Salt-free reactive dyeing of betaine-modified cationic cotton fabrics with enhanced dye fixation

Novel cationic cotton fabrics were prepared by an efficient and simple one-step pad–dry–bake pretreatment process with betaine as cationic reagent. Ester bonds formed between cotton fibers and betaine hydrochloride were proved by Fourier transformed infrared attenuated total reflection(FTIR-ATR) spectra. Moreover, the properties of the cationic fabrics, including X-ray Diffraction(XRD), tensile strength and whiteness and yellowness index,were investigated in comparison with that of the untreated ones. The cationic fabrics were applied in salt-free dyeing of C.I. Reactive Red 195, C.I. Reactive Yellow 145 and C.I. Reactive Blue 19. Different dye fixation processes were applied and compared for untreated and cationic cotton. Dye fixation and color fastness properties of the dyes were tested, and the results presented that dye fixation on the cationic fabrics in the absence of salt was improved with satisfactory light fastness property and applicable wash and rub fastnesses.

Application of Tertiary Amine Cationic Polyacrylamide with High Cationic Degree in Salt-free Dyeing of Reactive Dyes

Tertiary amine cationic polyacrylamide with high cationization degree was used as a new cationic agent to pretreat cotton with dip-pad-bake method. The obtained cationic cotton was dyed with reactive dyes in the ab-sence of electrolyte. The effects of the characteristics of the cationic agent and the pretreatment conditions on dye-ability of reactive dye were investigated. The results showed that the fixation and K/S values of the reactive dyes on the cationic cotton were improved compared with those on the untreated one in the presence of salt. Tests on fast-ness properties of the dyed cotton and fabric quality of the pretreated cotton were carried out and the results showed that wash and rub fastness of the salt-free dyeing were both satisfactory. And anti-crease property,tensile and tear strength,and handling of the cationic cotton were also good compared with that of the untreated one.

A Prediction of the Excess Partial Molar Free Energies of MgCl_2 in the KCI-MgCl_2-LiCl Molten Salt System Containing MgCl_2 below 0.5 from Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Systems

The thermodynamical properties of MgCl_2 in KCI-MgCl_2-LiCl molten electrolytes containing MgCl_2 below 0.5 (mole fraction, the same below) have been determined from the interchange energies of two binary systems KCI-MgCl_2 and LiCI-MgCl_2, by means of a model on the assumptions that the electrolytes in the solution are treated as independent particles instead of their ion forms and the interchange energy between the component pair KCI-LiCl is ignored when compared with those of component pairs KCl-MgCl_2 and MgCl_2-LiCl. The interchange energies, wKCl-MgCl_2 and wMgcCl_2-Licl, are obtained as-70000 and -13800 J.mol-1, from the corresponding binary solutions, respectively.

壳聚糖改性棉织物的黑枸杞色素染色

提取黑枸杞天然色素,对壳聚糖改性棉织物进行直接法染色,探究了染浴pH值、温度、时间、氯化钠浓度等因素对染色效果和防紫外性能的影响,通过对染色织物的色深值Integ、颜色特征值及UPF值综合评价,得到最佳染色工艺。结果表明,具体工艺如下:浴比1∶30,提取母液30 mL,pH值为4,食盐为0,焙烘温度110℃,焙烘时间4 min;染色过程中可不添加食盐,实现了无盐染色,大大减轻了染料废水处理的负担;经此方法染色所得紫色棉织物不但具有较好的耐摩擦色牢度、耐皂洗色牢度和耐日晒色牢度,同时具有优良的防紫外线性能。

碳酸肼对乏燃料后处理模拟污溶剂中磷酸二丁酯和Zr(Ⅳ)的洗涤行为研究

碳酸肼作为碱性无盐试剂对钚铀氧化还原萃取(PUREX)流程的污溶剂的洗涤有广泛的应用前景。本文使用碳酸肼溶液对30%磷酸三丁酯-正十二烷有机溶液中的磷酸二丁酯和Zr(IV)进行洗涤,利用单一变量原则,考察了振荡时间、温度、水相与有机相体积比、碳酸肼质量分数以及磷酸二丁酯质量浓度等因素对去除有机溶液中磷酸二丁酯和Zr(IV)的影响。结果表明:在25℃下振荡洗涤15 min,5%碳酸肼洗涤3次同体积的有机溶液后对0.1 g/L和0.5 g/L的磷酸二丁酯的去除率分别约为98.7%和88.1%。此外,磷酸二丁酯的存在可以促进有机相对Zr(IV)的萃取和保留,当磷酸二丁酯的质量浓度为0时,碳酸肼对Zr(IV)的去除率为98.5%。

