Multibody dynamic analysis using a rotation-free shell element with corotational frame

Rotation-free shell formulation is a simple and effective method to model a shell with large deformation. Moreover, it can be compatible with the existing theories of finite element method. However, a rotation-free shell is seldom employed in multibody systems. Using a derivative of rigid body motion, an efficient nonlinear shell model is proposed based on the rotation-free shell element and corotational frame. The bending and membrane strains of the shell have been simplified by isolating deformational displacements from the detailed description of rigid body motion. The consistent stiffness matrix can be obtained easily in this form of shell model. To model the multibody system consisting of the presented shells, joint kinematic constraints including translational and rotational constraints are deduced in the context of geometric nonlinear rotation-free element. A simple node-to-surface contact discretization and penalty method are adopted for contacts between shells. A series of analyses for multibody system dynamics are presented to validate the proposed formulation. Furthermore,the deployment of a large scaled solar array is presented to verify the comprehensive performance of the nonlinear shell model.

FREE VIBRATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Three displacement functions are introduced to represent each mechanical displacement according to the 3-D theory in this paper. By expanding the displacement functions and the electric potential in orthogonal series, the free vibration equation of piezoelectric cylindrical shells satisfying SS3 boundary conditions can be obtained. The equation was solved by utilizing Bessel functions with complex arguments. Results are presented graphically as well as in table, and compared with those of other references. Some frequencies that were missing in Ref. [9] are discovered.

Preparation of Self-crosslinked Fluorocarbon Polymer Emulsion with Core-shell Structure by the Method of Soap-free Emulsion Polymerization

Using methyl methacrylate （MMA）, butyl acrylate（BA） and hexafluorobutyl acrylate（HFBA） as main raw materials, we prepared self-crosslinked fluorocarbon polymer emulsion with core-shell structure via soap-free emulsion polymerization when the conception of particle design and polymer morphology was adopted. Moreover, the influence of mole ratio of BA to MAA, pH value on the oligomer was studied. And the effects of the added amount of oligomer, self-crosslinked monomer and HFBA, mass ratio of BA to MMA, reaction temperature and the initiator on the polymerization technology and the performance of the product, were investigated and optimized. The structure and performance of the fluorocarbon polymer emulsion were characterized and tested with FTIR, TEM, MFT and contact angle and water absorption of the latex film. The experimental results show that the optimal conditions for preparing fluorocarbon polymer emulsion are as follows： for preparing the oligomer, tool ratio of BA to MAA is equal to 1.0 ： 1.60, and pH value is controlled within the range of 8.0 and 9.0; for preparing fluorocarbon polymer emulsion, the added amount of oligmer[P（BA/MANa）] is 6%; mass ratio of BA to MMA is 40 ＂ 60; the added amount of self-crosslinked monomer is 2%, the added amount of HFBA is 15 %; reaction temperature is 80 ℃; the mixture of potassium persulfate and sodium bisulfite is used as the initiator. The film-forming stability of the fluorocarbon polymer emul- sion and the performance of the latex film, which is prepared with the soap-free emulsion polymerization, are better than that prepared with the conventional emulsion polymerization.

Quasi-Green’s function method for free vibration of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell

The idea of quasi-Green＇s function method is clarified by considering a free vibration problem of the simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell. A quasi- Green＇s function is established by using the fundamental solution and boundary equation of the problem. This function satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition of the prob- lem. The mode shape differential equations of the free vibration problem of a simply- supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell are reduced to two simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind by the Green formula. There are multiple choices for the normalized boundary equation. Based on a chosen normalized boundary equa- tion, a new normalized boundary equation can be established such that the irregularity of the kernel of integral equations is overcome. Finally, natural frequency is obtained by the condition that there exists a nontrivial solution to the numerically discrete algebraic equations derived from the integral equations. Numerical results show high accuracy of the quasi-Green＇s function method.

Free vibration of circular cylindrical shell with constrained layer damping

Free vibration characteristics of circular cylindrical shell with passive constrained layer damping （PCLD）are presented. Wave propagation approach rather than finite element method, transfer matrix method, and Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to solve the problem of vibration of PCLD circular cylindrical shell under a simply supported boundary condition at two ends. The governing equations of motion for the orthotropic cylindrical shell with PCLD are derived on the base of Sanders＇ thin shell theory. Nu- merical results show that the present method is more effective in comparison with other methods. The effects of the thickness of viscoelastic core and constrained layer, the elastic modulus ratio of orthotropic constrained layer, the complex shear modulus of viscoelastic core on frequency parameter, and the loss factor are discussed.

