Numerical Simulation of Fretting Fatigue Damage Evolution of Cable Wires Considering Corrosion and Wear Effects

In this paper,a numerical model of fretting fatigue analysis of cablewire and the fretting fatigue damage constitutive model considering the multi-axis effect were established,and the user material subroutine UMAT was written.Then,the constitutive model of wear morphology evolution of cable wire and the constitutive model of pitting evolution considering the mechanical-electrochemical effect were established,respectively.The corresponding subroutines UMESHMOTION_Wear and UMESHMOTION_Wear_Corrosion were written,and the fretting fatigue lifewas further predicted.The results showthat the numerical simulation life obtained by the programin this paper has the same trend as the tested one;the error is only about 0.7%in the medium life area;When the normal contact force increases from 120 to 240 N,the fretting life of cable wire decreases by 25%;When the evolution of wear morphology and corrosion effect are considered simultaneously,the depth of the wear zone exceeds 0.08mm after 600,000 loads,which ismuch larger than 0.04 mmwhen only the evolution of wear morphology is considered.When the evolution of wear morphology and corrosion morphology is considered simultaneously,the damage covers the whole contact surface after 300,000 loads,and the penetrating damage zone forms after 450,000 loads,which is obviously faster than that when only the wearmorphology evolution is considered.Themethod proposed in this paper can provide a feasible numerical simulation scheme for the visualization of the damage process and accurate life prediction of cable-supported bridges.

Influence of surface coating on Ti811 alloy resistance to fretting fatigue at elevated temperature

An extensive study of the composition distribution, bonding strength, hardness, and wear resistance of a 0Cr18Ni9 film deposited on a Ti811 titanium alloy surface by ion beam enhanced deposition （IBED） is presented. Shot peening was introduced to post-treat the modified surface to synergistically improve the fretting fatigue resistance of the Ti811 alloy at 350°C. The results indicate that the 0Cr18Ni9 film with high density, small grain size, low void radio, and high bonding strength can be prepared using IBED. As a result, the hardness, wear resistance, and fretting fatigue resistance of the Ti811 alloy are increased to a remarkable extent. Compared with shot peening treatment or IBED 0Cr18Ni9 film alone, the Ti811 titanium alloy with an IBED 0Cr18Ni9 film combined with shot peening shows a higher fretting fatigue resistance at 350°C. This is due to the synergistic effect of the high wear resistance of the film surface and the residual compressive stress induced by shot peening.

Influence of Ultrasonic Surface Rolling Process and Shot Peening on Fretting Fatigue Performance of Ti-6Al-4V

At present,there are many studies on the residual stress field and plastic strain field introduced by surface strengthening,which can well hinder the initiation of early fatigue cracks and delay the propagation of fatigue cracks.However,there are few studies on the effects of these key factors on fretting wear.In the paper,shot-peening(SP)and ultrasonic surface rolling process(USRP)were performed on Ti-6Al-4V plate specimens.The surface hardness and residual stresses of the material were tested by vickers indenter and X-ray diffraction residual stress analyzer.Microhardness were measured by HXD-1000MC/CD micro Vickers hardness tester.The effects of different surface strengthening on its fretting fatigue properties were verified by fretting fatigue experiments.The fretting fatigue fracture surface and wear morphology of the specimens were studied and analyzed by means of microscopic observation,and the mechanism of improving fretting fatigue life by surface strengthening process was further explained.After USRP treatment,the surface roughness of Ti-6Al-4V is significantly improved.In addition,the microhardness of the specimen after SP reaches the maximum at 80μm from the surface,which is about 123%higher than that of the AsR specimen.After USRP,it reaches the maximum at 150μm from the surface,which is about 128%higher than that of AsR specimen.It is also found that the residual compressive stress of the specimens treated by USRP and SP increases first and then decreases with the depth direction,and the residual stress reaches the maximum on the sub surface.The USRP specimen reaches the maximum value at 0.18 mm,about−550 MPa,while the SP specimen reaches the maximum value at 0.1 mm,about−380 MPa.The fretting fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4V effectively improved after USRP and SP.The surface integrity of specimens after USRP is the best,which has deeper residual compressive stress layer and more refined grain.In this paper,a fretting wear device is designed to carry out fretting fatigue experiments on specimens with different surface strengthening.

