An innovative joint interface design for reducing intermetallic compounds and improving joint strength of thick plate friction stir welded Al/Mg joints

Friction stir welding of dissimilar Al/Mg thick plates still faces severe challenges, such as poor formability, formation of thick intermetallic compounds, and low joint strength. In this work, two joint configurations, namely inclined butt(conventional butt) and serrated interlocking(innovative butt), are proposed for improving weld formation and joint quality. The results show that a continuous and straight intermetallic compound layer appears at the Mg side interface in conventional butt joint, and the maximum average thickness reaches about 60.1 μm.Additionally, the Mg side interface also partially melts, forming a eutectic structure composed of Mg solid solution and Al_(12)Mg_(17) phase.For the innovative butt joint, the Mg side interface presents the curved interlocking feature, and intermetallic compounds can be reduced to less than 10 μm. The joint strength of innovative butt joint is more than three times that of conventional butt joint. This is due to the interlocking effect and thin intermetallic compounds in the innovative joint.

High-Velocity Projectile Impact Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded AA7075 Thick Plates

In this study, high velocity impact behaviour of friction stir welded AA7075-T651 25 mm thick plates were investigated using a 7.62 mm × 51 mm lead core and 7.62 mm × 39 mm steel core projectiles. Prior to ballistic trails, mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded AA 7075-T651 25 mm thick plates were studied. Microstructural and hardness studies revealed that friction stir welds constituted three distinct regions namely Weld Nugget(WN), Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone(TMAZ) and Heat Affected Zone(HAZ). Base Material(BM) and all three weld regions were ballistically tested as per military standard NIJ.0108.01 using lead and steel core bullets at maximum permissible velocities of 830 ± 20 and 700 ± 30 m/s, respectively. It has been found that base material(AA7075-T651)and all three weld regions of 25 mm thick plates were able to resist perforation by both types of projectiles used. However depth of penetration has been found to increase from BM to WN, HAZ and TMAZ for both types of projectiles. In all cases steel core projectiles caused higher depth of penetration compared to those caused by lead core projectiles. TMAZs of the friction stir welds were found to be the weakest zone. The fracture that occurred in the base material was spall fragmentation indicating brittle failure, whereas all zones of friction stir welded AA7075-T651 targets with a front petalling, indicating ductile failure. The post-ballistic tested samples showed no significant change in the microstructure of the BM and WN. On the other hand, TMAZ and HAZ showed severe grain deformation in the direction of projectile penetration, and the formation of adiabatic shear bands(ASB). This work showed that 25 mm thick friction stir welded AA7075-T651 joints responded well to ballistic impact loads, making them a good choice for light combat vehicles.

Friction and Wear Characteristics of Brush Plating Ni/nano-Al2O3 Composite Coating under Sand-Containing Oil

Ni-matrix composite coating containing AI2O3 nano-particles is prepared by brush plating. The effects of the nano-particles on the microstructure, microhardness and tribological properties of the composite coating under the lubrication of a diesel oil containing sand are investigated. The results show that the microstructure of the composite coating is finer than that of the pure nickel coating due to the codeposition of the nano-particles. When the nano-particle concentration in the electroplating bath reaches 20 g/L, the microhardness, and wear resistance of the composite coating is as much as 1.6 times and 1.3-2.5 times of those of the pure nickel coating respectively. The main hardening mechanism of the composite coating is superfine crystal grain strengthening and dispersion strengthening. The composite coating is characterized by scuffing as it slides against Si3N4 under the present test conditions.

Friction and Wear Performances of Cathodic Arc Ion Plated TiAlSiN Coating under Oil Lubricated Condition