常压无氯盐溶液制备α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O晶体研究

本文以Na_(2)SO_(4)溶液为反应介质,研究了反应温度、反应时间、液固比、pH值、Na_(2)SO_(4)质量分数对α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O生成的影响。结果表明,在Na_(2)SO_(4)质量分数为12.5%,液固比为5∶1,pH值为7,反应温度为97℃,反应时间为4 h的条件下,制备出平均长度46.0μm、平均长径比17.23、形貌均一的α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O晶体。常压无氯盐溶液方法克服了氯离子腐蚀工业设备、污染环境等缺点,为高值化利用磷石膏提供重要的技术支持。

钒渣焙烧过程钒元素价态变化特征探讨

综合利用光电子能谱及矿物分析仪,研究了钒渣及无盐焙烧阶段不同温度节点下的钒渣熟料的矿物组成及钒元素价态组成。结果表明:钒尖晶石、铁橄榄石和钙铁辉石含量随焙烧温度升高而下降,氧化铁、铁板钛矿、钒酸锰等矿物含量随焙烧温度升高而增加;随焙烧温度升高,钒渣逐步由以V^(3+)氧化为V^(4+)为主的边缘氧化向V^(3+)氧化为V^(4+)与V^(4+)氧化为V 5+共存的内部氧化过渡;钒尖晶石中钒的价态为V^(3+),氧化态钒尖晶石中钒的价态为V^(4+);钒渣及熟料矿物分析结果与钒元素价态分析结果之间一致性较好。

解冻方式对炝蟹食用品质的影响

为研究不同解冻方式对冻藏炝蟹食用品质的影响,筛选食用前的最佳解冻方式,对低温解冻、室温解冻、流水解冻、超声解冻和脉冲磁场辅助解冻5种方式的解冻曲线、感官评价、电子舌、蟹肉蛋白质及其降解产物和呈味核苷酸含量变化进行分析。结果表明:超声和脉冲磁场辅助解冻最具时效性(10.4、26.2 min),低温解冻最耗时(312.6 min)。脉冲磁场辅助解冻蟹肉的色泽、质地和气味的评分最高,超声解冻的口感评分最好。电子舌结果表明,低温解冻、脉冲磁场辅助解冻和超声解冻蟹肉品质较接近,与流水解冻和室温解冻之间存在较大差异。超声解冻蟹肉的水分质量分数最高(84.37%),脉冲磁场辅助解冻的蛋白降解指数最低(13.83%),流水解冻的蟹肉水分质量分数最低(77.36%),且蛋白降解指数最高(16.64%)。低温解冻蟹肉的总游离氨基酸含量最高(2885.78 mg/100 g),脉冲磁场辅助和超声解冻蟹肉中谷氨基酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸的含量相近,分别为97.50、665.80 mg/100 g和487.20 mg/100 g及92.30、642.40 mg/100 g和490.50 mg/100 g,显著高于其他3种解冻方式。不同解冻方式对炝蟹蟹肉中呈味核苷酸作用显著,超声和脉冲磁场辅助解冻蟹肉中呈味核苷酸具有较高的含量,以脉冲磁场辅助解冻蟹肉中等效鲜味浓度最高(44.38 g/100 g)。因此,脉冲磁场辅助解冻最适宜作为冻藏炝蟹的解冻方式。

