A Review of the Key Points in the Design of Small-Radius Curved Ramp Bridges

This article explores the fundamentals of small-radius curved ramp bridges.It covers the selection of box girder spans,support methods,and forms,along with design optimization techniques for this type of bridge structure.The purpose of this paper is to provide robust support for enhancing the design quality of these bridges and ensuring their efficacy in real-world applications.

A New Curve Fitting Method for Forming Limit Experimental Data

The forming limit curve （FLC） can be obtained by means of curve fitting the limit strain points of different strain paths. The theory of percent regression analysis is applied to the curve fitting of forming limit experimental data.Forecast intervals of FLC percentiles can be calculated. Thus reliability and confidence level can be considered. The theoretical method to get the limits of limit strain points distributing region is presented, and the FLC position can be adjusted according to practical requirement. Method for establishing FLC with high reliability using small samples is presented at the same time. This method can make full use of the current experimental data and the previous data.Compared with the traditional method that can only use current experimental data, fewer specimens are required in the present method to obtain the same precision and the result is more accurate with the same number of specimens.

Prediction of forming limit curve for pure titanium sheet

Commercially pure titanium（CP Ti） has been actively used in the plate heat exchanger due to its light weight, high specific strength, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, researches for the plastic deformation characteristics and press formability of the CP Ti sheet are not much in comparison with automotive steels and aluminum alloys. The mechanical properties and hardening behavior evaluated in stress-strain relation of the CP Ti sheet are clarified in relation with press formability. The flow curve denoting true stress-true strain relation for CP Ti sheet is fitted well by the Kim-Tuan hardening equation rather than Voce and Swift models. The forming limit curve（FLC） of CP Ti sheet as a criterion for press formability was experimentally evaluated by punch stretching test and analytically predicted via Hora＇s modified maximum force criterion. The predicted FLC by adopting Kim-Tuan hardening model and appropriate yield function shows good correlation with the experimental results of punch stretching test.

Development of Cubic Bezier Curve and Curve-Plane Intersection Method for Parametric Submarine Hull Form Design to Optimize Hull Resistance Using CFD

Optimization analysis and computational fluid dynamics （CFDs） have been applied simultaneously, in which a parametric model plays an important role in finding the optimal solution. However, it is difficult to create a parametric model for a complex shape with irregular curves, such as a submarine hull form. In this study, the cubic Bezier curve and curve-plane intersection method are used to generate a solid model of a parametric submarine hull form taking three input parameters into account： nose radius, tail radius, and length-height hull ratio （L/H）. Application program interface （API） scripting is also used to write code in the ANSYS DesignModeler. The results show that the submarine shape can be generated with some variation of the input parameters. An example is given that shows how the proposed method can be applied successfully to a hull resistance optimization case. The parametric design of the middle submarine type was chosen to be modified. First, the original submarine model was analyzed, in advance, using CFD. Then, using the response surface graph, some candidate optimal designs with a minimum hull resistance coefficient were obtained. Further, the optimization method in goal-driven optimization （GDO） was implemented to find the submarine hull form with the minimum hull resistance coefficient （Ct）. The minimum C, was obtained. The calculated difference in （7, values between the initial submarine and the optimum submarine is around 0.26%, with the C, of the initial submarine and the optimum submarine being 0.001 508 26 and 0.001 504 29, respectively. The results show that the optimum submarine hull form shows a higher nose radius （rn） and higher L/H than those of the initial submarine shape, while the radius of the tail （r1） is smaller than that of the initial shape.

DETERMINATION OF PRESSURIZING CURVE AND COMPUTER CONTROL OF THICKNESS THINNING FOR SUPERPLASTIC BULGING

This paper proposes the assumption that the flow with viscous friction is the stretch of part of the sheet that lies along the walls of a die during the process of superplastic bulging according to superplastic flow equation and geometrical model of bulging of a sheet into a long trapezoid groove or truncated cone, by introducing the friction-factor P which describes the friction effect on the process. Also, the paper proposes the method of controlling thickness nonuniformity and develops the equipment which for uniform thickness of bulging, is automatically controlled with a computerl it also analyzes the important innuence of lubrication on thickness distribution of bulging materials. By the assumption, the relationship between bulging pressure and time is obtained in bulging of a sheet into the groove and cone, and p-t curve of multi-mould-cavity complicated bulging is discussed based on the analysis of single-mould-cavity bulging characteristics.