New approach based on continuum damage mechanics with simple parameter identification to fretting fatigue life prediction

A new continuum damage mechanics model for fretting fatigue life prediction is established. In this model, the damage evolution rate is described by two kinds of quantities. One is associated with the cyclic stress characteristics obtained by the finite element （FE） analysis, and the other is associated with the material fatigue property identified from the fatigue test data of standard specimens. The wear is modeled by the energy wear law to simulate the contact geometry evolution. A two-dimensional （2D） plane strain FE implementation of the damage mechanics model and the energy wear model is presented in the platform of ABAQUS to simulate the evolutions of the fatigue damage and the wear scar. The effect of the specimen thickness is also investigated. The predicted results of the crack initiation site and the fretting fatigue life agree well with available experimental data. Comparisons are made with the critical plane Smith- Watson-Topper （SWT） method.

Fretting Fatigue Improvement of Ti6Al4V by Coating and Shot Peening

Ion beam enhanced deposition (IBED) was employed to increase the fretting fatigue resistance of Ti6AI4V. CrN and TiN hard coatings were applied on the base material and shot peening was combined with the hard coatings to study the duplex effect on fretting fatigue resistance. The IBED coatings exhibited a good bonding strength. They did not spall off even after shot peening. However, an optimum composition of CrN showed better fretting fatigue resistance than that of TiN with the same processing parameters.

Effects of temperature,slip amplitude,contact pressure on fretting fatigue behavior of Ti811 alloys at elevated temperatures

Effects of the temperature, slip amplitude, and contact pressure on fretting fatigue （FF） behavior of the Ti811 titanium alloy were investigated using a high frequency fatigue machine and a home-made high temperature apparatus. The fretting fatigue failure mechanism was studied by observing the fretting surface morphology features. The results show that the sensitivity to fretting fatigue is high at both 350 and 500 ℃. The higher the temperature, the more sensitive to the fretting fatigue failure is. Creep is an important factor that influences the fretting fatigue failure process at elevated temperatures. The fretting fatigue life of the Ti811 alloy does not change in a monotonic way as the slip amplitude and contact pressure increase. This is owing to the fact that the slip amplitude affects the action of fatigue and wear in the fretting process, and the nominal contact pressure affects the distribution and concentration of the stress and the amplitude of fretting slip at the contact surface, and thus further influences the crack initiation probability and the driving force for propagation.

Multi-Scale Analysis of Fretting Fatigue in Heterogeneous Materials Using Computational Homogenization

This paper deals with modeling of the phenomenon of fretting fatigue in heterogeneous materials using the multi-scale computational homogenization technique and finite element analysis(FEA).The heterogeneous material for the specimens consists of a single hole model(25% void/cell,16% void/cell and 10% void/cell)and a four-hole model(25%void/cell).Using a representative volume element(RVE),we try to produce the equivalent homogenized properties and work on a homogeneous specimen for the study of fretting fatigue.Next,the fretting fatigue contact problem is performed for 3 new cases of models that consist of a homogeneous and a heterogeneous part(single hole cell)in the contact area.The aim is to analyze the normal and shear stresses of these models and compare them with the results of the corresponding heterogeneous models based on the Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS)method.Finally,by comparing the computational time and%deviations,we draw conclusions about the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Performance of plasma-sprayed CuNiIn coatings and Mo coatings subjected to fretting fatigue

During atmospheric plasma spraying,a cooling process usually plays an important role in the coating quality,especially for the oxidation containment of metallic coatings.CuNiIn and Mo coatings were prepared using atmospheric plasma spraying with different cooling processes.The obtained coatings were characterized in terms of microstructure,microhardness and tensile strengths.The relation between the coating microstructure and their fretting fatigue behavior was emphasized.The results show that the sensitivity of Mo coatings to the cooling process is lower than CuNiIn coatings.The resistance to fretting fatigue is determined by the coating microhardness,correlated with the contents of oxides and pores.The fretting wear mechanisms of both the coatings are galling,third body abrasive wear and material transfer.