富氧燃烧-红外吸收法测定氯化熔盐中游离碳含量方法研究

游离碳是熔盐氯化重要反应物之一,对二氧化钛氯化反应速率影响较大,准确测定熔盐中游离碳含量,对控制氯化反应及炉料添加有重要指导意义。氯化熔盐属高氯样品,目前用管式炉或高频炉燃烧,红外吸收法测定熔盐中碳含量时,存在无相应标准样品建立仪器标准工作曲线和燃烧产生的氯气易腐蚀仪器的问题。实验提出用氯化钠稀释石油焦标准样品,配制不同浓度的游离碳校准样品,同时对仪器试剂管改装,以石英砂-氢氧化钙(m_(石英砂)∶m_(氢氧化钙)=3∶1)吸收氯气,有效解决上述问题,实验还讨论了燃烧温度、氧气压力、样品量对游离碳测定的影响。实验结果表明:当样品量为0.15 g,燃烧温度700℃、氧气压力0.50 MPa时为氯化熔盐中游离碳的最佳测量条件。采用实验方法对生产过程中氯化熔盐样品及配制的校准样品测量,方法精密度小于2.0%,校准样品测量值与理论值在实验允许误差范围内。

梯度升温发酵工艺对不同盐分稀态发酵酱油微生物变化和风味形成的影响

本文以12%和18%(w/v)两种盐分浓度的稀态发酵酱醪为研究对象,探究梯度升温(15℃-20℃-25℃-30℃)工艺对发酵酱醪微生物计数和风味形成的影响。结果显示:采用梯度升温工艺的低盐分酱醪样品(TC12)的酵母计数在发酵到期时比恒温(30℃)对照组(C12)要高1.0 log CFU/g左右,这表明酵母在梯度升温工艺中维持生长代谢时间较长。这或与发酵前期较低的温度限制了酵母过快的繁殖有关。其中,TC12的发酵到期原油的氨基酸态氮高达1.14 g/100 g,达到我国规定的特级酿造酱油标准。同时,TC12中的鲜味(19.03 g/L)和甜味氨基酸(19.32 g/L)含量较高,共占氨基酸总量约60%,呈现较好的鲜甜滋味。挥发性物质检测数据显示,TC12中的乙醇、苯乙酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、3-甲硫基丙醛和苯甲醛等含量较高,样品整体呈现“水果甜香和酯香”。另一方面,高盐组梯度升温样品(TC18)则测得更多的愈创木酚和甲基麦芽酚,呈现“烟熏香和酱香”。感官鉴评数据显示,低盐分梯度升温发酵样品TC12相比恒温发酵组C12具有更高的香气和滋味得分,综合口感更优。综上所述,梯度升温工艺有利于限制低盐分(12%)发酵酱醪中酵母在前期的过快生长,保持其在发酵后期的活性细胞计数,使其能持续发酵生成更多风味物质,提升低盐发酵原油的整体风味。

Manufacture of Boron-free Magnesia with High Purity from Residual Brine

A novel method for removing boron with ion exchange resin from residual brines to manufacture boron-free magnesia is described. The concentration of boron in the target magnesia manufactured thereby from Qinghai salt lakes is lower than 5 mg/g, and the typical D50 size of product is 10.625 mm.

Antihyperlipidemic effect of Melothria maderaspatana leaf extracts on DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats

Objective:To investigate the antihyperlipidemic effect of crude ethanolic extract of Melothria maderaspatana(M.maderaspatana) leaf(CEEM) on deoxycorticosterone acetate(DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats.Methods:A midscapular incision was made on each rat and the left kidney was excised after ligation of the renal artery.The surgical wound was closed using an absorbable suture.After one week recovery period,hypertension was induced by subcutaneous injection of DOCA-salt solution,twice a week,and the rats received a 1%sodium chloride solution as drinking water throughout the experimental period.CEEM or nifedipine was administered orally once a day for 6 weeks.Results:In DOCA-salt hypertensive rats,the level of plasma and tissues of total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),free fatty acids(FFA) and phospholipids (PL) significantly increased and administration of CEEM significantly reduced these parameters towards normality.Further,the levels of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(VLDL-C) significantly increased while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in hypertensive rats and administration of CEEM brought these parameters to normality which proved their antihyperlipidemic action.Histopathology of liver, kidney and heart on DOCA-salt induced rats treated with CEEM showed reduced the damages towards normal histology.Conclusions:These findings provided evidence that CEEM was found to be protecting the liver,kidney and heart against DOCA-salt administration and the protective effect could attribute to its antihyperlipidemic activities.

