Anti-follower jamming wide gap multi-pattern frequency hopping communication method

This paper deals with the follower jamming(FJ)resistance for the frequency hopping(FH)communication system over additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)channel.Conventional FH systems are susceptible to be jammed by FJ,and multi-pattern frequency hopping(MPFH)has good resistance to FJ.To further improve the FJ rejection capability of MPFH,we propose a wide gap multi-pattern frequency hopping(WGMPFH)scheme.WGMPFH uses channels to represent messages,and the data channel and complementary channel are hopping on orthogonal frequency slots according to wide gap FH patterns.The transmitted signal lures FJ to aim at the data channel and the complementary channel is away from FJ by adopting wide gap frequency patterns.FJ does not affect the complementary channel but increases the signal energy in the data channel,thus the effect of FJ is reduced.Its bit error rate(BER)is derived under FJ and the effects of three FJ parameters(tracking success probability,jamming duration ratio and jamming bandwidth ratio)on the BER performance of WGMPFH are investigated versus the co nventional FH/BFSK and MPFH system.Numerical and simulation results show that when under the worst-case FJ,the proposed WGMPFH outperforms the MPFH by about 1-3 dB and outperforms the conventional FH/BFSK by more than 4 dB.The proposed WGMPFH shows superior jamming rejection performance under FJ especially in severe signal-to-jamming ratio(SJR).

A Fine Synchronization Method for Coherent Fast Frequency Hopping

Coherent fast frequency hopping(CFFH)is attracting growing attention owing to its good antijamming performance and the coherent combining ability.However,compared with the conventional non-coherent fast frequency hopping,CFFH requires a more precise system synchronization.In this paper,we propose a new fine synchronization algorithm for CFFH.This algorithm consists two stages,namely,open-loop stage and closed-loop stage.In the openloop stage,a grid-based search parameter estimation method is proposed.In the closed-loop stage,we construct a fully coherent phase-locked loop(PLL)and a delay-locked loop(DLL)with decoding feedback structure to perform further fine estimation of the system clock skew and time delay,respectively.Moreover,we analyze the effect of the search parameter settings on the estimation error and derive the root mean squared error(RMSE)of estimates in the steady state of the closed-loop stage.Finally,through simulation,the RMSE performance are compared with the corresponding Cramer-Rao low bound(CRLB)and conventional code loop estimation to show the effectiveness of proposed algorithm.

A NEW METHOD OF FREQUENCY-HOPPING(FH) SIGNAL DETECTION

A new Frequency-Hopping(FH) signal detection method is proposed.Different from pre-vious methods which need to monitor the total band,it can monitor part of the band and decrease the range of the bandwidth.According to this method,a new detection model is set and the computation formulas of the detection probability and false-alarm probability are given.The parameters of a VHF radio are used to prove the validity of the method.Simulation results show that this method can de-crease the range of the bandwidth and detect the FH signal with some penalty on the SNR and signal loss.

CONSTRUCTION OF FREQUENCY HOPPING SEQUENCES WITH NO HIT ZONE

In this paper,a property of Frequency Hopping (FH) sequence set with No Hit Zone (NHZ) is analyzed. Based on matrix transform and mapping methods,respectively,two classes of NHZ FH sequences are presented. These NHZ FH sequences have good Hamming auto-correlation and Hamming cross-correlation properties. FH Code-Division Multiple Access (FH-CDMA) communication systems employing such NHZ FH sequences will eliminate multiple-access interference if the maximum time delay is shorter than the length of the NHZ.

Performance of Luby transform coded frequency hopping systems in partial-band jamming

Luby transform （LT） codes are proposed to suppress the effect of partial band noise jam- ming in frequency hopping （FH） communication systems. A decoding scheme for joint erasures of severely jammed symbols and error correction is proposed. If an uncorrectable error is detected, the receiver erases the jammed symbols and uses incremental redundancy to increase the error-correcting capability. The performance of LT codes, under power-oppressive partial band noise jamming （ PB- N J） with the additive white Gaussian noise （AWGN）, is evaluated via simulation. Even if the jam- mer spreads its high power over half of the hopping bandwidth, LT codes are shown to achieve a tar- get bit error probability of 10 -5, demonstrating their effectiveness as high-performance codes to im- prove the ability of FH systems to combat varying partial band noise jamming.