Aspects of Fretting Fatigue Finite Element Modelling

Fretting fatigue is a type of failure that may affect various mechanical components,such as bolted or dovetail joints,press-fitted shafts,couplings,and ropes.Due to its importance,many researchers have carried out experimental tests and analytical and numerical modelling,so that the phenomena that govern the failure process can be understood or appropriately modelled.Consequently,the performance of systems subjected to fretting fatigue can be predicted and improved.This paper discusses different aspects related to the finite element modelling of fretting fatigue.It presents common experimental configurations and the analytical solutions for cylindrical contact.Then,it discusses aspects of fretting fatigue crack initiation,such as crack location,orientation,and length,as well as stress averaging approaches.Then,it deals with the propagation stage;crack face interaction,orientation criteria,and crack growth rate are discussed.Lastly,additional aspects of recent research on fretting fatigue are reviewed:out-of-phase loading,cohesive zone modelling,wear effects,heterogeneity,and crystal orientation.Fretting fatigue is a phenomenon not well understood,and much more research is needed so that its understanding is increased and proper criteria and laws may be available for different cases.

The Effect of Surface Pit Treatment on Fretting Fatigue Crack Initiation

This paper analyses the effect of surface treatment on fretting fatigue specimen by numerical simulations using Finite Element Analysis.The processed specimen refers to artificially adding a cylindrical pit to its contact surface.Then,the contact radius between the pad and the specimen is controlled by adjusting the radius of the pit.The stress distribution and slip amplitude of the contact surface under different contact geometries are compared.The critical plane approach is used to predict the crack initiation life and to evaluate the effect of processed specimen on its fretting fatigue performance.Both crack initiation life and angle can be predicted by the critical plane approach.Ruiz parameter is used to consider the effect of contact slip.It is shown that the crack initial position is dependent on the tensile stress.For same type of model,three kinds of critical plane parameters and Ruiz method provide very similar position of crack initiation.Moreover,the improved sample is much safer than the flat-specimen.

Experimental and numerical study on fretting wear and fatigue of full-scale railway axles

This study investigated the fretting wear and fatigue of full-scale railway axles.Fatigue tests were conducted on full-scale railway axles,and the fretting wear and fretting fatigue in the fretted zone of the railway axles were analysed.Three-dimensional finite element models were established based on the experimental results.Then,multi-axial fatigue parameters and a linear elastic fracture mechanics-based approach were used to investigate the fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation,respectively,in which the role of the fretting wear was taken into account.The experimental and simulated results showed that the fretted zone could be divided into zones I-III according to the surface damage morphologies.Fretting wear alleviated the stress concentration near the wheel seat edge and resulted in a new stress concentration near the worn/unworn boundary in zone II,which greatly promoted the fretting crack initiation at the inner side of the fretted zone.Meanwhile,the stress concentration also increased the equivalent stress intensity factor range DKeq below the mating surface,and thus promoted the propagation of fretting fatigue crack.Based on these findings,the effect of the stress redistribution resulting from fretting wear is suggested to be taken into account when evaluating the fretting fatigue in railway axles.

In-situ observation and finite element analysis of fretting fatigue crack propagation behavior in 1045 steel

In this paper fretting fatigue crack behavior in 1045 steel is studied by in-situ observation and finite element analysis.in-situ fretting fatigue experiments are conducted to capture real-time fretting fatigue crack formation and propagation process.The fretting fatigue tests under different load conditions are carried out,then the lifetime and fracture surface are obtained.The crack propagation rates under different loading conditions are measured by in-situ observations.With in-situ observation,crack initiation location and direction are analyzed.Finite element model is used to calculate J-integral which then is applied to fitting with experimental crack growth rate,and establishing crack growth rate model.From fitted S-N curve,it turns out that smaller load ratio leads to higher lifetime.Crack initiates slightly below the point equivalent to line contact of the contact surface in different test conditions,and crack direction shows no obvious relationship with load parameters.The established crack growth rate model well agrees with the test results.

Analysis of crack initiation location and its influencing factors of fretting fatigue in aluminum alloy components

To promote the development of fretting fatigue assessment and control technology for aircraft components,this paper uses the Crystal Plasticity Finite Element(CPFE)method and sub-modeling technology to study the Crack Initiation Location(CIL)of fretting fatigue in Aluminum Alloy(AA)specimens.The effects of external excitations such as normal load,tangential load,and axial stress on the CIL are investigated.It is found that the Most Likely Cracked(MLC)site revealed in a specimen and the CIL may always be consistent after a limited number of cyclic loadings,and they are both located at the hotspot on the contact surface or in the subsurface.The MLC site may also migrate from the hotspot on the contact surface to the hotspot in the subsurface with an increase of the cyclic number,and finally transform into a CIL.The relationship between the MLC site and the CIL of fretting fatigue and its influencing factors have also been described,as well as the identification method of the CIL of fretting fatigue,which provide theoretical and technical supports for anti-fretting fatigue design of AA components in service.