TiAlSiN coating was deposited on H13 hot work mould steel using cathodic arc ion plating（CAIP）. The surface-interface morphologies and phases of the obtained coating were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）, respectively, and the morphologies, distributions of chemical elements and profiles of worn tracks were also researched using scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy disperse spectroscopy（EDS）, and optical microscope（OM）, respectively. The friction-wear performances of TiAlSiN coating under oil lubricated and dry fiction conditions were investigated, and the wear mechanisms of TiAlSiN coating were discussed. The experimental results show that the coating is primarily composed of（Ti, Al）N, AlTiN, and TiN hard phases, Si_3N_4 exists between the（Ti, Al）N crystal grains, increasing the coating microhardness to 3200 HV. The TiAlSiN coating has excellent performances of reducing friction and wear resistance, the average coefficient of friction（COF） of TiAlSiN coating under oil lubricated condition is only 0.05, lowered than the average COF of 0.211 under dry friction condition, the wear rate decreases by about 81.2% compared with that under dry friction condition. The wear mechanism of TiAlSiN coating under oil lubricated and dry friction conditions is composed of abrasive wear, fatigue wear, and abrasive wear, respectively. The internal friction of oil lubrication is a main factor of decreasing fatigue wear.

Preparation, Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of NiZn Ferrite Thin Films by Spin Spray Plating

NiZn ferrite thin fihns were performed on glass substrates of 85 ℃ by spin spray plating method. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films show that the samples have a cubic spinel structure with no extra lines corresponding to any other phases between 75 ℃ and 85 ℃. As the pH value of oxidizing solution increases to 8.3, the saturation magnetization increases to 3.13 × 10^5 A/m and resistivity to 127 m Ω ·cm. Film deposited at pH 7.8 has a smooth surface and definite columnar structure. The large wavy flakes were observed at pH 8.3. The high real part of complex permeability μ′ up to 36.1 and the imaginary part μ″ up to 53.2 were observed at 0.5 GHz by short microstrip line perturbation method. The μ″ of thin film has values higher than 20 at the frequencies between 0.5 GHz and 2 GHz, the film is a promising anti-noise material for high frequency applications,

Skin friction and heat transfer of liquid jet over a continuous moving horizontal hot plate

The skin friction and heat transfer occurring in the laminar boundary layerwhich caused by a vertical liquid jet impinging on a continuously moving horizontal plate werestudied. Similarity solutions for shear stress and heat distribution were obtained by using thehooting technique. The results show that the skin friction decreases with an increase of velocityparameter, the evolving of thermal boundary decrease with increasing in Prandtl number, but increasewith increasing of velocity parameter.

NONLINER VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF THE PLATE WITH DRY FRICTION SUPPORT CONDITION

The rigid-interface friction model is usually used in the nonlinear vibrationof the rectangular plate with dry friction support edges. The present study provides an extensionby using a hysteretic spring friction model and taking account of the stick-slip motion of theplate. Results for a range of problem parameters have been obtained. The results show that thenonlinear frequency response behavior of the system can be quite different from the rigid-interfacefriction model. The effects of the stiffness at friction interfaces and the stick-slip motion on thenonlinear vibration of the plate are significant and hence cannot be neglected.

Experimental Study on the Skin Friction Reduction of Flat Plate by Formation of Air Cavity

The effects on the local skin friction of smooth flat plate by formation of air cavity are investigated experimentally,under the conditions of several variations of air injection angle,pore size,porous surface area and transverse step.The experimental results show that local skin friction of downstream of the porous section could be reduced at extent ranging from 50% to 90%,by injection air through pore or slot,with free stream velocities from 2 to 6 m/s.The pore size and area of air injection surface have small effect on skin friction reduction,step has significant effect on skin friction reduction.The mechanism of the skin friction reduction is due to the formation of air cavity,mixed with air and water,between the flat plate and its water boundary layer.

Shape model of multi-pass spray deposition plate

Multi- pass spray deposition shows apparent advantages in preparing large scale plates with rapid solidification. Shape model is promoted to obtain excellent shape. Three dimensional mathematical models considering motion of atomization cone and substrate, deposition distance and atomization parameters were used to predict deposited plate’s shape. The results can be used to optimize the process parameters.

