power-law regression. We find that the number growth of the mobile users follows a power law. Motivated by the data on the evolution of the mobile users, we consider scenarios of self-organization of accelerating growth networks into scale-free structures and propose a directed network model, in which the nodes grow following a power-law acceleration. The expressions for the transient and the stationary average degree distributions are obtained by using the Poisson process. This result shows that the model generates appropriate power-law connectivity distributions. Therefore, we find a power-law acceleration invariance of the scale-free networks. The numerical simulations of the models agree with the analytical results well.

A Riemann-Solver Free Spacetime Discontinuous Galerkin Method for General Conservation Laws

This paper summarizes a Riemann-solver-free spacetime discontinuous Galerkin method developed for general conservation laws. The method integrates the best features of the spacetime Conservation Element/Solution Element (CE/SE) method and the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. The core idea is to construct a staggered spacetime mesh through alternate cell-centered CEs and vertex-centered CEs within each time step. Inside each SE, the solution is approximated using high-order spacetime DG basis polynomials. The spacetime flux conservation is enforced inside each CE using the DG concept. The unknowns are stored at both vertices and cell centroids of the spatial mesh. However, the solutions at vertices and cell centroids are updated at different time levels within each time step in an alternate fashion. Thanks to the staggered spacetime formulation, there are no left and right states for the solution at the spacetime interface. Instead, the solution available to evaluate the flux is continuous across the interface. Therefore, no (approximate) Riemann solvers are needed to provide a unique numerical flux. The current method can be used to solve arbitrary conservation laws including the compressible Euler equations, shallow water equations and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations without the need of any form of Riemann solvers. A set of benchmark problems of various conservation laws are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the method.

复杂系统的Scale-free性及其宏观调控问题

系统研究了复杂系统的Scale-free问题,包括复杂系统的Scale-free性、幂律分布的分析、Scale-free性的形成机制、复杂系统的Scale-free现象,以及复杂系统Scale-free性的宏观调控等问题。研究结果强调:(1)从广义上说,Scale-free性是描述大量复杂系统整体上严重不均匀分布的一种内在性质;(2)证明了只有当幂律指数在2～3之间时,用幂律分布所描述的大量复杂系统才具有严重的不均匀分布特性;(3)对于国计民生有重大影响的复杂系统,提出了Scale-free性的宏观调控的原则方法。

On the Scaling Study for the A_f-A_g Type Free Radical Polymerization

根据Ａｆ－Ａｇ自由基加聚反应的数量分布函数，导出凝胶点附近的渐进分布函数和高分子矩的表示式．进一步应用标度变换，得到了描述溶胶－凝胶相变的广义标度律，从而揭示了Ａｆ－Ａｇ自由基加聚的固化反应是一个相变过程．

An estimation formula for the average path length of scale-free networks

A universal estimation formula for the average path length of scale free networks is given in this paper. Different from other estimation formulas, most of which use the size of network, N, as the only parameter, two parameters including N and a second parameter α are included in our formula. The parameter α is the power-law exponent, which represents the local connectivity property of a network. Because of this, the formula captures an important property that the local connectivity property at a microscopic level can determine the global connectivity of the whole network. The use of this new parameter distinguishes this approach from the other estimation formulas, and makes it a universal estimation formula, which can be applied to all types of scale-free networks. The conclusion is made that the small world feature is a derivative feature of a scale free network. If a network follows the power-law degree distribution, it must be a small world network. The power-law degree distribution property, while making the network economical, preserves the efficiency through this small world property when the network is scaled up. In other words, a real scale-free network is scaled at a relatively small cost and a relatively high efficiency, and that is the desirable result of self-organization optimization.

An Analytical Model of the Power Law Distributions in the Complex Network

It is known that complex networks in nature exhibit some significant statistical features. We notice power law distributions which frequently emerge with respect to network structures of various quantities. One example is the scale-freeness which is described by the degree distribution in the power law shape. In this paper, within an analytical approach, we investigate the analytical conditions under which the distribution is reduced to the power law. We show that power law distributions are obtained without introducing conditions specific to each system or variable. Conversely, if we demand no special condition to a distribution, it is imposed to follow the power law. This result explains the universality and the ubiquitous presence of the power law distributions in complex networks.