AN EXACT ANALYSIS FOR FREE VIBRATION OF A COMPOSITE SHELL STRUCTURE-HERMETIC CAPSULE

An exact analytical solution was presented for free vibration of composite shell structure-hermetic capsule. The basic equations on axisymmetric vibration were based on the Love classical thin shell theory and derived for shells of revolution with arbitrary meridian shape. The conditions of the junction between the spherical and the cylindrical shell segments are given by the continuity of deformation and the equilibrium relations near the junction point. The mathematical model of problem is reduced to as an eigenvalue problem for a system of ordinary differential equations in two separate domains corresponding to the spherical and the cylindrical shell segments. By using Legendre and trigonometric functions, ex act and explicitly analytical solutions of the mode functions were constructed and the exact frequency equation were obtained. The implementation of Maple programme indicates that all calculations are simple and efficient in both the exact symbolic calculation and the numerical results of natural frequencies compare with the results using finite element methods and other numerical methods. As a benchmark, the exactly analytical solutions presented in this paper is valuable to examine the accuracy of various approximate methods.

Free vibration analysis of functionally graded laminated sandwich cylindrical shells integrated with piezoelectric layer

An analytical method for the three-dimensional vibration analysis of a functionally graded cylindrical shell integrated by two thin functionally graded piezoelectric （FGP） layers is presented. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to model the electromechanical system. Nonlinear equations of motion are derived by considering the von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relations using Hamilton＇s principle. The piezoelectric layers on the inner and outer surfaces of the core can be considered as a sensor and an actuator for controlling characteristic vibration of the system. The equations of motion are derived as partial differential equations and then discretized by the Navier method. Numerical simulation is performed to investigate the effect of different para- meters of material and geometry on characteristic vibration of the cylinder. The results of this study show that the natural frequency of the system decreases by increasing the non-homogeneous index of FGP layers and decreases by increasing the non-homogeneous index of the functionally graded core. Furthermore, it is concluded that by increasing the ratio of core thickness to cylinder length, the natural frequencies of the cylinder increase considerably.

Nonlinear free vibration of reticulated shallow spherical shells taking into account transverse shear deformation

This paper deals with nonlinear free vibration of reticulated shallow spherical shells taking into account the effect of transverse shear deformation. The shell is formed by beam members placed in two orthogonal directions. The nondimensional fundamental governing equations in terms of the deflection, rotational angle, and force function are presented, and the solution for the nonlinear free frequency is derived by using the asymptotic iteration method. The asymptotic solution can be used readily to perform the parameter analysis of such space structures with numerous geometrical and material parameters. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the characteristic amplitudefrequency relation and softening and hardening nonlinear behaviors as well as the effect of transverse shear on the linear and nonlinear frequencies of reticulated shells and plates.

Bending and vibration analyses of a rotating sandwich cylindrical shell considering nanocomposite core and piezoelectric layers subjected to thermal and magnetic fields

The bending and free vibration of a rotating sandwich cylindrical shell are analyzed with the consideration of the nanocomposite core and piezoelectric layers subjected to thermal and magnetic fields by use of the first-order shear deformation theory （FSDT） of shells. The governing equations of motion and the corresponding boundary conditions are established through the variational method and the Maxwell equation. The closed-form solutions of the rotating sandwich cylindrical shell are obtained. The effects of geometrical parameters, volume fractions of carbon nanotubes, applied voltages on the inner and outer piezoelectric layers, and magnetic and thermal fields on the natural frequency, critical angular velocity, and deflection of the sandwich cylindrical shell are investigated. The critical angular velocity of the nanocomposite sandwich cylindrical shell is obtained. The results show that the mechanical properties, e.g., Young＇s modulus and thermal expansion coefficient, for the carbon nanotube and matrix are functions of temperature, and the magnitude of the critical angular velocity can be adjusted by changing the applied voltage.

Identifying the temperature effect on the vibrations of functionally graded cylindrical shells with porosities

The free thermal vibration of functionally graded material(FGM) cylindrical shells containing porosities is investigated. Both even distribution and uneven distribution are taken into account. In addition, three thermal load types, i.e., uniform temperature rise(UTR), nonlinear temperature rise(NLTR), and linear temperature rise(LTR), are researched to explore their effects on the vibration characteristics of porous FGM cylindrical shells. A modified power-law formulation is used to describe the material properties of FGM shells in the thickness direction. Love’s shell theory is used to formulate the straindisplacement equations, and the Rayleigh-Ritz method is utilized to calculate the natural frequencies of the system. The results show that the natural frequencies are affected by the porosity volume fraction, constituent volume fraction, and thermal load. Moreover,the natural frequencies obtained from the LTR have insignificant differences compared with those from the NLTR. Due to the calculation complexity of the NLTR, we propose that it is reasonable to replace it by its linear counterpart for the analysis of thin porous FGM cylindrical shells. The present results are verified in comparison with the published ones in the literature.