Frequency hopping in IEEE 802.15.4 to mitigate IEEE 802.11 interference and fading

In this paper, we investigate the issues of initialization and deployment of wireless sensor networks（WSNs） under IEEE 802.11 b/g interference and fading channels using frequency hopping（FH）. We propose an FH algorithm for WSNs, which is implemented and tested with a pair of nodes employing IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks（6 LoWPAN） standard.The merits and demerits of the proposed FH scheme in WSNs are studied under strong IEEE 802.11 b/g interference and frequency selective fading channels. We compare the performance results of the proposed FH scheme with those obtained by single-channel radio in WSNs, and show that FH maintains very reliable data rates in the presence of adverse conditions where the single-channel radio fails. We determine a minimum center frequency offset of channels between IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11 b/g-based networks, which guarantees the error free network operation of IEEE802.15.4 using a single channel. We design a second FH procedure comprising only four free channels（15, 20, 25, and 26） of IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and show that in the presence of nearby IEEE 802.11 b/g interference, the IEEE 802.15.4 data rate using this method is always 98% and more.

A Novel Complexity Metric of Frequency Hopping Sequences

This paper made use of approximate entropy (ApEn) to evaluate the complexities of frequency-hopping (FH) sequences. By defining the maximal randomness of sequences with arbitrary lengths, ApEn can classify different complex systems including stochastic processes, deterministic random process and random processes. It modified the conventional ApEn, which is used for continuous data sequence, for the discrete FH sequences. Two important theorems were given and the related main parameters were discussed. The algorithm was tested with several families of FH sequences. The simulation results show that ApEn is able to discern the changing complexities of FH sequences with a relatively small amount of samples of sequences.

Fractional Fourier domain hopped communication method based on chirp modulation for underwater acoustic channels

To improve the data rate of underwater acoustic frequency-hopped communications, frequency hopping is applied to different orders of fractional Fourier domain (FrFD), to enable non-intrusive, bandwidth-limited acoustic communications. An FrFD frequency-hopped communication method based on chirp modulation, namely multiple chirp shift keying-FrFD hopping (MCSK-FrFDH), is proposed for underwater acoustic channels. Validated by both simulations and experimental results, this method can reach a bandwidth efficiency twice more than conventional frequency-hopped methods with the same data rate and anti-multipath capability, suggesting that the proposed method achieves a better performance than the traditional frequency hopped communication in underwater acoustic communication channels. Results also show that in practical scenarios, the MCSK-FrFDH system with longer symbol length performs better at the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while the system with larger frequency sweeping range performs better at a high SNR.

Security enhanced underwater visible light communication system based on chaotic phase scrambling and conjugate frequency hopping

We propose an encryption technique for underwater visible light communication[UVLC]based on chaotic phase scrambling[PS]and conjugate frequency hopping[CFH].The technique is experimentally tested using an 8-level pulse amplitude modulation[PAM-8]and a 1.2 m underwater link.The security key of the phase scrambling code is generated according to a logistic map,and the frequency hopping is achieved by adding the same zero frequency points to the signal spectrum.The maximum transmission rate of 2.1 Gbit/s is measured with bit-error-rate[BER]below 7%the hard-decision forward error correction[HD-FEC]threshold of 3.8×10^(-3).

Frequency Synthesizer of Short-Wave SFH/MFSK System

The technology of DDS-driven PLL is introduced and a new scheme of frequency synthesizer which is suitable for SW SFH/MFSK System is presented in this paper. Based on the special requirement of SW communication, a model of the scheme is given and the results show that the frequency synthesizer has small frequency insteval (≤0.1 Hz), short switch pierod (<200 ms) and high frequency stability as crystal oseillator.

Network Sorting Algorithm of Multi-Frequency Signal with Adaptive SNR

An signal noise ratio（ SNR） adaptive sorting algorithm using the time-frequency（ TF）sparsity of frequency-hopping（ FH） signal is proposed in this paper. Firstly,the Gabor transformation is used as TF transformation in the system and a sorting model is established under undetermined condition; then the SNR adaptive pivot threshold setting method is used to find the TF single source. The mixed matrix is estimated according to the TF matrix of single source. Lastly,signal sorting is realized through improved subspace projection combined with relative power deviation of source. Theoretical analysis and simulation results showthat this algorithm has good effectiveness and performance.

FH/MFSK多址系统中一种多用户检测算法

该文在对快跳频多址系统中同频干扰图案分析的基础上,提出了一种利用理想功控的条件进行同频干扰消除的多用户检测算法。这一算法是在时频矩阵上通过工作频点能量级的检测、分类,逐级判断重构干扰图案的基础上完成同频干扰的抵消。从理论分析与数值仿真两方面对这一算法进行了研究。结果表明,与已有的多址干扰消除算法相比,所提出的多用户检测算法不仅计算复杂度较低,算法的收敛性较好,而且适用于高斯信道与多经衰落信道。

