Numerical Simulation of a Spark Ignited Two-Stroke Free-Piston Engine Generator

A numerical program is built to simulate the performance of a spark ignited two-stroke free-piston engine coupled with a linear generator. The computational model combines a series of dynamic and thermodynamic equations that are solved simultaneously to predict the performances of the engines. The dynamic analysis performed consists of an evaluation of the frictional force and load force introduced by the generator. The thermodynamic analysis used a single zone model to describe the engine＇ s working cycle which includes intake, scavenging, compression, combustion and expansion, and to evaluate the effect of heat transfer based on the first law of thermodynamics and the ideal gas state equation. Because there is no crankshaft, a time based Wiebe equation was used to express the fraction of fuel burned in the combustion. The calculated results were validated by using the experimental data from another research group. The results indicate that the free-piston generator has some advantages over conventional engines.

Performance analysis of a 2-stroke micro free-piston swing engine

The micro free-piston swing engine （MFPSE） is a new structure, free-piston internal combustion engine. The dynamic model integrated MFPSE with a power generator and thermodynamic models in compression, power and scavenge processes based on the open thermodynamic systems were presented. A simulation was executed at given geometric parameters and initial conditions. The results manifest that the working principle of MFPSE is feasible.

Effect of Disturbances on the Operation Process of a Methane-Fueled Free-Piston Engine Generator

In this paper,the effect of disturbances on the operation process of a methane-fueled free-piston engine generator(FPEG)was experimentally investigated.Four disturbance sources,namely step change of external load,mixture flow rate fluctuation,random misfire of a cylinder,and elastic collision,were identified and applied to the FPEG.The results showed that the FPEG successfully achieved a steady-state operation with load.The maximum instantaneous electric power of 127 W and the average effective electric power of 38.9 W were obtained.When an external load was instantaneously disconnected,the engine frequency increased from 26.7 Hz to 31.3 Hz.The fluctuation amplitudes of induced voltage,pressure and compression ratio were 18.9%,24.7%and 52.2%respectively in the disturbance.By contrast,when the external load was instantaneously connected,the corresponding values were 42.2%,31.3%and 64.3%respectively,indicating that the instantaneous external load connection had a greater disturbance impact on the FPEG operation stability.Despite encountering the step change of external load,the FPEG can still restore stable operation and show good anti-disturbance ability.Compared with increasing mixture flow rate,reducing the mixture flow rate has a greater disturbance impact on the engine operation stability.Although random misfire of a cylinder will cause remarkable fluctuations in piston displacement and cylinder pressure,the FPEG will not stop running,but continues to work as a single-piston engine.Minor collision event may adversely affect the stability of engine operation,but will not lead to the FPEG shutdown.However,serious collision event may lead to ignition failure and shutdown accident.

Design and modeling of a free-piston engine generator

Free-piston engine generators (FPEGs) can be applied as decarbonized range extenders for electric vehicles because of their high thermal efficiency, low friction loss, and ultimate fuel flexibility. In this paper, a parameter-decoupling approach is proposed to model the design of an FPEG. The parameter-decoupling approach first divides the FPEG into three parts: a two-stroke engine, an integrated scavenging pump, and a linear permanent magnet synchronous machine (LPMSM). Then, each of these is designed according to predefined specifications and performance targets. Using this decoupling approach, a numerical model of the FPEG, including the three aforementioned parts, was developed. Empirical equations were adopted to design the engine and scavenging pump, while special considerations were applied for the LPMSM. A finite element model with a multi-objective genetic algorithm was adopted for its design. The finite element model results were fed back to the numerical model to update the LPMSM with increased fidelity. The designed FPEG produced 10.2 kW of electric power with an overall system efficiency of 38.5% in a stable manner. The model provides a solid foundation for the manufacturing of related FPEG prototypes.

自由活塞发动机电动压气机优化及熵产分析

为了使设计工况下匹配的增压器性能更优从而提高系统能量利用率,针对自由活塞发动机匹配的电动压气机,采用遗传算法对原压气机进行了优化,研究了优化前、后压气机内部流场特性,以熵产分析的方法量化了3种不可逆因素导致的流动损失,并将优化前、后压气机熵产和涡度分布对比分析,进一步明确了压气机的优化策略.结果表明:叶轮和扩压器中湍流耗散、传热耗散和黏性耗散的比例近乎为6∶3∶1.不可逆损失主要集中在叶顶间隙和叶片压力面,损失来源为间隙泄漏流与部分主流掺混形成的反向涡团.压壳中湍流耗散占比超过85%,具体表现为局部损失和沿程损失.优化后压气机等熵效率提高了6%,流道内涡团的范围、幅值大幅减小,不可逆流动损失降低.上述工作揭示了压气机流场中不同耗散机制的不可逆因素对能量损失的影响机理,为压气机气动优化设计提供指导.