Degree and connectivity of the Internet's scale-free topology

This paper theoretically and empirically studies the degree and connectivity of the Internet＇s scale-free topology at an autonomous system （AS） level. The basic features of scale-free networks influence the normalization constant of degree distribution p（k）. It develops a new mathematic model for describing the power-law relationships of Internet topology. From this model we theoretically obtain formulas to calculate the average degree, the ratios of the kmin-degree （minimum degree） nodes and the kmax-degree （maximum degree） nodes, and the fraction of the degrees （or links） in the hands of the richer （top best-connected） nodes. It finds that the average degree is larger for a smaller power-law exponent A and a larger minimum or maximum degree. The ratio of the kmin-degree nodes is larger for larger λ and smaller kmin or kmax. The ratio of the kmax-degree ones is larger for smaller λ and kmax or larger kmin. The richer nodes hold most of the total degrees of Internet AS-level topology. In addition, it is revealed that the increased rate of the average degree or the ratio of the kmin-degree nodes has power-law decay with the increase of kmin. The ratio of the kmax-degree nodes has a power-law decay with the increase of kmax, and the fraction of the degrees in the hands of the richer 27% nodes is about 73% （the 73/27 rule＇）. Finally, empirically calculations are made, based on the empirical data extracted from the Border Gateway Protocol, of the average degree, ratio and fraction using this method and other methods, and find that this method is rigorous and effective for Internet AS-level topology.

Convergence speed of consensus problems over undirected scale-free networks

Scale-free networks and consensus behaviour among multiple agents have both attracted much attention. To investigate the consensus speed over scale-free networks is the major topic of the present work. A novel method is developed to construct scale-free networks due to their remarkable power-law degree distributions, while preserving the diversity of network topologies. The time cost or iterations for networks to reach a certain level of consensus is discussed, considering the influence from power-law parameters. They are both demonstrated to be reversed power-law functions of the algebraic connectivity, which is viewed as a measurement on convergence speed of the consensus behaviour. The attempts of tuning power-law parameters may speed up the consensus procedure, but it could also make the network less robust over time delay at the same time. Large scale of simulations are supportive to the conclusions.

深部煤层气游离气饱和度计算模型及其应用

近几年全国深部煤层气基于精细地质研究和水平井多段加砂压裂取得重大突破,部分井日产气量高达十万方,给煤层气产业重新树立了信心。但是,由于深部煤储层处于高地应力、高地温、高孔隙压力、低渗透率的复杂地质环境,不同深度煤储层典型参数和煤层气赋存方式的分布特征以及对储量和产量的影响亟需揭示。基于Langmuir等温吸附式、亨利定律及物质平衡原理,考虑吸附层和溶解气的影响,建立了深部煤层气游离气饱和度计算模型;以国内鄂尔多斯盆地大宁-吉县区块深部煤层气藏为例,分析不同深度深部煤层气赋存方式及分布特征,并评价游离气饱和度对深部煤层气储量、产量与合理配产的影响。研究认为:当煤层埋深大于溶解饱和对应的深度,游离气才会出现,且随着埋深的增加,游离气饱和度先快速增加后缓慢增加,目标区块埋深1875 m处才出现游离气,在埋深2800 m处游离气饱和度高达90%,游离气的占比高达17.3%。游离气饱和度对深部煤层气储量计算、产气特征和合理配产影响很大,随着游离气饱和度的增大,煤层气储量线性增大,累产气量持续上升但后期上升幅度逐渐变缓,深部煤层气井最优配产增加,井底流压下降速度加快,压裂改造区的内外压差降低,未改造区动用程度增加。目标区块主力开发煤层埋深位于2100~2300 m,游离气饱和度介于48%~68%,游离气占比介于10%~13%,建议气井合理配产介于(4~10)×10^(4)m^(3)/d。研究结果可为深部煤层气进一步开发提供理论依据和方法支撑。

Hodographs of the Gravitational Two-Body System and Discrepancies between Newtonian Laws of Equivalent Kepler Orbits and General Relativity

