Effect of noncircular orifice plates on the near flow field of turbulent free jets

In this paper, we experimentally investigate the near-field flow characteristics of turbulent free jets respectively issued from circular, triangular, diamond, rectangular, and notched-rectangular orifice plates into air surroundings. All the orifice plates have identical opening areas or equivalent diameters（De） and their aspect ratios（AR） range from 1 to 6.5. Planar particle image velocimetry（PIV） is used to measure the velocity field at the same Reynolds number of Re = 5 × 10^4,where Re = Ue De/ν with Ue being the exit bulk velocity and ν the kinematic viscosity of fluid. The mean and turbulent velocity fields of all the five jets are compared in detail. Results show that the noncircular jets can enhance the entrainment rate, reflected by the higher acceleration rates of mean velocity decay and spread, shorten the length of the unmixed core,expedite the increase of turbulent intensity compared with the circular counterpart shortened unmixed core, and increase turbulent intensity comparing to the circular counterpart. Among the five jets, the rectangular jet（AR = 6.5） produces the greatest decay rate of the near-field mean velocity, postpones the position at which the 鈥榓xis-switching鈥檖henomenon occurs. This supports that axis switching phenomenon strongly depends on jet initial conditions. In addition, the hump in the centerline variation of the turbulence intensity is observed in the rectangular and triangular jets, but not in the circular jet, nor in diamond jet nor in notched-rectangular jet.

PSEUDOSPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERFACIAL STABILITY OF FREE JETS WITH DIFFERENT VELOCITY PROFILES

A double fluid model for a liquid jet surrounded by a coaxial gas stream was constructed. The interfacial stability of the model was studied by Chebyshev pseudospectral method for different basic velocity profiles. The physical variables were mapped into computational space using a nonlinear coordinates transformation. The general eigenvalues of the dispersion relation obtained are solved by QZ method, and the basic characteristics and their dependence on the flow parameters are analyzed.

Experimental Investigation of the Cooling Capacity of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide in Free Jet Expansion for Use in Portable Air-Cooling Systems

This paper investigates the possibility of using the free expansion of gaseous CO2 in portable air-cooling systems. The cooling capacity of the gaseous CO2 free jet expansion was calculated using three different approaches and the results showed that the simplified calculations would give approximated cooling values with an 11.6% maximum error. The mass flow rate, upstream pressure and cooling capacity of the gaseous CO2 decreased with time. A maximum 48.5 watts of cooling was recorded at minute 4 and a minimum value of 10.4 watts at the end of the test. The drop in cooling capacity is due to the evaporation of the liquid CO2 inside the small cylinder which cools the two-phase CO2 mixture and causes a pressure drop (from 6 MPa to 2.97 MPa), which also affects the mass flow rate of gaseous CO2 exiting the orifice (from 0.56 g/s to 0.24 g/s). If this cooling technique is to be considered in portable compact-cooling systems, the mass, pressure and cooling capacity drop with time must be solved. One of the solutions could be to cover the cylinder with a heating coat to compensate for the heat absorbed by the evaporation of the liquid CO2.

Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Free Water Jet by a Central-body Nozzle

The recent research about cavitation jet mainly focuses on the organ-pipe nozzle and triangular nozzle. The research content mainly includes the optimized design about the structure of nozzles, the observation and flow analysis about the cavitation jet in the water, and the theory of rock attacked by the cavitation jet, while the energy characteristic of the free jet is not studied yet. In China, the research about the central-body nozzle is almost empty. For the purpose of studying the energy characteristic and the structure of free water jet discharged from central-body nozzle, an experiment with phase Doppler particle anemometry（PDPA） technology is carried out to measure the free water jet flow, which is produced by a central-body nozzle under the jet pressure of 15 MPa. While five sections with different axial distances from the nozzle outlet are selected for data process and analysis, the axial and radial velocity and the droplets of the particle size are studied. Meanwhile, numerical calculation of corresponding flow field is conducted by using volume of fluid（VOF） multiphase model, and the jet flow feature is discussed. The experimental and calculating results show that the axial velocity of high speed jet flow dissipates slowly in the air, and the core area and diffused area are discovered. The diameter of droplet in the core area is small, and jet energy is concentrated, while in the diffusion area, water is mingled with ambient air and radial velocity is relatively large. Obvious low-pressure area exists behind the central body and potential cavitation may occur in that area. The proposed research reveals the energy characteristic of free jet discharged from central-body nozzle, provides the theoretical basis for preestimating erosion feature of the central-body nozzle and also the theoretical foundation for revealing the mechanism of erosion.