大尺寸自由活塞激波风洞自由流参数诊断方法

高焓激波风洞自由流具有一定程度的热化学非平衡,使得流场参数的确定存在困难。针对大尺寸自由活塞高焓激波风洞的总温2 700~4 700 K、总压5.6~20.3 MPa条件,采用非接触吸收光谱技术、接触测量技术等测试技术,结合多温度多组分数值模拟方法,共同诊断喷管名义马赫数10出口自由流的参数。结果显示,温度测量值与计算值最大偏差小于7.5%,速度测量值与计算值最大偏差小于5%,NO浓度测量值与计算中最大偏差小于12%。

空间斯特林热电转换技术在轨试验

为提高空间同位素电源的效率和功率,满足深空探测、载人登月和火星登陆等航天任务对航天器能源的需求,梳理了空间自由活塞斯特林热电转换涉及的关键技术,设计了天宫空间站空间自由活塞斯特林热电转换装置的在轨试验方案,在轨开展了斯特林热电转换试验,验证了空间微重力环境下双活塞自由运动的间隙密封、双活塞相位保持等关键技术,获取了空间环境下双自由活塞精确的运动相位保持及漂移特性、动力学与热力学强耦合特性等关键参数。在轨试验结果表明,试验装置在轨运行性能良好,热电转换效率达到24.72%,为未来空间高效同位素电源等不依赖太阳能的能源技术应用奠定了基础。

宇航级自由活塞斯特林发电机回热器优化设计

为提升一台宇航级自由活塞斯特林发电机(FPSG)回热器性能,提出了一种基于响应面法的回热器优化方法。基于Sage平台构建了FPSG仿真模型,研究了回热器长度、孔隙率、丝径对FPSG输出PV功与热功转换效率的影响,得到了回热器的优化参数。结果显示:FPSG输出PV功随回热器长度、孔隙率、丝径的增大而减小;热功转换效率随回热器长度的增大而缓慢增大,随孔隙率的增大而先增大后减小,随丝径的增大而减小;优化后回热器长度为40 mm,孔隙率为85%,丝径为30μm;经实验验证,FPSG输出PV功提升16.9%,热功转换效率提升12.9%。

空间自由活塞斯特林发电机气体轴承研究

自由活塞斯特林发电机具有可靠性高,使用寿命长,可适应多种形式的热源等优点,在深空探测和探月工程领域具有广泛的应用前景。气体轴承技术作为发电机的关键技术之一,可使活塞实现无接触的支撑,并做高频往复运动,从而提高发电机的可靠性。为了研究发电机在实际运行过程中气体轴承的特性,建立了气体轴承耦合间隙密封的三维计算模型,通过CFD数值模拟对流场进行了求解,分析了在交变流动下气体轴承承载力以及耗气量的变化规律,发现随着压缩腔的压力变化,气体轴承提供的承载力呈周期性变化趋势,承载力与供气压力及偏心率呈正相关关系。增大气体轴承节流孔孔径,可使承载力变大,但一个周期下的耗气量将增多。对于所研究的千瓦级发电机,动力活塞采用直径为0.1 mm的节流孔,在交变流动下,气体轴承最小可以产生1200 N/mm的径向支撑刚度,符合设计需求。

基于人工神经网络的自由活塞膨胀机-直线发电机输出性能敏感性分析

为了优化用于余热回收的自由活塞膨胀机–直线发电机的输出性能,提出了一种基于人工神经网络预测的方法。以输出性能为指标,对进气压力、进气温度、进气持续时间、膨胀持续时间和排气持续时间这5个输入参数进行敏感性分析,并利用正交试验的极差分析结果进行对比验证。研究表明,输入因素影响程度由大到小分别为进气压力、进气温度、进气持续时间、膨胀持续时间、排气持续时间;最佳的输入因素参数配置为,进气压力0.3 MPa,进气持续时间40 ms,膨胀持续时间70 ms,排气持续时间70 ms和进气温度30℃,峰值输出电压可达8.96 V,峰值输出功率可达33.74 W。该方法适用于研究参数的敏感性,可为后续的参数优化与系统改进工作提供有价值的参考依据。