We show first that an orbit, which is naturally characterized by its eccentricity and semi-latus rectum, can equally be characterized by other sets of parameters, and proceed to determine mass-independent characterizations. The latter is employed to obtain the laws of equivalent orbits, which by definition have the same eccentricity and orbit’s parameter [1]. These laws relate the values of the same physical observables on two equivalent orbits to the corresponding total mass;they include the laws of velocity, angular velocity, radial velocity, areal velocity, acceleration, period, energy and angular momentum. Regardless of the share of the two bodies of a fixed total mass, the same relative orbit occurs for the same initial conditions. Moreover, the same orbit can be traced by different total masses but with different relative velocities. The concept of a gravitational field generated by a set of masses is shown to be meaningful only when the center of mass is not changed by the test mass. The associated concept of the “nothing”, which is an infinitesimal mass that allows for the property just mentioned to be fulfilled, is introduced and its orbits are determined. The perturbation of the nothing orbits due to its replacement by a finite mass is determined. It is proved that such a replacement can have a qualitative effect resulting in a “phase transition” of an orbit from unbound to bound, and that the nothing’s circular orbits cannot be occupied by any material body. The Galileo law of free fall, on which the equivalence principle hinges and which is exact only for “nothing-like” falling objects, is revised to determine the duration of free fall of a body of an arbitrary mass. The wholeness of Newton’s laws and the associated concept of force as an interaction are highlighted, and some contradictions between the Newtonian laws of equivalent Kepler’s orbits and the general relativistic predictions are discussed. It is demonstrated that Newton’s law of gravitation is not an approximation of Einstein field Equations even in the case of a static weak field. However, both theories have a common limit corresponding to the case in which the alien concept of a field can be incorporated in the Newtonian theory. We also show that the relative velocity’s hodograph [2-4], the alternative Laplace-Runge-Lenz (LRL) vector derived by Hamilton [4-6], as well as an infinite set of LRL vectors, result all from one vector. The hodograph is a proper circular arc for hyperbolic motion, a circle less a point for parabolic motion, and a full circle for bound motion.

露天边坡体爆破振动特性研究

针对洪山露天边坡体爆破振动响应问题,结合引入高程差H的二元回归爆破振动速度衰减模型,开展了实测爆破振速峰值(PPV)分析和爆破振速衰减规律预测,分析了露天边坡体爆破振动特性。结果表明:在振速峰值方面,自由面数量越多,PPV越小,其中,单自由面条件下的PPV远大于双自由面和三自由面条件下的PPV;|H|相同时,正高程条件下的PPV大于负高程下的PPV;露天边坡体存在明显的爆破振动高程放大效应,放大系数随|H|的增大先增大后减小,随水平爆源距的增大而减小。在振速衰减规律方面,高程差对切向方向的速度影响较大,高程效应明显;自由面数量越多,爆破振动速度衰减曲面越平缓;引入高程差的二元回归爆破振速衰减模型比传统一元萨氏回归模型更能有效预测爆破振速衰减规律,相对平均误差为12.3%~15.4%,其中单自由面矢量和的相对平均误差仅为9.5%。

对标国际高水平经贸规则的自贸港立法创新研究

建立开放型经济新体制,是海南自贸港的法定目标。全球最高水平的开放形态,则是建设海南自贸港的国际化发展导向。自贸港法治创新是引领、促进和保障自贸港建设的法治化要求,立法创新成为自贸港法治创新的动力源,是构建自贸港法治体系的根本要求。解放思想,推动自贸港立法创新,构建自贸港法规体系,争创自贸港法治体系新优势,是自贸港法治建设的新思路。坚持党的领导和法制统一,是自贸港立法创新的优化路径基础。规范性原则,是自贸港立法创新的路径要求。精细化立法,是自贸港立法创新的精工路径。对标国际化发展,是自贸港立法创新的趋势所向。

基于非线性干扰观测器的IPMSM改进无模型滑模控制

针对内置式永磁同步电机参数摄动导致模型不确定而影响系统控制性能的问题,提出一种基于非线性干扰观测器的内置式永磁同步电机改进无模型滑模控制方法。首先,建立考虑参数摄动的内置式永磁同步电机(Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,IPMSM)新型超局部模型;其次,利用改进滑模趋近律设计滑模控制器作为无模型控制中的反馈控制器;然后,设计非线性干扰观测器来观测估计无模型控制中的未知复杂项;最后,与传统无模型滑模控制方法进行仿真实验对比。仿真实验结果证明所提方法能有效解决系统参数摄动影响电机控制性能等问题,验证了所提方法的有效性及优越性。