In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Resveratrol in Peanut Shell

[Objectives] To study the in vitro antioxidant activity of resveratrol in peanut shell.[Methods] The crude extracts and purified substances were obtained by ultrasonic extraction and extraction,respectively.The scavenging ability and reducing ability of DPPH free radicals,hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals were studied and compared with BHT and Vc.[Results]Regardless of crude extract or purified substances,resveratrol in peanut shells had reducing ability,but the crude extract had greater reducing ability than purified substances,Vc and BHT,and the purified substances had greater reducing ability than BHT.At the same concentration,the effects of purified substances on scavenging DPPH free radicals were better than BHT,and the scavenging rate of crude extracts for superoxide radicals was higher than BHT,purified substances,and Vc;the purified substances had certain scavenging effects on the DPPH free radicals,hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals;the scavenging effects of crude extract on superoxide radicals increased with the increase of the concentration,but the scavenging effects on DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl radicals dropped with the increase of the concentration.[Conclusions]Crude extracts and purified substances of resveratrol in peanut shell have antioxidant activity.

FINITE STRIP DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL SHELL SANDWICH STRUCTURES

A rectangular, singly curved and finite strip element for curved sandwich dynamic analysis is developed. The convergence and speed of the method, the strip element density and the reduction of the degrees of freedom etc . are discussed through free vibration analysis of a honeycomb cylindrical shell pan-el. The results show that the frequencies and modal shapes obtained agree very well with the analytical solutions for the symmetrical honeycomb sandwich under the simply supported end conditions.

A Study on the Structure and Behavior of Sinter-free Material for Phosphorous Removal from Waste Water

Oyster shell and cement were taken as the major raw materials to fabricate hollow, tubular and recoverable material for phosphorous removal （P removal） from waste water without sintering. In this paper, the effects of different affecting factors on the sample P removal ratio were discussed to select optimal P removal process conditions. SEM and XRD were used to characterize the microscopic structures and composition of samples, and molybdenum blue spectrophotometry was applied to determine the P content in waste water. Results showed that at 30 ℃ for 2 d, the P removal ratio reached 93.3% when the cement content was 10 wt% and oyster shell powder was 90 wt%. SEM analysis revealed a flaky structure consisting of phosphorus-containing compound in the samples after P removal, and it piled on and maintained the porous structure. In addition, the results also suggested that raising the ambient temperature was benefit to the P removal. The P removal ratio of the material was optimal under neutral and alkali conditions.

脱壳间隙自由可调式花生脱壳装置设计与试验

针对现有脱壳间隙不可自由调节、机械损伤率高、花生品种适应性差等问题,设计了一款脱壳间隙自由可调式花生脱壳装置。脱壳装置上部采用导杆、导套、压缩弹簧等构成脱壳间隙自由可调揉搓摆臂,下部固定有编织筛网,上下装置组成的弧形腔室构成脱壳室;揉搓摆臂驱动装置由可调速电机带动曲柄摇杆机构进行往复揉搓运动。其中,为验证间隙自由可调揉搓摆臂运行可靠平稳性,对其需满足的设计要求进行验算,确定了当弹性装置高径比为3.7和弹簧许用安全系数为2.6时,满足作业要求;对曲柄摇杆机构的设计参数和脱壳运动状态进行运动学和脱壳力学分析研究,确定了当摇杆与竖直方向夹角为40°和弹簧压缩行程为12 mm时,弹簧装置可承受最大载荷为710 N,能够满足往复揉搓运动学和脱壳力学性能要求。最后以对该装置脱壳性能影响较大的可调速电机转速为试验因素,以豫花22为试验对象,进行脱壳性能试验。试验结果表明:当电机转速为1600 r·min^(-1)时,脱净率为98.6%,破损率为2.4%,发芽率为98.8%,满足行业花生脱壳质量要求。

Vibration and Buckling Approximation of an Axially Loaded Cylindrical Shell with a Three Lobed Cross Section Having Varying Thickness

On the basis of the thin-shell theory and on the use of the transfer matrix approach, this paper presents the vibrational response and buckling analysis of three-lobed cross-section cylindrical shells, with circumferentially varying thickness, subjected to uniform axial membrane loads. A Fourier approach is used to separate the variables, and the governing equations of the shell are formulated in terms of eight first-order differential equations in the circumferential coordinate, and by using the transfer matrix of the shell, these equations are written in a matrix differential equation. The transfer matrix is derived from the non-linear differential equations of the cylindrical shells with variable thickness by introducing the trigonometric series in the longitudinal direction and applying a numerical integration in the circumferential direction. The natural frequencies and critical loads beside the mode shapes are calculated numerically in terms of the transfer matrix elements for the symmetrical and antisymmetrical vibration modes. The influences of the thickness variation of cross- section and radius

