Improved form of wind wave frequency spectrum

The lower frequency part of the theoretical wind wave spectrum proposed by the authors (Wen et al. , 1988a, b,c) has been improved and the form of spectrum is appreciably simplified. In addition to the field data collected in the Bohai Sea region and used in the previous papers, those obtained in the Huanghai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea have been employed so that the improved spectra can be verified on a more extensive observational basis. Computed results agree with the observations well. Further comparisons have been made between the proposed spectra and the JONSWAP spectrum. Though the two types of spectrum are close to each other in form, the former shows, as a whole, better agreement with the observation than the latter. By introducing an improved relation between the peak-ness factor and significant wave steepness, the spectrum contains only significant wave height and period as parameters. For spectra given in this form, the computed peak frequencies coincide approximately with observed values and the computed peak magnitudes of spectra agree basically with observations, but, because of the statistic variability inherent in the measurements of significant wave heights and periods, there are certain discrepancies between computed and measured spectrum peak magnitudes.

The equilibrium range of wind wave frequency spectrum

-Theoretical form of equilibrium range is given on the basis of the wind wave frequency spectra proposed by Wenel al. (1988a,b,c, 1989a,b). The effects of peakness factor and water depth are discussed. In the case of deep water the e-quilibrium range is reduced to the form first proposed by Toba (1973) and the coefficient of the formula is shown to be the function of nondimensional fetch or peak frequency. Results of the present paper have been verified through field data.

Target tracking based on frequency spectrum amplitude

The amplitude of frequency spectrum can he integrated with prohabilisfic data association （PDA） to distinguish the target with clutter echoes, especially in low SNR underwater environment. A new target-tracking algorithm is presented which adopts the amplitude of frequency spectrum to improve target tracking in clutter. The prohabilisfic density distribution of frequency spectrum amplitude is analyzed. By simulation, the results show that the algorithm is superior to PDA. This approach enhances stability for the association probability and increases the performance of target tracking.

Forming of Space Charge Wave with Broad Frequency Spectrum in Helical Relativistic Two-Stream Electron Beams

We elaborate a quadratic nonlinear theory of plural interactions of growing space charge wave （SCW） harmonics during the development of the two-stream instability in helical relativistic electron beams. It is found that in helical two-stream electron beams the growth rate of the two-stream instability increases with the beam entrance angle. An SCW with the broad frequency spectrum, in which higher harmonics have higher amplitudes, forms when the frequency of the first SCW harmonic is much less than the critical frequency of the two-stream instability. For helical electron beams the spectrum expands with the increase of the beam entrance angle. Moreover, we obtain that utilizing helical electron beams in multiharmonic two-stream superheterodyne free-electron lasers leads to the improvement of their amplification characteristics, the frequency spectrum broadening in multiharmonic signal generation mode, and the reduction of the overall system dimensions.

Composite Type Wind Wave Frequency Spectrum

Based on the P-M spectrum and improved theoretical wind wave frequency spectrum, this paper presents the composite type wind wave frequency spectrum, which is given by 2 pieces and satisfies 4 conditions: the spectrum peak passes through a given point; spectral area m0 and significant wave height H have the relationship H = 4.0 ; at the piecewise point, the values of spectrum and slope are contin-

Effect of thickness variations of lithium niobate on insulator waveguide on the frequency spectrum of spontaneous parametric down-conversion

We study the effect of waveguide thickness variations on the frequency spectrum of spontaneous parametric downconversion in the periodically-poled lithium niobate on insulator(LNOI)waveguide.We analyze several variation models and our simulation results show that thickness variations in several nanometers can induce distinct effects on the central peak of the spectrum,such as narrowing,broadening,and splitting.We also prove that the effects of positive and negative variations can be canceled and thus lead to a variation-robust feature and an ultra-broad bandwidth.Our study may promote the development of on-chip photon sources in the LNOI platform,as well as opens up a way to engineer photon frequency state.

Bandwidth Scale for Frequency Spectrum of Sea Waves

It is well known that energy spectrum bandwidth should be able to reflect the degree of energy concentration. However, the commonly used bandwidth factors defined by Longuet-Higgins could not fit the concept satisfactorily. A new kind of spectrum bandwidth scale factor with a clear physical meaning is given in the present paper and a constant is obtained which reveals the intrinsic characteristics of sea waves. Thereby a universal relationship between significant wave height of sea waves and spectrum bandwidth is established.

Time frequency spectrum of atmospheric turbulence and sweeping hypothesis

The present study is focused on the structure of time frequency spectrum.A scaling law for Eulerian time frequency spectrum and the corresponding temporal structure function are calculated from the sweeping hypothesis and Kolmogorov’s similarity law regarding spatial structure function.An experiment is designed to study this scaling law in the atmospheric turbulent boundary layer.The results well support the conclusion derived from relevant theoretical analysis.