Novel Micro Free-Piston Swing Engine and Its Feasibility Validation

To develop high energy-density micro power generation systems, a novel two-stroke cycle micro free-piston swing engine (MFPSE), inspired by the concept of the micro internal combustion swing engine, is proposed to supply mechanical power for a micro power generation system. The working principle, gas exchange and ignition timing control cycles, and structure and operation advantages of the MFPSE are dis- cussed in detail. A prototype where the timing control and geometric parameters are designed with refer- ence to a traditional two-stroke cycle internal combustion engine is fabricated. The successful ignition ex- periment shows that this new concept engine is feasible and is worthy of further study.

An experimental and theoretical investigation of a small,high aspect-ratio,free-piston,two-stroke engine

This paper presents a design for a novel,palm sized,high-aspect-ratio engine.To simplify fabrication and keep the device unobtrusive,a design incorporating a two-cycle engine having a flat,rectangular piston with spring return was selected.An experimental engine based on this concept producing a significant amount of useful work was developed.Although results were encouraging,this geometry raised many issues to be investigated and resolved,including the effects of piston sealing,scavenging,heat losses,and combustion efficiency.Due to the complex interplay between these effects,experimental investigation was time consuming and simple models were found to be inadequate.Therefore,a more complex theoretical model accounting for these effects was developed and used to evaluate the sensitivity of engine performance to each of these parameters.The predictions of this model were used to develop recommendations for improving the experimentally developed engine.

水蒸气对微型氢气HCCI自由活塞发动机燃烧和NOx排放特性的研究

为了解决微型均质压燃自由活塞发动机燃烧温度和压力过高、尾气排放氮氧化物浓度高的问题,采用数值模拟的方法,建立微型均质压燃自由活塞发动机的数值模型,并通过与试验结果的对比验证模型的正确性。在此模型基础上,以水蒸气为稀释剂,研究燃料稀释和进气稀释对微型氢气均质压燃自由活塞发动机燃烧和氮氧化物排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:水蒸气的存在会延迟着火时间;在燃料稀释方式下,当稀释率由0增加至0.1时,最高燃烧温度降低145 K,最高压力降低1 MPa,氮氧化物排放浓度降低69%,但同时平均有效指示压力下降了0.11 MPa;而在进气稀释方式下,最高燃烧温度和氮氧化物排放下降的幅度较小,且最高燃烧压力呈现先增加后减少的趋势。因此,在降低燃烧温度、压力和氮氧化物排放方面,燃料稀释的效果较好,但发动机的做功能力会随燃料稀释率的增大而降低。

补油参数对离子液体氢气压缩机的性能影响

为了研究离子液体压缩机的热力性能,建立了离子液体压缩机的能耗分析模型,分析了离子液体压缩机中的能量转化机制,将整个系统的能量损耗分为液压损耗、油缸损耗和气缸损耗,再进一步根据损耗发生部件和原因细分为溢油损耗、补油损耗、管道损耗、缓冲损耗、摩擦损耗、进气阀损耗、排气阀损耗和换热节能等7个部分,对单级离子液体压缩机进行了仿真计算,并对仿真模型进行了试验验证。结果表明,在所有压损中,溢油损耗、补油损耗、缓冲损耗是最主要的3个部分,通过调节补油压力和补油泵流量可改变这3个损耗的大小并影响压缩机的绝热效率;补油压力的变化主要影响溢油损耗值,当补油压力从1 MPa增大到6 MPa,溢油损耗增大了20.6%,绝热效率降低了10.57%;补油泵流量变化主要影响补油损耗值,当补油泵流量从20 L/min增大到120 L/min,补油损耗增大了35.8%,绝热效率降低了21.84%。研究可为离子液体氢气压缩机的高效设计和运行提供理论依据。