开孔硬涂层薄壁圆柱壳复合结构的半解析建模及振动特性分析

针对硬涂层薄壁圆柱壳复合结构的圆形开孔问题,提出了一种参数化的周向区域分解法,并基于Rayleigh-Ritz法建立了开孔硬涂层薄壁圆柱壳复合结构的自由振动半解析模型。以涂敷NiCoCrAlY+YSZ硬涂层材料的开孔薄壁圆柱壳为例,通过对比解析与有限元计算结果验证了该半解析模型的有效性和合理性。同时,探讨了周向均布条件下开孔数量、轴向位置、开孔大小和硬涂层弹性模量对开孔硬涂层薄壁圆柱壳复合结构振动特性的作用规律。结果表明,开孔会增加复合结构的固有频率,但随着周向均布孔数的增加,结构固有频率不断减小,且当开孔数等于周向半波数或其特殊倍数时,结构固有频率会发生突变升高的特殊现象;随着硬涂层弹性模量的增加,结构固有频率均不断增加;随着轴向开孔位置的升高,结构固有频率不断降低,且当开孔数等于周向半波数或其特殊倍数时,降低幅度会大大增加;孔径的增加也会降低结构固有频率,但当开孔数等于周向半波数或其特殊倍数时,结构固有频率会随着孔径的增加而增大。

短波自由电子激光在原子分子和团簇中的应用

短波自由电子激光产生的从极紫外(XUV)至硬X射线范围内连续可调的超强、超快和高相干性的脉冲辐射,为研究原子、分子和团簇中的超快电子和结构动力学过程开辟了新的途径。从原子的少光子单电离、少光子多电离和多光子多电离过程,到单脉冲的分子结构成像和时间分辨的分子动力学,再到团簇中的超快能量和质子转移过程,短波自由电子激光的应用非常广泛,并且取得了一系列重大的成果。通过一些科学案例,梳理了短波自由电子激光在原子、分子和团簇领域的研究进展。最后,总结了短波自由电子激光目前在该领域取得的成就,并展望了未来发展趋势。

水压载荷作用下正交各向异性圆柱壳自由振动分析

复合材料圆柱壳质量轻、力学性能好,在水下无人潜航器(unmanned underwater vehicle, UUV)的耐压壳方面具有广阔的应用前景,掌握其在水压载荷作用下的声振特性对UUV的声隐身设计至关重要。本文基于Flügge圆柱壳理论,采用波传播法,开展了在水压载荷作用下的正交各向异性圆柱壳自由振动研究。运用牛顿迭代法求解水下正交各向异性圆柱壳的特征频率,并通过与COMSOL有限元仿真对比,验证了理论模型的正确性。结果表明,浸没圆柱壳受流固耦合与水压载荷共同作用,特征频率减小,模态振型发生改变。本文还对圆柱壳进行参数化分析,系统研究了薄壁圆柱壳的长径比、厚径比以及材料参数对圆柱壳特征频率的影响规律。本文的研究结果为UUV耐压壳水下声振特性分析提供了理论依据和数据参考,对UUV声隐身设计具有重要意义。

点阵夹芯圆柱壳自由振动分析的波有限元方法

针对点阵夹芯圆柱壳的自由振动分析发展了波有限元法.首先基于自由波的传播规律,建立了点阵夹芯圆柱壳胞元的二维波有限元控制方程,相比于全尺寸有限元模型,显著缩减了控制方程的自由度规模;其次,基于Neumann级数推导了约束动刚度矩阵求逆的显式表达式,不仅可以提高计算效率,而且使得固有频率从控制方程中分离出来,从而将点阵夹芯圆柱壳的固有频率求解转化为单个胞元自由度规模的二次特征值问题;最后,根据结构振动模态与自由波的关系,给出了圆柱壳轴向和周向的波传播参数的表达式,进而求得点阵夹芯圆柱壳的固有频率和模态.数值算例考虑了多种边界条件下的点阵夹芯圆柱壳自由振动问题,验证了该方法的正确性和高效性.

核桃壳与联苯共热解过程自由基反应模拟

以核桃壳(WS)为原料,联苯(E230)为含苯环类化合物的模型化合物,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)进行模拟计算,以揭示生物质和含苯环类化合物共热解过程酚类化合物生成机制。基于DFT计算结果,发现在E230热裂解反应中,C—C键的键解离能最小且具有最高活性,表明其具有最高的反应潜力;E230裂解产生的苯自由基与WS(以木质素为例)热解产生的OH·,CH_(3)·及OCH_(3)·等小分子自由基结合,生成苯酚、对甲基苯酚和4-甲基儿茶酚等。