Analysis on MHD Stability of Free Surface Jet flow in a Gradient Magnetic Fields

The simplified modeling for analysis on MHD stability of free surface jet flow in a gradient magnetic fields is based on the theoretical and experimental results on channel liquid metal MHD flow, especially, the results of MHD flow velocity distribution in cross-section of channels (rectangular duct and circular pipe), and the expected results from the modeling are well agreed with the recent experimental data obtained. It is the first modeling which can efficiently explain the experimental results of liquid-metal free surface jet flow.

毫米级低速圆管自由射流的空中形态分析

自由射流是各类机械设备和管路设施中的常见现象,对毫米级圆管低速射流空中形态的研究,可以为射流距离、水流入水姿态和相应消能及噪声的分析提供依据。为探索毫米级圆管低速射流空中形态,分别以4,5,6 mm圆管射流为对象,研究不同低速、圆管直径对射流连续及破碎的影响。采用高速摄像机捕捉射流碎破点和破碎水滴变化,测量并分析流速、连续长度和破碎水滴直径的特征以及与无量纲雷诺数Re和韦伯数We的关系。结果表明:在管径相同时,射流连续长度随出口流速的增大而增长;随着管径变大,连续长度增加的幅度变小;在流速相同时,连续长度随着喷嘴内径增大而减小。射流连续长度随雷诺数Re、韦伯数We的增大而减小,在We=3 000~3 500附近由曲线关系变为直线关系,拟合出射流连续长度与We的关系式。具体描述破碎水滴的聚合过程,分析破碎后的主水滴与卫星水滴的大小、聚合方式及振动特点,其中,水滴大小与喷嘴内径存在线性关系,均随着喷嘴内径的增加而增大,卫星水滴的大小基本符合Rayleigh线性不稳定理论预测产生液滴尺寸,不同的聚合方式会导致射流掺气量的不同,为不同条件下的水流入水姿态及相应消能与降噪提供参考,并得到水滴平均振动周期为25.67 ms。

喷水引纬机构动态特性对自由射流的影响

为适应不同喷水引纬织机幅宽的需求,基于伯努利与液体连续性原理建立喷水引纬机构动力学模型,喷嘴自由射流初始段最大距离与纬纱所受射流牵引力的数值模型,分析其动态特性并通过弹簧刚度系数确定凸轮系统最低转速,探讨不同弹簧刚度系数与弹簧最大压缩量条件下机构动态特性对柱塞运动周期、射流最大速度、雷诺数、射流初始段最大距离、纬纱所受射流牵引力的影响;仿真结果表明:弹簧刚度系数增大时,柱塞运动周期变小,对应的凸轮系统最低转速变大,当弹簧最大压缩量取0.029 m,弹簧刚度系数取40 000、50 000、60 000 N/m时,水射流速度最大值为62.19、69.85、78.99 m/s,射流初始段最大距离为937、1 000、1 074 mm,纬纱所受水射流牵引力为5.37、6.44、7.28 N;而弹簧最大压缩量对上述变量的影响幅度很小,故在大幅宽织机需求下应首要考虑使用更大刚度系数的弹簧。