Wind Power Fluctuation Compensation by Variable Speed Pumped Storage Plants in Grid Integrated System:Frequency Spectrum Analysis

Electrical power generation from wind technology is the most rapidly growing technology due to its ample characteristics.Nevertheless,because of its stochastic feature,it has the unnecessary impact on the operations and stability of the power grid system.The fluctuation of the grid frequency problem,for example,is more pronounced.The fluctuation of the frequency in turn impacts even the collapse of the power system.To minimize such problems,a droop-vector control strategy applied on a doubly-fed induction machine based(DFIM)variable speed pumped storage(VSPS)system is proposed in this paper.This method is should be used as a wind power fluctuation compensation solution in the wind farm-grid integration system.The system model is made on the basis of the technique called a phasor model.The frequency spectrum analysis approach is used in the VSPS plant for determining the dynamic performances of the grid in case of contingencies including wind power fluctuation compensation.The software platform MATLAB/Simulink is used for verifying the performance of the proposed system.The results show that the method of the frequency spectrum analysis technique is effective for determining the wind power fluctuation and stability requirements in large power networks.The control strategy proposed in this paper implementing the VSC-DFIM based VSPS plant integrated with the power gird and wind farm network achieves a well-controlled power flow and stable grid frequency with the deviations being in acceptable ranges.

Discrimination of brownheart of Korla pear using vibration frequency spectrum technique

The purpose of this work was to use a nondestructive method for detecting the brownheart of Korla pear to reduce the chance of infection among pears without brownheart.A mechanical impulse method based on vibration testing system was used to excite the fruits.The consistent acquisition signal indicated that the test is repeatable at the same positions of fruit equator(cheek).A remarkable frequency signal was excited at 9-12 N force by a rubber tipped hammer.The dominant frequency was identified at the maximum response magnitude to assess the internal defect,and the result was not influenced by the distances between the defect borders and the excitation points.The sharp increase of defect mass could significantly affect the dominant frequency.Relationship between the dominant response frequency(fd)and the defect mass percentage(ω)was characterized by an equation fd=410.649e-0.0833ω+261.947 with a good correlation coefficient(R2=0.925).A defect mass of 2.281%was determined as a discrimination threshold.Once the threshold exceeded 2.281%,the defective pear could be classified with a high accuracy rate of 96.7%.This finding would provide guidance for determining the optimal detecting time to the brownheart of Korla pears,according to the specific storage conditions when the vibration frequency spectrum method is deployed.

A new method of charged particle identification based on frequency spectrum analysis

A new frequency domain method for charged particle identification, called Frequency Ratio Analysis（FRA）, is proposed by analyzing the frequency spectra of proton pulses and alpha pulses acquired from a totally depleted Si detector. Identification performance of the FRA method is evaluated and compared with two time domain methods, the current pulse amplitude method and the second moment method. The results show that the FRA method is not only feasible and effective but also superior to the two time domain methods, as it achieves an obvious increase in value of the figure-of-merit（FOM）.

Experimental study for frequency spectrum of turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuation

An experimental study on TBL (turbulent boundary layer) pressure fluctuation frequeny spectrum of a revolution body is presented. With the measured results, a relation of convective frequency fo of the models is obtained. Relations of turbuleat wall-pressure fluctuation spectrum in transition region and development region to frequency and speed are obtained also

Parameters in wind-wave frequency spectra and their bearings on spectrum forms and growth

The spectrum variance m0, peak frequency ω0 and peakness factor p are expressed in terms of nondimensional fetch and duration by making use of relations which are derived through comparing and analyzing existing empirical formulas for the growth of significant wave height and period. The main features of spectrum growth as specified by these parameters agree with those of the JONS-WAP experiments. For given wind speed and fetch, the high frequency parts beyond the peaks of shallow water spectra almost coincide with that of the corresponding deep water spectrum, whereas the low frequency parts differ appreciably. The method developed in this paper predicts smaller significant wave height as well as smaller wave period for shallow water spectra in contrast to the theoretical result of Kitaigorodskii ef al, in which the peak frequency, and consequently the significant wave period, remains basically unchanged for different water depths. Spectra are further reduced to a form in which only significant wave height and period are left as parameters, the peakness factor being replaced by the wave steepness through an empirical relation between them. Spectra in this form have been verified by observations.