基于人口自由迁移流动的基本公共服务均等化研究

基本公共服务均等化是实现全民共同富裕的前提,也是中国式现代化的基础目标之一。人口的自由迁徙不仅是中国式现代化中人全面发展的显著标志,也是实现中国式现代化基本公共服务均等化以及共同富裕的重要途径。基本公共服务与人口迁移流动的空间差异都具有阶层性特征。基本公共服务的空间差异主要表现为不同等级地域基本公共服务的区域性和阶层性差异。人口迁移流动对推动不同等级地域基本公共服务均等化具有直接和间接的双重作用。推动不同等级地域基本公共服务均等化,不仅要加快城市化进程,更要提高农村基本公共服务水平。要推进城乡融合发展,优化市场体制机制,畅通人口迁移流动渠道,促进人口自由迁移流动,使人口迁移流动在推动基本公共服务均等化过程中发挥更大作用。

自由还是保护:19、20世纪英国围绕关税与贸易问题的争论

19世纪至20世纪初,英国出现了两次围绕关税与贸易问题的大争论,两次争论都围绕着贸易保护与自由贸易问题展开。争论中,双方各持己见,持贸易保护观点的一方认为,英国实行贸易保护、设置关税壁垒有利于保护本国经济不受外来经济的侵扰,进而有利于促进本国经济的发展;主张自由贸易的一方则认为,随着英国工业革命的进行,英国对国际商品市场和廉价原料的需求越来越迫切,而实行自由贸易、减少甚至取消关税壁垒更能促进英国经济的发展和国际地位的提升。两次争论的结果最终均以自由贸易的胜利而告终,由两次争论可见,一国贸易、关税政策的选择与该国的国内国际形势、国家利益集团、政党及大众舆论等密切相关。

自由积C^(*)-代数中的0-1率

在自由概率论框架下,刻画了非交换情形的Kolmogorov型0-1率和Hewitt-Savage型0-1率。

概率论中的幂律分布

幂律分布用于描述个体相互影响的复杂系统中的数量分布规律,是概率论与数理统计学中最重要的分布之一,然而在教学中甚少对其进行详细的介绍.该文将详细讨论幂律分布的定义及性质、常见的幂律分布以及幂律分布的应用,并结合具体实例通过R软件进行数据分析,给出相关教学内容和教学方法的若干建议.

大宁—吉县区块深层煤岩气赋存产气特征与储量估算方法指标探讨

深层煤岩气是煤层气勘探新领域,如何科学地估算深层煤岩气储量成为面临的新问题。从总结大宁—吉县区块深层煤岩气勘探开发成果出发,通过论证深层煤岩气的成藏特征、赋存模式、产气规律和生产特点,分析深层煤岩气独特的吸附气+游离气赋存特征、游离气→游离气+吸附气→吸附气的产气机制及其与浅—中浅层煤层气的明显差异,进而指出现行储量规范在估算方法、单元划分、估算参数、起算下限、资料录取等方面对估算深层煤岩气储量存在的不适应性。在上述研究的基础上,提出深层煤岩气储量估算建议:采用体积法和容积法两种方法估算储量,并根据游离气占比选择相应的估算方法;游离气需单独划分储量估算单元;夹矸起扣厚度为0.3~0.5m;R_(o)≤1.0%,煤层净厚度下限大于或等于1.0m;R_(o)>1.0%,煤层净厚度下限大于或等于0.8m;按深度段和井型分别确定单井产气量下限;勘探早期阶段,直井采收率为30%~45%,水平井采收率为35%~55%。研究为开展深层煤岩气勘探开发和储量估算提供了技术参考。

论封关后海南自贸港税法的创新优化

封关后海南自贸港税法创新优化,直接关系到税收在自贸港建设中重要功能的发挥与地位的体现。税法创新优化对内要“合法”,即敬畏和遵从现行中华人民共和国各项法律,以《自贸港法》作为税法以及执法、司法领域规范性文件创新优化的依据;对外要“合规”,即遵从现行国际自贸港税法规则。理论上,由于所合之法与“规”存在时代的局限性与不足,自贸港税法创新优化就要以敬畏和遵从优良税收道德为价值导向系统,即要坚持以“征纳两利”为税法及其税收法治建设创新优化的核心价值导向,坚持最大限度满足人民群众不断增长“美好生活”需求的原则。