Research on Properties of Metasilicate Bonded Carbon-free Basic Dry Vibration Mix

Carbon-free basic dry vibration mix was prepared using middle grade magnesia and fused magnesia as main starting materials,metasilicate replacing phenolic resin as binder,adding a certain amount of medium and low temperature intensifiers. Effects of binder,grain composition,and additives on basic dry vibration mix for tundish were studied,and the bonding mechanism was also analyzed. The results show that：（1） when using metasilicate as binder,the higher strength can be acquired; （2） the suitable grain composition is q=0.48,the critical granularity is 5 or 3 mm,the fines addition is 10%-20% （mass percent）; （3） the strength and corrosion resistance of the basic dry vibration mix can be improved by the melting compound of metasilicate and additives; （4） with temperature rising,the bonding type in dry vibration mix changes from cohere bonding to reaction bonding,and then to ceramic bonding at last.

Study of a New Chromium-Free Conversion Coating Formed on ZnAl Alloy

A new chromium-free conversion film was obtained on surface of a ZnAl alloy by chemical conversion process. Influence of the additives in treating solution containing cerium salt on the corrosion protection of the conversion film formed on zinc alloy was investigated. Corrosion tests and electrochemical measurements in sodium chloride solution were performed . The microstructure and composition of the coatings were examined by means of SEM, EDS and XRD. It was found that the corrosion protection capabilities of the conversion film are markedly increased with the cerium nitride plus additives (hydrogen fluoride acid and an organic inhibitor) treating process. The modified conversion film is an organic/inorganic composite coating and is much more corrosion resistant than the conventional chromate conversion coating and the single cerium conversion coating.

Dispersion and Polar Component of Specific Surface Free Energy of NaCl(100), KCl(100), and KBr(100) Single Crystal Surfaces

Contact angle of ethylene glycol and formamide on (100) faces of NaCl, KCl, and KBr single crystal was measured, and the specific surface free energy (SSFE) was calculated. Dispersion component of the SSFE was 90.57, 93.78, and 99.52 mN&#183m-1 for NaCl, KCl, and KBr, respectively. Polar component of the SSFE was 1.05, 0.65, and 0.45 mN&#183m-1 for NaCl, KCl, and KBr. Such a large ratio of dispersion component of SSFE results from the neutrality of the crystal surface of alkali halide. Lattice component of alkali halide is 780, 717 and 689 kJ&#183mol-1 for NaCl, KCl, and KBr. The larger lattice enthalpy decreases dispersion component, and increases polar component of the SSFE. The larger lattice enthalpy is considered to enhance the rumpling of the crystal surface more strongly, and such rumpling is considered to decrease the neutrality of the crystal surface.

棉织物活性染料清洁化染色工艺

针对棉织物印染加工过程存在的盐排放量高、耗水量大等问题,采用无盐染色工艺对纯棉织物进行轧染染色,并与传统染色技术染色效果进行对比,探究棉织物活性染料清洁化染色技术的可行性。染色环节中通过自制助染剂ZH的应用,可以避免使用无机盐,同时固色环节采用特种碱剂NBL取代纯碱,提高固色效率,在确保染品性能良好的基础上实现无盐染色。研究结果表明:当活性染料黑NN质量浓度为50 g/L、助染剂ZH质量浓度为5 g/L、特种碱剂NBL质量浓度为10 g/L时,可以获得与传统染色工艺一致的染色效果,在实现无盐染色的同时,平均可以降低染色后处理用水26.65%。

聚乙二醇化多环氧共聚物的清洁化铬鞣应用

传统铬鞣的低铬利用率以及鞣制过程中大量含铬、含盐废水的排放严重危害生态环境和人类健康,制约了制革工业的可持续发展。研究采用自由基共聚设计并制备了一种聚乙二醇化多环氧基共聚物,将其作为预鞣剂考察了其在无盐、少铬、高吸收清洁化铬鞣过程中的应用。基于碱性条件下环氧基与胶原氨基的反应,共聚物预鞣能够封闭胶原氨基并在皮胶原纤维之间产生预交联,赋予坯革无盐浸酸性能。此外,聚乙二醇链段的引入能够在纤维表面形成水化层惰化胶原纤维,防止铬鞣初期鞣剂在皮表面的快速结合,促进铬鞣剂在皮中的均匀渗透。同时,环氧基开环反应所产生的羟基为后续铬鞣剂提供额外的结合位点,有助于提高铬鞣剂的吸收率。结果表明,共聚物预鞣能够实现无盐浸酸,能使少铬鞣法的铬吸收率由80.5%提高至95%,并显著提高成革热稳定性、力学性能和感官性能。