Coherent Features of Resonance-Mediated Two-Photon Absorption Enhancement by Varying the Energy Level Structure,Laser Spectrum Bandwidth and Central Frequency

The femtosecond pulse shaping technique has been shown to be an effective method to control the multi-photon absorption by the light–matter interaction. Previous studies mainly focused on the quantum coherent control of the multi-photon absorption by the phase, amplitude and polarization modulation, but the coherent features of the multi-photon absorption depending on the energy level structure, the laser spectrum bandwidth and laser central frequency still lack in-depth systematic research. In this work, we further explore the coherent features of the resonance-mediated two-photon absorption in a rubidium atom by varying the energy level structure, spectrum bandwidth and central frequency of the femtosecond laser field. The theoretical results show that the change of the intermediate state detuning can effectively influence the enhancement of the near-resonant part, which further affects the transform-limited （TL）-normalized final state population maximum. Moreover, as the laser spectrum bandwidth increases, the TL-normalized final state population maximum can be effectively enhanced due to the increase of the enhancement in the near-resonant part, but the TL-normalized final state population maximum is constant by varying the laser central frequency. These studies can provide a clear physical picture for understanding the coherent features of the resonance-mediated two-photon absorption, and can also provide a theoretical guidance for the future applications.

Estimation of Wind Wave Frequency Spectra by Use of the Arcsine Law

In the present study, the surface elevation of wind waves observed in laboratory and in the Bohai Sea are adopted for the estimation of the wind wave frequency spectrtm by use of the method of the arcsine law （MAL）. The traditional method uses the surface elevation to calculate the correlation and then estimate the frequency spectrum while the MAL, presented by Yu and l.an （1979）, uses the time sequence of zero-crossing points of surface elevation rather than directly the surface elevation to calculate the correlation. 66 sets of wind wave data obtained in laboratory and 420 sets of data observed in the Bohai Sea are adopted for the examination of the method introduced by Yu and Lan. Results show that the MAL can give reliable estimation of wind wave spectra. Correlation and form of spectra estimated by the MAL are similar to those estimated by the traditional method. The peak frequency and the spectral density in peak frequency by the MAL are close to those obtained by the traditional method.

Effect of Sintering Temperature on Low Frequency Response Properties of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 Ceramic

Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 ceramic was synthesized by the sol-gel method combined with the solidstate reaction. Phase composition and microstructure analyses indicate that pure BST phase with aggregated nanograins can be achieved. The dielectric properties change with sintering temperature, and reach the maximum at suitable temperatures. The highest dielectric constant of 4351 is obtained at 100 Hz for 1 275 ℃ sintered sample that is 2 times greater than that of the original sample, which indicates the dielectric properties can be modulated by grain size and density. The results show that Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 is a promising candidate for microwave applications.

Intelligent Spectrum Detection Model Based on Compressed Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network

In view of the uncertainty of the status of primary users in cognitive networks and the fact that the random detection strategy cannot guarantee cognitive users to accurately find available channels,this paper proposes a joint random detection strategy using the idle cognitive users in cognitive wireless networks.After adding idle cognitive users for detection,the compressed sensing model is employed to describe the number of available channels obtained by the cognitive base station to derive the detection performance of the cognitive network at this time.Both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that using idle cognitive users can reduce service delay and improve the throughput of cognitive networks.After considering the time occupied by cognitive users to report detection information,the optimal participation number of idle cognitive users in joint detection is obtained through the optimization algorithm.

Wave Reflection Coefficient Spectrum

The wave reflection coefficient frequency spectrum and directional spectrum for concrete face slope breakwaters and rubble mound breakwaters are investigated through physical model tests in the present study. The reflection coefficients of oblique irregular waves are analyzed by the Modified Two-Point Method (MTPM) proposed by the authors. The results show that the wave reflection coefficient decreases with increasing wave frequency and incident angle or decreasing structure slope. The reflection coefficient frequency spectrum and its variation with Iribarren number are given in this paper. The paper also suggests an empirical 3-dimensional reflection coefficient spectrum, i.e. reflection coefficient directional spectrum, which can be used to illustrate quantitatively the variation of reflection coefficient with the incident angle and the Iribarren number for oblique irregular waves.

High-Precision Vital Signs Detection Method Based on Spectrum Refinement and Extended DCMA

In this paper,the spectral estimation algorithm is extended to the detection of human vi-tal signs by mm-wave frequency modulated continuous wave(FMCW)radar,and a comprehensive algorithm based on spectrum refinement and the extended differentiate and cross multiply al-gorithm(DCMA)has been proposed.Firstly,the improved DFT algorithm is used to accurately obtain the distance window of human body.Secondly,phase ambiguity in phase extraction is avoided based on extended DCMA algorithm.Then,the spectrum range of refinement is determ-ined according to the peak position of the spectrum,and the respiratory and heartbeat frequency information is obtained by using chirp z-transform(CZT)algorithm to perform local spectrum re-finement.For verification,this paper has simulated the radar echo signal modulated by the simu-lated cardiopulmonary signal according to the proposed algorithm.By recovering the simulated car-diopulmonary signal,the high-precision respiratory and heartbeat frequency have been obtained.The results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively restore human breathing and heart-beat signals,and the relative error of frequency estimation is basically kept below 1.5%.