凝固浴槽的圆形自由射流数值模拟

非溶剂致相分离的干喷湿纺法所制中空纤维膜的微结构与凝固浴的流场结构密切相关。常见的凝固浴流动更新类似于圆形自由射流。该流场结构不仅影响溶液纺丝的稳定性,还影响其分相成膜时的双扩散行为。合适的湍流模型能提高计算的准确性与可靠性,因此采用9种湍流模型来模拟圆形自由射流流动,得到了不同模型下的流体速度分布、起始段长度、湍流动能(k)、卷吸量等参量结果,并与实验值及理论解进行对比分析。结果表明,在k与湍流动能耗散率(ε)中增加了两个附加项(D,E)的Launder与Sharma(LS)模型,对速度分布的预测最准确,轴向无量纲速度平均误差为7.14%,起始段长度与实验值相比平均误差最小为10.7%;Prandtl数σk对水流扩散有较大影响,通过修正σk,能提高LS模型的速度分布预测能力,当σk取0.15时,起始段与主体段的平均相对误差降至2.75%,雷诺数为6378.2条件下的卷吸量预测平均误差为3.57%。因此,在具有圆形自由射流的凝固浴槽数值模拟中,建议采用LS模型。

水射流构造自由面下滚刀线性切割破岩特性研究

为了分析水射流构造自由面情况下的滚刀切割破岩特性,本文采用有限元模拟分析方法,建立自由面工况下滚刀破岩模型,模拟不同切宽下滚刀切割岩石动态过程,得到水射流构造自由面工况下滚刀破岩载荷、破岩状态等变化规律,并利用线性切割实验进行验证。研究结果表明:水射流构造自由面后滚刀切割过程中,岩石会产生表面和内部拉伸裂纹,且当切宽小于临界值50 mm时,滚刀临近自由面侧的拉伸裂纹可以延伸到自由面,促进岩石破碎;水射流构造自由面情况下的滚刀破岩垂直载荷最大,侧向载荷最小,且合适的切宽可以显著改善滚刀受载;当滚刀能有效利用水射流构造的自由面破岩时,其破岩比能耗远低于无自由面效应下的滚刀破岩比能耗,前者仅约为后者的30%,破岩效率得到显著提高。研究结果可为水射流辅助滚刀破岩参数设计提供依据。

背部进气布局飞机前机身模拟器设计方法研究与评估

为满足背部进气布局飞机的前机身-进气道-发动机自由射流试验的需求,设计前机身模拟器以模拟原始前机身对进气道内流场的影响。根据背部进气布局飞机的流动特点,设计两类前机身模拟器,在自由射流试验舱内模拟飞行高度10 km、飞行速度0.7Ma的3种飞行姿态的流场。通过对比子午面和进气道出口流场以及进气道出口平均参数,证明所设计的前机身模拟器可以在射流环境下模拟原始前机身的前机身效应,其中负攻角和侧滑角姿态下的前机身模拟器模拟效果较好,而正攻角姿态下的前机身模拟器模拟效果相对较差。

3D MHD Jet in a Non-Uniform Magnetic Field

The purpose of this paper is to present a two-phase 3D magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） flow model that combines the volume of fluid （VOF） method with the technique derived from induced-magnetic-field equations for liquid metal free surface MHD-jet-flow. Analogy between the induced-magnetic-filed equation and the conventional computational fluid dynamics （CFD） equation is made, so that the equation can be conveniently accounted for by CFD. A penalty factor numerical method is introduced in order to force the local divergence-free condition of the magnetic fields and an extension of the void insulating calculation domain is applied to ensure that the induced-magnetic field at its boundaries is null. These simulation results for lithium liquid metal jets under magnetic field configurations of Magnetic Torus （Mtor） and National Spherical Torus Experiment （NSTX） outboard divertor have shown that three dimensional jet can not be annihilated by magnetic braking and its cross-section will deform in such a way that the momentum flux of the jet is conserved. 3D MHD effects from a magnetic field gradient cause return currents to interact with applied magnetic fields and produce unfavorable Lorentz forces. Under 3D applied non-uniform magnetic fields of the divertor, unfavorable Lorentz forces lead to a substantial change in flow pattern and a reduction in flow velocity, with the jet cross-section moving to one side of the jet space. These critical phenomena can not be revealed by 2D models.