Extension of covariant derivative(Ⅱ): From flat space to curved space

This paper extends the classical covariant deriva tive to the generalized covariant derivative on curved sur faces. The basement for the extension is similar to the pre vious paper, i.e., the axiom of the covariant form invariabil ity. Based on the generalized covariant derivative, a covari ant differential transformation group with orthogonal duality is set up. Through such orthogonal duality, tensor analy sis on curved surfaces is simplified intensively. Under the covariant differential transformation group, the differential invariabilities and integral invariabilities are constructed on curved surfaces.

C^n-CONTINUOUS B-TYPE SPLINE CURVES WITH ITSLOCALIZATION INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION

This paper presents a class of Cn- continuous B- type spline curves with some paramet- ric factors.The length of their local support is equal to4.Taking the different values of the parametric factors,the curves can become free- type curves or interpolate a set of given points even mix the both cases.When the parametric factors satisfy the certain conditions,the degrees of the curves can be decreased as low as possible.Besides,when all the parametric factors tend to zero,the curves globally approximate to the control polygon.

基于微分方程曲面求交跟踪法的包容式节点相贯区域建模研究

包容式节点是一种新型管状相贯式节点,其形态是一种典型的薄壁自由曲面结构。在进行曲面造型过程中会涉及曲面求交的问题,而曲面求交是计算机辅助几何设计(CAGD)领域中的关键技术之一。本文构建了包容式节点非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲面模型,将求包容式节点中的相贯线问题转化为NURBS曲面的求交问题。基于微分方程的跟踪算法原理,在分割法求得初始交点的基础上,采用微分方程追踪法求出所有交点,最后将所求得交点进行曲线拟合,交线包围区域即为包容式节点与腹杆相贯焊接区域。

防弹头盔用三维机织预制体的曲面成型性研究

三维机织预制体(Three Dimensional Woven Preforms,3DWP)因其较好的成型性和显著的层间承载能力,有望实现头盔曲面一体化成型,减少裁片与原材料浪费。因防弹头盔多曲面、高曲率的结构特点,研究3DWP在曲面成型时的变形机制对于指导头盔的一体化成型至关重要。一种衬经层层角连锁3DWP在高曲率、大变形时的曲面成型性被系统地研究,从面内与层间维度、宏细观尺度全面地阐述了3DWP的变形机理和褶皱缺陷的形成机制。实验结果表明:3DWP在成型过程中同纬度下沿45°方向的面内剪切变形最明显,凹面的最大面内剪切角为38°,大于凸面的35°;3DWP经纱列和纬纱列的最大层间剪切角分别为34.83°和27.76°;成型后3DWP已达到其面内剪切锁紧角62°,细观上诱发了纱线的屈曲,宏观上形成了脊形的褶皱;在褶皱区域,面内剪切角最大值仅为4.8°,层间剪切角最大值为18°。对实际应用中防弹头盔增强织物结构选择以及成型工艺具有指导意义。

New Formulation for Arbitrary Cracks Problem and Its Stress Intensity Factor of Plane Elasticity

Aim The general arbitrary cracked problem in an elastic plane was discussed. Methods For the purpose of acquiring the solution of the problem, a new formulation on the problem was proposed. Compared with the classical plane elastic crack model, only the known conditions were revised in the new formulation, which are greatly convenient to solve the problem, and no other new condition was given. Results and Conclusion The general exact analytic solution is given here based on the formulation though the problem is very complicated. Furthermore, the stress intensity factors K Ⅰ, K Ⅱ of the problem are also given.