Microstructure and toughness of thick-gauge pipeline steel joint via double-sided friction stir welding combined with preheating

Fusion welding easily causes microstructural coarsening in the heat-affected zone(HAZ) of a thick-gauge pipeline steel joint. This is most significant in the inter-critically coarse-grained HAZ(ICCGHAZ), which considerably deteriorates the toughness of the joint. In the present work, 11-mm thick pipeline steel was joined by preheating and double-sided friction stir welding(FSW). A comparative study on the microstructure and toughness in the ICCGHAZs for FSW and gas metal arc welding(GMAW) was performed. The toughness in the ICCGHAZ for FSW was improved significantly than that in the ICCGHAZ for GMAW. Generally, the nugget zone(NZ) has a coarse microstructure in the FSW steel joint formed at the highest peak temperature. However, in the current study, the microstructure in the one-pass NZ was remarkably refined owing to the static recrystallization of ferrite. An excellent toughness was achieved in the NZ of the pipeline steel joint that employed FSW.

枪管用环保镀层摩擦行为研究

传统枪管内膛表面采用的六价铬镀层,高温耐磨性好,但对环境污染严重。为开发环保镀层,采用超景深三维显微镜、扫描电子显微镜表征了室温和高温(400℃)摩擦磨损试样,对比分析了六价铬、三价铬、钴-镍和镍-钨四种电镀层的磨损特征。研究结果表明:在500℃定性回火后,三价铬、镍-钨、六价铬和钴-镍镀层硬度依次递减,与六价铬层相比,三价铬层脆性大,镍-钨和钴-镍镀层韧性高;室温下与H62黄铜对摩后,六价铬和三价铬镀层摩擦程度较轻,钴-镍和镍-钨镀层呈现明显粘着特征,二者摩擦系数高于两种铬层;400℃下与08Al钢对摩后,六价铬呈粘着磨损特征,摩擦程度较大;三价铬层摩擦系数相对较高;镍-钨镀层呈磨粒磨损特征,摩擦系数与六价铬接近,摩擦程度相对较轻。

根部加强的镁合金搅拌摩擦焊分析

常规搅拌摩擦焊中,不同厚度的材料所适配的最佳搅拌针长度也不相同,搅拌针过长或过短都会对焊接效果产生不利影响.为了解决这一局限性,提出了一种在焊缝背面添加适当厚度同种材料垫板的新型焊接工艺,在该工艺中,搅拌针长度大于被焊板材厚度,将垫板与母材焊接在一起,一方面,降低了对搅拌针长度的要求;另一方面,可消除焊缝减薄产生的不利影响.结果表明,采用该方法分析1.5 mm厚AZ31B镁合金的对接焊,接头抗拉强度最大可达母材的91.19%,此外,分析了焊缝横截面微观组织和显微硬度分布,通过所建立的卷积神经网络模型,对接头抗拉强度随参数变化的分布情况进行了预测,获取了最佳工艺参数.

耐磨零部件的电刷镀铬修复

[目的]某耐磨镀铬零部件长期依赖进口,在服役过程中会出现磨损、腐蚀等问题,对其进行修复再制造不仅符合绿色制造的理念,更可以大幅降低设备的运维成本,减少材料消耗。[方法]使用电刷镀铬技术对该零部件进行修复,对比了修复件和全新件表面Cr镀层的微观组织、表面粗糙度、显微硬度、耐磨性及耐蚀性,以探究电刷镀铬修复用于该零件的可行性。[结果]修复件的Cr镀层为光亮的银灰色,其微观形貌、显微硬度、表面粗糙度和耐蚀性都与全新件的Cr镀层相近,耐磨性则更优。[结论]电刷镀铬可用于修复该类零件,本文的研究结果有助于提高相应设备的国产化程度。

AZ31B镁合金连续铸轧板材搅拌摩擦搭焊接头组织研究

对AZ31B镁合金连续铸轧板材进行搅拌头逆时针与顺时针相结合的二道搅拌摩擦搭接焊。经对其搭接接头横截面的焊缝宏观及不同部位微观组织对比来分析二道搅拌摩擦焊对焊接接头塑性组织及成形的影响。结果表明:焊核区等轴晶粒组织特别细小、均匀;过渡区晶粒组织大小起伏较大,略大于焊核,较小于母材组织;前进侧界面迁移呈现大弧度卷起,比较突兀与焊核隔断,形成钩状缺陷,而后退侧界面迁移线缓缓渗入中部焊核区,渐渐消失于焊核组织内;前进侧迁移线的成形特点相比于孔洞隧道缺陷,成为整个焊接接头最薄弱部分;前进侧界面迁移线边的组织融合影响了对焊接头的成形;二道搅拌摩擦搭接两次搅拌头旋转方向同为逆时针时,能得到表面良好、组织熔合紧密、强度较高接头;当搭接接头上板为后退侧时,与上板为前进侧相比,搭接接头能够承受更大剪切力。