不等径开放式撞击流雾化特征及二乙二醇/水体系混合研究

采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对不等径开放式撞击流中质量分数60%的甘油‑水溶液雾化性能进行了研究,探讨韦伯数We(51≤We≤1605)、入射速度u(2.12 m·s^(-1)≤u≤6.37 m·s^(-1))、喷嘴直径(喷嘴1:左侧喷嘴直径(D_(1))=1.5 mm,右侧喷嘴直径(D_(2))=2 mm;喷嘴2:D_(1)=2 mm,D_(2)=3 mm)对液膜破碎特征及液滴行为的影响,并对复合含能材料粘结剂溶剂二乙二醇与水混合过程的液滴分布进行了研究。结果表明:随着We增大,液膜破碎长度先增大,当液膜破碎模式到达无边缘模式后减小,且液膜厚度与液滴直径逐步减小,液滴速度逐步增大;随喷嘴直径增大,液膜破碎模式变化不显著,液膜破碎长度、厚度、液滴直径均增大,液滴速度则逐步减小。同时,拟合得到液膜破碎长度、液膜厚度、液滴索特平均直径D[3,2]与喷嘴直径、韦伯数间的经验关联式,采用二乙二醇与水体系验证后发现,随入射速度增大,二乙二醇与水撞击混合后液滴直径减小,分布变窄,D[3,2]数值在经验关联式±15%误差范围内与理论预测结果一致。

The Numerical Simulation of Flow Field of Jet System

In this paper, the internal fluid motion of a jet system is described by the Navier Stokes mechanics equations. For the simulation of the motion, the penalty function finite element method is used, and the velocity vectors and stream function curves are obtained. Using the Prandtl theory, this paper derives the free jet velocity and the jet bunch width in a half-space, the latter of which is amended by experiment. The results obtained in this paper are applied to micro-type high pressure water jet cleaner and the ejector of rocket engine.

采用DC Arc Plasma JetCVD方法沉积微/纳米复合自支撑金刚石膜

在30kW级直流电弧等离子体喷射化学气相沉积(DC Arc P lasm a Jet CVD)设备上,采用Ar-H2-CH4混合气体,通过调节甲烷浓度以及控制其他沉积参数,在Mo衬底上沉积出微/纳米复合自支撑金刚石膜。实验表明,当微米金刚石膜层沉积结束后,在随后的沉积中,随着甲烷浓度的增加,金刚石膜表面的晶粒大小是逐渐减小的。当甲烷浓度达到20%以上时,金刚石膜生长面晶粒呈现菜花状的小晶团,膜体侧面已经没有了粗大的柱状晶,而是呈现出光滑的断口,对该层进行拉曼谱分析显示,位于1145 cm-1附近有一定强度的散射峰出现。这说明所沉积的晶粒全部变为纳米级尺寸。

自由射流可调喷管技术对比研究与试验验证

为了适应自由射流高空模拟试验中马赫数连续可调对喷管设计的要求,针对等长高比情况下,单支点喷管流场品质与动态调节性能难以保证的特点,同时研究了单支点半柔性喷管和型面旋转喷管技术。首先,基于相同气动原理与设计方法,分别对单支点半柔性喷管的刚柔耦合型面技术和型面旋转喷管的设计点评价方法进行了研究;其次,通过数值计算,分别对这两类喷管的关键技术进行了验证分析,并在此基础上研制了用于技术验证的小尺寸模型喷管;最后,开展了该模型喷管的风洞验证试验研究。结果表明:这两种喷管技术均实现了良好的气动型面响应和动态调节性能,其流场品质优于规范指标要求,但单支点半柔性喷管的整体性能更优,为自由射流高空试验舱研究提供基础。

近自由液面聚能战斗部水下爆炸威力场

聚能战斗部反舰武器因其高效毁伤能力而受到重视,然而现阶段对其在近自由液面的威力场研究较少。为此,结合聚能战斗部对水下靶板毁伤试验结果,建立与之相对应的数值仿真模型,利用任意拉格朗日欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)算法模拟了金属射流形成和毁伤靶板全过程。同时,在验证模型算法有效性的基础上,通过系列工况设置,研究了小锥角聚能战斗部在近自由液面爆炸冲击波和射流特点。研究结果表明,近自由面聚能战斗部水下爆炸压力具有不对称性;自由液面对金属射流无明显影响,但受自由液面处反射的稀疏波影响,近自由液面冲击波压力下降,出现空化区域。