金属桶生产线中凸轮运动规律曲线的优化设计

针对凸轮运动规律曲线优化设计中描述线型单一导致的优化幅度有限和普适性差的问题,提出一种将分段曲线应用于优化设计的方法,该分段曲线由七次多项式线型和傅里叶线型组成。利用凸轮机构的设计参数构建多项式型或傅里叶型运动规律曲线,在较优曲线周围以一定分度生成点阵解集;以整体跃度最小化为目标,通过蚁群算法从解集中选取最优位移约束点,确定各段曲线描述方式;将所有条件代入分段曲线模型,计算出最优凸轮运动规律曲线。该方法应用于金属桶提手成型装置优化设计的效果良好。以5组随机设计参数的凸轮机构为例,通过该运动学分析结果表明,相比单一线型,该方法可降低10%以上的整体跃度,并具有普适性。

基于M-K模型计算FLC无条件收敛新算法

M-K失稳模型的无条件收敛与快速求解对成形极限曲线(forming limit curve, FLC)的获取具有重要的理论意义与研究价值,也是理论FLC计算的难点之一.然而,在M-K失稳模型框架内基于复杂屈服准则计算成形极限曲线时,采用传统牛顿迭代算法无法保证收敛,而固定增量法则计算耗时过长,严重制约了M-K失稳模型的应用场景.因此,文章以锆合金为实验材料,提出了一种自适应增量算法,该算法通过迭代误差信息与震荡情况自适应调整迭代步长,不仅能够保证计算精度,满足无条件收敛,还能大幅提升计算速度.此外,本研究还验证了采用自适应增量法计算锆合金FLC的准确性,并分析了算法的迭代误差Err与初始应变增量对FLC预测结果的影响.结果表明:自适应增量法具有无条件保证收敛、计算速度快以及计算结果不受初始迭代步长影响的优势,其计算耗时仅为固定增量法的0.44%;此外,本研究认为初始参数中迭代误差小于10-6、初始应变增量小于0.001是得到稳定的FLC结果的前提条件;根据对锆合金FLC预测结果可知,在M-K模型框架内基于Yld2000-2d屈服准则理论采用自适应增量法计算可以很好地描述锆合金的塑性行为.由于自适应增量迭代法简单易用且计算高效,有望应用于有限元软件中子程序的开发,加速其计算速度并提高锆合金数值模拟精度.

一种热冲压成形钢的连续冷却转变曲线测定及其显微组织

以一种热冲压成形钢22MnB5为试验材料,将膨胀法与金相法、硬度法结合,在热膨胀相变仪上测量了该钢的临界转变点,并获得材料的连续冷却转变曲线。结果表明:当冷却速率为0.1℃/s时,显微组织为粗大的铁素体与珠光体;当冷却速率为0.5~5℃/s时,显微组织以贝氏体为主,同时有少量的珠光体和铁素体;当冷却速率大于7.5℃/s时,显微组织为马氏体和贝氏体;当冷却速率大于20℃/s时,贝氏体转变基本结束,全部转变为马氏体。维氏硬度随冷却速率的增大呈增大趋势。

实景三维曲面形态建筑风场可视化分析

结合参数化建模、数字建造、计算机流体动力学模拟和风洞实验建立实景三维建筑风场可视化分析方法,通过实验验证分析,对比研究不同曲面形态建筑的风场。研究显示,所建立的方法可对建筑风场的相关特性进行高效地可视化和量化分析;曲面形态建筑周围的通风效果较优,相对长方体形态建筑风速较高;曲面形态建筑的凸面朝向迎风面时,建筑对气流的阻碍作用小于凹面处于迎风面时的情形,将凸面朝向迎风面有助于促进建筑周围环境的通风。该研究方法提供高效准确的建筑物风场分析路径,可作为实景三维平台在建筑设计与工程应用的分析手段,为城市的可持续策略、微气候研究和精细化治理提供有价值的信息。