Effect of wear debris on fretting fatigue crack initiation

Both wear and fatigue occur in fretting condition,and they interact with one another during the whole process.Fretting fatigue is commonly analysed without considering the effect of wear in partial slip regime,although wear affects the lifetime of crack initiation.This paper investigates,for the first time,the effect of wear debris on fretting fatigue crack initiation.To investigate the effect of debris,first fretting wear characteristics in partial slip regime are analysed for loading conditions.Then,the effect of wear on fretting fatigue crack initiation is investigated using Ruiz parameters and critical plane methods without considering the debris effect.Through the results,we can see that loading conditions affect the wear profiles in different ways.Moreover,wear has a significant effect on the fatigue in partial slip regime without considering debris especially on the crack initiation location.Finally,considering wear debris in the analysis,its effect on critical plane parameters is investigated.It is found that by considering the wear debris effect,the frtting fatigue crack initiation location is shifted towards the trailing edge.The predictions of both crack initiation location and lifetime show a good agreement with the experimental data.

A Comparison Study of Wear and Fretting Fatigue Behavior Between Cr-alloyed Layer and Cr-Ti Solid-solution Layer

This work reported a comparison between the wear and fretting fatigue（FF） behaviors of a Cr-alloyed layer and a Cr-Ti solid-solution layer.The hardness and toughness of both layers were evaluated to support this comparison.The results showed that the Cr-alloyed layer had high surface hardness but poor toughness,while the Cr-Ti solid-solution layer had excellent toughness but low hardness.The FF properties of the modified Ti6A14 V alloy depended on the trade-off between two factors：wear resistance and fatigue resistance.Although the Cr-alloyed layer could effectively resist the wear in fretting areas,its poor toughness caused the fatigue resistance to drop sharply and hence led to a premature failure in FF test.Due to the relatively good fatigue resistance,the Cr-Ti solid-solution layer had slightly higher FF life than that of the Cr-alloyed layer;however,its low hardness resulted in severe wear in correspondence with the fretting area and thus a failure to improve the FF properties of Ti6A14 V alloy.When combined with shot peening post-treatment,the FF life of both layers increased by about three times compared to that of the Ti6A14 V alloy.A further study showed that the poor toughness or low hardness still exerted negative influence on combination-treated samples.

Surface Protection Methods against Fretting Fatigue for TC11 Titanium Alloy

The influence of various surface coatings, including flame sprayed Cu、 plasma sprayed Cu Ni In、 exploding sprayed WC/Co Ⅰ and plasma sprayed WC/Co Ⅱ, on fretting fatigue resistance for TC11 titanium alloy at 20℃ and 500℃ is studied. The results show that the plasma sprayed WC/Co Ⅱ coating has good protection performance and makes the fretting fatigue strength of TC11 titanium alloy raise 40% at both 20℃ and 500℃. The fretting fatigue strength of TC11 alloy with Cu coating is increased about 62% at 20℃, but the protection performance at 500℃ is not so good as that at 20℃.

A data-assisted physics-informed neural network(DA-PINN)for fretting fatigue lifetime prediction

In this study,we present for the first time the application of physics-informed neural network(PINN)to fretting fatigue problems.Although PINN has recently been applied to pure fatigue lifetime prediction,it has not yet been explored in the case of fretting fatigue.We propose a data-assisted PINN(DA-PINN)for predicting fretting fatigue crack initiation lifetime.Unlike traditional PINN that solves partial differential equations for specific problems,DA-PINN combines experimental or numerical data with physics equations as part of the loss function to enhance prediction accuracy.The DA-PINN method,employed in this study,consists of two main steps.First,damage parameters are obtained from the finite element method by using critical plane method,which generates a data set used to train an artificial neural network(ANN)for predicting damage parameters in other cases.Second,the predicted damage parameters are combined with the experimental parameters to form the input data set for the DA-PINN models,which predict fretting fatigue lifetime.The results demonstrate that DA-PINN outperforms ANN in terms of prediction accuracy and eliminates the need for high computational costs once the damage parameter data set is constructed.Additionally,the choice of loss-function methods in DA-PINN models plays a crucial role in determining its performance.