Preparation and Characterization of High Quality Diamond Films by DC ArcPlasma Jet CVD Method

Under optimal conditions free-standing high quality diamond films were prepared by DC arc plasma jet CVD method at a growth rate of 7-10 Pm/h. Surface and cross section morphologies of the diamond films were observed by SEM. Raman spectrometer wasused to characterize the quality of diamond films. The IR transmittivity measured by IR spectrometer is close to the theoretical value ofabout 71% in the far infrared band. The thermal conductivity measured by photothermal deflection exceeds 18 W/cm' K. <l 10> is thepreferential growth orientation of the films detected by X-ray diffractometer. As s result, the extremely high temperature of DC arc plasma jet can produce supersaturated atomic hydrogen, which played an important role in the process for the deposition of high quality diamond films.

Theoretical Mechanism Analysis of 3D Free Surface Electrospinning

Electrospinning is a new type of free-end spinning built on the electric field. The electric force of polyacrylonitrile( PAN)polymer solution overcomes the surface tension of the solution,and then it causes wave and forms jet flow. In the process of injection,the solution is evaporated or solidified,eventually forming a fiber on the receiving device. Different from ordinary single needle head,in the study,a new type of 3D free surface spinneret is used to produce multiple jets at the same time, and this will greatly improve production efficiency. In the paper,the model of 3D free surface is analyzed by the theory of fluid mechanics. The relationship among the wave length,surface tension and the electric field is obtained.After the mechanical analysis on the stable period of the jet,the relationship between the jet radius and the distance from the spinneret to jet is carried out. At the same time the relationship between the jet velocity and the tensile force is carried out. After mechanics analyzing on the unstable period of the jet,it can be concluded that the radius of the jet is inversely proportional to one half power of the distance from the jet to the spinneret,and the electrostatic spinning jet's velocity is directly proportional to one half power of the tensile force. After the mechanical analysis of the unstable period of the electrospinning jet,it can be concluded that the radius of the jet is inversely proportional to one fourth power of the jet intercept point distance.

Design and Numerical Simulation of Low-Fiber Hollow Spindle in Air-Jet Vortex Spinning

Based on the mechanical system of free-end fibers and the analysis of pulling free-end fibers out of the spun yarn during spinning,a low-fiber hollow spindle is designed and the air distribution of fluent field is simulated numerically. The negative pressure effect is much bigger at the top of low-fiber hollow spindle than that in Murata No.861,which is more conducive for single fiber to get into the channel of hollow spindle. The tangential velocity in 0-3 mm at the top of hollow spindle increases and the fluctuation of radial velocity is much stronger,which enhance the wrapping effect. In the addition,the distribution of axial velocity remains the same.

The Effects of Gas Composition on the Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Modification of Polyethylene Films

Polyethylene （PE） films are treated using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet （APPJ） with He or He/O2 gas for different periods of time. The influence of gas type on the plasma polymer interactions is studied. The surface contact angle of the PE film can be effectively lowered to 58° after 20 s of He/O2 plasma treatment and then remains almost unchanged for longer treatment durations, while, for He plasma treatment, the film surface contact angle drops gradually to 47° when the time reaches 120 s. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） results show that the root mean square （RMS） roughness was significantly higher for the He/O2 plasma treated samples than for the He plasma treated counterparts, and the surface topography of the He/O2 plasma treated PE films displays evenly distributed dome-shaped small protuberances. Chemical composition analysis reveals that the He plasma treated samples have a higher oxygen content but a clearly lower percentage of COO than the comparable He/O2 treated samples, suggesting that differences exist in the mode of incorporating oxygen between the two gas condition plasma treatments. Electron spin resonance （ESR） results show that the free radical concentrations of the He plasma treated samples were clearly higher than those of the He/O2 plasma treated ones with other conditions unchanged.