一种新的部分频带噪声干扰模型下的FH/MFSK系统性能分析

部分频带噪声干扰(PBNJ)是一种主要的窄带干扰,它对通信系统性能的影响十分突出。该文针对FH/MFSK系统中,传统的部分频带干扰模型的干扰带宽最小分辨率是一个跳频子带带宽(即MFSK信号的带宽),研究了更具有实际价值的新的部分频带干扰模型,即将干扰带宽最小分辨率精确到MFSK信号带宽的1/M。该文推导了莱斯衰落信道下的误比特率(BER)公式,给出了其闭合表达式,并通过计算机仿真验证了理论推导的正确性。理论分析与仿真结果表明,M,Nh,ρ越小,传统与新PBNJ模型下FH/MFSK信号的BER性能差异就越大。

DS/FH测控信号伪码跟踪精度分析

针对基于直扩/跳频(DS/FH)混合扩频信号的航天测控系统存在高动态性和多普勒捷变的特点,推导了在一定前端带宽和动态环境下超前滞后伪码跟踪环的精度表达式,仿真和分析了前端带宽、环路带宽、载噪比以及多普勒捷变量等参数对跟踪精度的影响。结果表明了在跟踪环路中引入载波辅助和多普勒捷变补偿修正的必要性,并为跟踪精度的提高、跟踪环路设计等后续工作提供了有益参考。

联合迭代解调译码算法的短波FH/OFDM系统的性能分析

该文提出了一种基于联合迭代解调译码的短波跳频OFDM系统,并在其接收端采用非相干序列检测和迭代译码相结合的联合迭代解调译码算法。该联合迭代解调译码算法可以降低差分检测时所导致的性能损失,同时,也可以提高短波FH/OFDM系统的可靠性。仿真结果表明:该方法可使其系统在短波信道中获得较好的比特误码性能,当Eb/N0=5.5dB时,其系统的比特误码率可达到10-5,数据传输速率达到8.912kb/s,显然,该联合迭代译码解调算法是适合短波FH/OFDM系统的。

部分驻留时间干扰对FH/DS通信系统同步影响分析

为了提高对FH/DS通信系统的干扰效率,相继提出了一些新的干扰方法;然而,这些新的干扰方法在FH/DS通信系统每跳驻留时间内仅能干扰其中一小部分.为此,在对FH/DS通信系统研究基础上,重点分析了部分驻留时间干扰对FH/DS通信系统同步的影响.进一步进行了计算机仿真与分析,验证了在一定干信驻留时间比情况下部分驻留时间干扰的有效性.

DS/FH混合扩频系统快速捕获新算法

针对DS/FH(Direct Sequence/Frequency Hopping)混合扩频系统捕获时间长的难题,提出了一种基于可变跳频速率的捕获算法.对搜索过程中频率未对准状态进行快速出局处理,降低平均捕获时间;对准状态则通过较长时间来验证以降低虚警概率.通过状态流图,导出了新算法在高斯白噪声信道和典型干扰环境下的平均捕获时间计算公式、检测概率、漏警概率和虚警概率.仿真结果表明,在高斯白噪声环境下,选取合适的门限,平均捕获时间可减少为传统快速扫描法的1/4;在干扰环境下,新算法鲁棒性优于后者.

脉间Costas FH雷达信号的多普勒性能分析

研究了脉间 Costas FH雷达中用逆离散傅里叶变换 (IDFT)进行信号处理的过程 ,分析了脉间 Costas FH雷达信号不存在距离 -速度耦合的原理 。

M维软解调的FH/MFSK系统抗PBNJ性能分析

针对FH/MFSK系统,提出一种MFSK信号的M维软解调能量信息,作为译码器软输入的方法,避免了近似比特对数似然信息(LLR)的计算,并结合卷积码,给出了相应的软译码算法。理论推导了采用该算法的FH/MFSK系统在AWGN和Rayleigh衰落信道下抗PBNJ性能,给出了BER的上界闭合表达式。计算机仿真验证了理论推导的正确性,并与近似比特LLR和硬判决2种译码器输入信息的FH/MFSK系统进行对比,证明该算法获得了明显的抗PBNJ处理增益。

基于子带累积的DS/FH卫星测控信号捕获算法

DS/FH(直接序列扩频/跳频扩频)混合扩频信号的快速捕获问题亟待研究。电离层色散效应增加了BPSK(二相相移键控)调制的DS/FH信号捕获的复杂度,并导致不同频点信号载波相位难以保持连续。通过估计电波传播路径上TEC(电子浓度),可以消除电离层色散效应的影响,利于应答机精确测速。提出一种划分子带的信号捕获方法,放宽TEC搜索步进,缩短搜索TEC的时间,从而实现信号的快速捕获。分析了划分子带个数与捕获时间及捕获能量损失的关系,在实现过程中可通过调整子带的个数来控制捕获能量损失,使得捕获模块设计更加灵活。