低盐咸鸭蛋腌制过程对蛋黄中游离氨基酸和风味的影响

为探究三穗特色低盐咸鸭蛋在腌制过程中氨基酸种类、含量的变化,采用氨基酸分析仪对不同腌制时间的低盐咸鸭蛋黄游离氨基酸组成及含量进行测定,并采用主成分分析法探究游离氨基酸在咸蛋黄滋味中的呈味特性。结果表明,不同腌制时间检测到的游离氨基酸种类相同(16种),含有7种必需氨基酸,不同腌制时间游离氨基酸总含量有显著性差异,28 d腌制结束的咸蛋黄总游离氨基酸含量相较于0 d提高了46.49%,蛋白质相对含量提高了1.23倍。鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸含量均显著增加,0~7 d是呈味氨基酸含量增加的重要阶段。结合主成分分析和聚类分析结果得出脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸8种氨基酸对咸蛋黄滋味影响程度最大。此为咸鸭蛋加工技术的改进及咸鸭蛋风味的人工控制提供理论基础。

阳离子交换量和盐溶液浓度对膨润土膨胀变形的影响

膨润土遇水产生的膨胀变形以及膨胀力是由于颗粒间的斥力引起的,而该斥力大小与土体的固定负电荷密度(采用阳离子交换量CEC来表征)以及孔隙溶液的浓度有关,已有的对膨润土膨胀变形研究多针对孔隙溶液而非土体的阳离子交换量。现以钠基膨润土为研究对象,采用Li+固定法来控制膨润土的固定负电荷密度,以达到降低膨润土阳离子交换量的目的,再采用Li Cl为盐溶液,获得了上述不同阳离子交换量的膨润土在不同浓度的盐溶液作用下的膨胀指数。结果表明:随着溶液浓度升高,土样的膨胀指数降低;当浓度小于1 mol/L时,下降较为显著,之后则缓慢降低;随着阳离子交换量的减少,土样的膨胀指数也呈降低趋势。这是因为土颗粒的阳离子交换量和溶液浓度是影响土样与孔隙溶液物理化学作用的决定性因素,阳离子交换量越小,浓度越高,土颗粒之间的斥力降低,土样的膨胀指数则会降低。采用考虑颗粒间物理化学作用的粒间应力来描述试验结果,表明对于该种膨润土来说,不同阳离子交换量以及不同盐溶液作用下的回弹变形和回弹应力几乎在一条曲线上,这也进一步验证了粒间应力在膨胀土模拟中的有效性和适用性。

发酵温度对低盐虾酱中主要风味物质的影响

为探究发酵温度对低盐虾酱中风味物质的影响,分别在10、15、20℃和25℃进行虾酱的自然发酵,分别使用高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法和气相色谱-离子迁移谱测定虾酱中的游离氨基酸、游离脂肪酸和挥发性化合物。结果表明,在低盐虾酱中均检测出17种游离氨基酸和26种游离脂肪酸,10℃发酵的虾酱中呈味氨基酸含量最高,20℃发酵的虾酱中游离脂肪酸含量最高。在低盐虾酱中共鉴定出69种挥发性化合物,包括醇类19种、醛类13种、酮类13种、酯类12种、烯类2种、醚类2种、酸类1种和其他化合物7种。10℃和15℃发酵的虾酱中醇类、酮类的相对含量较高;20℃和25℃发酵的虾酱中氨的相对含量较高。挥发性化合物的主成分分析表明,不同温度发酵的低盐虾酱中挥发性化合物可显著区分。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析,结合变量投影重要性(variable importance in projection,VIP),共筛选出6种差异挥发性化合物(VIP>1,P<0.05),分别为3-甲基丁醇(单体及二聚体)、乙酸乙酯二聚体、丙烯酸乙酯、2-甲基丁醛二聚体和氨。聚类热图分析表明,10℃和15℃发酵的低盐虾酱风味较相似,20℃和25℃发酵的低盐虾酱风味较相似。该研究结果为推进商品化低盐虾酱的恒温发酵提供了理论参考。