多级无油活塞式压缩机多场耦合特性分析研究

为提升无油活塞式压缩机的可靠性,满足轨交车辆对压缩机可靠性要求,通过对新研制的无油活塞式压缩机开展热动力学多场耦合分析研究,明确了吸、排气过程中的压力分布特性、不同曲柄角对应的温度分布特性、压缩机工作过程中的气体速度分布和流量特性,呈现了压力和温度发生较明显变化的区域,展示了气体速度场中的涡流分布情况。结果表明,压力波动主要存在于吸、排气口附近,最大压力约为0.51 MPa,其余部分压力均布;压缩机排气时的内部温度均匀分布,在吸、排气口附近存在最大温度梯度约为50 K;运用分析结果对压缩机的设计、可靠性优化进行理论指导,对试制样机在排气压力在1.1 MPa的工况下进行了1000 h疲劳试验,试验全程中重点部位的振动峰值为9.2 mm/s、温度峰值为148℃,满足了规定工况下保证长时间稳定性能运行的要求。研究结果可为无油活塞式压缩机的优化设计提供参考。

点火定时对自由活塞内燃发电机运行特性的影响研究

精准的点火控制是实现自由活塞内燃发电机(FPEG)稳定运行的关键。设计了一款应用于FPEG的非接触式光电控制点火系统,通过试验和数值仿真研究了点火定时对FPEG运行特性的影响。试验研究结果表明,采用该光电控制点火系统,实现了FPEG连续稳定运行。随着点火触发点逐渐远离气缸顶部,发动机运行频率、缸内平均压力和平均指示功率均呈现先增加后减小的趋势;发动机最佳点火位置距离气缸顶部9 mm处,该工况下发动机的运行稳定性最佳。数值仿真研究结果表明,发动机气缸内火焰呈球形传播,随着点火触发点与气缸顶部的距离增大,火焰传播速度逐渐降低,总的放热量则呈现先增加后减少的趋势。

微型无油滚动转子压缩机的动力特性与摩擦损失分析

微型滚动转子压缩机的无油化带来的摩擦损耗问题不容忽视,研究其摩擦损耗分布规律及其改进措施对提高压缩机效率至关重要,为此,对微型无油滚动转子压缩机主要摩擦副进行了变工况、变结构的摩擦功耗研究。首先,建立了微型无油滚动转子压缩机动力学分析的数学模型;然后,对微型无油滚动转子压缩机主要部件的受力进行了特性分析,并计算获得了主要摩擦副摩擦功耗随主轴转角的变化规律;最后,分析了排气压力、滑片厚度、偏心率和相对气缸长度对微型无油滚动转子压缩机主要摩擦副摩擦功耗及其占比的影响规律。研究结果表明:排气压力从1100 kPa提高至1800 kPa,压缩机总摩擦功耗升高了67.7%;滑片厚度从1 mm提高至3 mm,总摩擦功耗仅升高了32.8%;偏心率从0.06提高至0.2,总摩擦功耗升高了121.5%;相对气缸长度从0.25提高至0.6,总摩擦功耗升高了31.9%。根据分析结果可得出结论:微型无油滚动转子压缩机的偏心率的取值在0.14左右最为合适,优化偏心率对改善微型无油滚动转子压缩机的摩擦损失效果最明显,其次是改变滑片厚度,最后是改变相对气缸长度。

轨道交通无油活塞式主供风单元适应性设计及试验

基于轨道交通主供风单元低振动、低噪音等技术要求,结合间隙启停模式下低运转率、高可靠性等特殊使用工况要求,介绍了适用于中国标准地铁列车的无油活塞式主供风单元设计开发情况,有针对性地说明了开发过程涉及的关键技术,并进行了相关试验验证,验证结果良好。

二冲程自由活塞发动机扫气过程仿真分析

点燃式二冲程自由活塞发动机扫气过程直接影响发动机的工作性能,故在建立分析模型的基础上,采用数值计算的方法对影响扫气过程的相关因素进行了分析。结果表明:采用外部供气方式适当提高进气压力可以有效提高扫气效率,增加缸内气体质量;当发动机转速存在波动时,较低转速有利于扫气过程的完成,但对缸内气体质量影响不大;当活塞行程小于设计值时,扫气效果变差,缸内气体质量明显下降。

特种发动机技术特点研究及其在车用动力装置领域的应用前景分析

以发动机的定义作为切入点,概要介绍了车用发动机的技术特点,并由现阶段在车辆上得以广泛应用的汽油机及柴油机等内燃机作为基础,对汪克尔发动机(又称“转子发动机”)、斯特林发动机、燃气轮机、自由活塞发动机及陶瓷发动机等几类特种发动机的技术特点进行了研究,并对上述几类发动机在车辆动力装置领域的应用前景进行了详尽分析,为行业的相关发展提供必要的理论依据。