基于平面共轭对数的弧齿锥齿轮齿面设计研究

为了提高弧齿锥齿轮建模模拟在承载工作的情况下所得出数据的准确性,在球面渐开线弧齿锥齿轮齿面成形设计原理的基础上,引入平面共轭对数对球面渐开线弧齿锥齿轮齿面形成理论进行进一步的研究与改进,建立与法向截面圆弧齿形点位相接触的弧齿锥齿轮数学模型,并利用修改后的齿面设计理论进行弧齿锥齿轮工作齿面、齿顶根曲线及齿根过渡曲面的齿面精确数学建模,使大小轮之间的共轭曲面啮合精度得到提升,从而提高弧齿锥齿轮在循环啮合过程当中的接触强度与稳定性,并对原先球面渐开线理论中所具有的对弧齿锥齿轮传动时的轴角可分性进行分析,进行存在轴角误差时对该设计下齿轮的传动误差的影响。

GLARE层板液压胀形成形极限研究

纤维增强金属层板(FMLs)凭借其卓越的力学性能在众多领域中得到了广泛应用,成为当今研究的焦点。为解决未固化层板成形性及破裂形式不清晰的问题,本研究采用液压胀形试验,探讨了在不同边界条件下GLARE层板的成形极限。首先,借助理论方法建立了胀形顶点区域各组分材料受力表达式,并讨论了层间摩擦对成形极限的影响。其次,通过液压胀形试验分析了流体压力作用下纤维增强金属层板的失效形式,并建立了典型成形极限曲线图。最后,借助有限元仿真对上述试验进行了复现,研究结果表明,层间摩擦的增加显著降低了纤维增强金属层板的成形性,与理论分析及实验数据一致。该成形极限图不仅可以对成形效果进行评估,也为工艺参数优化提供参考依据。

大型厚板曲面件的多点成形仿真

传统的厚板曲面件制造方法存在着成本高、效率低等问题,多点成形技术为这一问题提供了解决方法。但多点成形技术又因为回弹导致工艺参数难以确定使实验操作次数增加,降低成形效率。为了提高成形效率,采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟与实验相结合的方法进行板料成形的研究与分析。首先,利用有限元软件进行三维建模并模拟板料的成形过程;然后,通过对模拟结果的分析进行模具型面的补偿修正;最后,利用修正后的模具型面进行实验操作,获得了符合要求的零件。对修正后的型面进行成形实验可以减少操作次数,提高实验的成形效率,为后续的研究提供参考。

基于材料拉伸实验的QForm数据库建立研究

Qform专门用于解决锻造问题,以得到与实际情况相一致的模拟,这个过程需要从数据库中调用相关材料的各种属性参数。将所需材料通过疲劳拉伸实验获得的真应力应变曲线,建立在QForm软件当中,对此种材料的相关成形模拟提供了可靠的模拟依据。

HF-QF膨胀纤维抗裂防水剂对混凝土劈裂抗拉性能的影响研究

本文研究HF-QF膨胀纤维抗裂防水剂对C35普通混凝土劈裂抗拉强度的影响,并通过劈裂抗拉破坏形态、轴心抗压强度、弹性模量和应力-应变曲线充分的分析出了HF-QF膨胀纤维抗裂防水剂在提升混凝土劈裂抗拉性能过程中的实际作用效果。试验结果表明:HF-QF膨胀纤维抗裂防水能够提高C35普通混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度,最佳掺量为30 Kg/m^(3),较空白试样增加了35.50%;掺加HF-QF膨胀纤维抗裂防水剂的混凝土破坏形式为中心开裂破坏并伴随局部受压破坏;HF-QF膨胀纤维混凝土的应力-应变曲线显示了其易于发生脆性破坏的特性。

7A04-T6铝合金矩管柱抗震性能研究

为研究7A04-T6铝合金矩管柱的抗震性能,在验证有限元模型可行性的基础上,对12根7A04-T6铝合金矩管在低周反复荷载下的加载过程进行模拟。根据模型计算结果分析长细比、轴压比及截面形式对7A04-T6铝合金矩管抗震性能影响,得出随着长细比、轴压比的增大,构件抗震性能变差,与加载方向对应的矩管柱腹板尺寸对其抗震性能起着主导作用。同时提出了可用于预测7A04-T6铝合金矩管抗震性能的骨架曲线模型,并验证了模型的准确性。