水下平板通气减阻特性研究

为了研究通气射流对水下平板阻力特性的影响,本文采用Mixture多相流模型和Realizable k-ε湍流模型研究了三维水下平板通气射流的流动结构特征,得到了水下平板表面气液流场结构和减阻特性。数值结果表明:气体注入后,受来流影响而紧贴壁面向下游发展。当气体稳定覆盖在平板壁面后,平板阻力系数较不通气情况降低了16.73%。另外,因气体注入壁面边界层后,提升了壁面上的速度梯度,降低了壁面流体粘性系数;在气膜覆盖区(α_(l)>80%),因流体粘性系数的下降量远大于速度梯度的上升量,使流体粘性系数对气膜核心区内的减阻率起决定性作用;对于远离气膜核心区外的壁面,切向速度梯度对摩擦阻力系数的贡献增强。

锆离子作用下镀锌板刷涂磷化-皂化工艺及膜层性能

[目的]对于一些应用于特殊场合的镀锌板,在磷化后还要进行皂化处理,以满足摩擦因数低及耐蚀性优良的使用要求。[方法]采用刷涂的方式对镀锌板磷化处理后再皂化。对比了镀锌板经不同工艺处理后的表面微观形貌、动摩擦因数和耐蚀性。研究了刷涂磷化液中添加不同质量浓度(0~20 g/L)的锆盐时对磷化-皂化膜层表面微观形貌和动摩擦因数的影响。[结果]皂化处理可提高磷化膜表面的平整性和均匀性,降低磷化膜的动摩擦因数,但对磷化膜水接触角的影响很小。磷化液中添加锆盐可以有效降低磷化-皂化膜层的动摩擦因数,令其满足动摩擦因数小于0.16的应用要求。[结论]通过刷涂方式可在镀锌板表面获得动摩擦因素低、耐蚀性好的磷化-皂化膜,有望实现工程化应用。

超薄空间复杂边界条件下气体流动压降实验

随着超薄热管等元件进一步超薄化,蒸汽腔厚度减小导致蒸汽流动压降急剧增大,传热热阻增加,传输极限降低。搭建了超薄受限空间气体流动压降实验装置,开展空气流动实验,获得了不同通道高度(0.1~0.5 mm)、不同表面丝网孔径(0.036~0.104 mm)和不同流速(1~10 m/s)下的压降变化。结果表明:通道高度和流速对压降产生显著影响,而表面丝网孔径并不会;3个影响因素按显著程度依次为通道高度、流速、表面丝网孔径;随表面丝网孔径的减小,压降逐渐增大;随通道高度的减小,压降先缓慢增大,在减至0.3 mm后压降开始剧烈上升;随流速的增加,压降增大且近似呈正比例变化关系。最后基于实验数据修正了微通道层流情况下沿程阻力系数相关性预测关联式,以便更准确地预测气体压降。

旋翼轴用Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层的制备与摩擦学性能

针对国内航空传动系统翻修间隔时间短的不足,以硬质颗粒Al_(2)O_(3)和润滑材料PTFE作为微粒,采用电刷镀技术在旋翼轴常用过渡层金属材料T2紫铜片表面,制备Ni−Al_(2)O_(3),Ni−PTFE,Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层,采用扫描电镜、显微硬度仪表征分析镀层微观形貌、元素含量分布及硬度;采用自制的销盘式摩擦磨损试验机对镀层试样进行摩擦磨损试验,探究镀层摩擦学性能及其磨损机理。结果表明:随Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒含量的提高,Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层表面微晶单元尺寸减小,硬度提高,Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE(3∶1)显微硬度最大为236 HV,相比于Ni−PTFE复合镀层提升约66%;Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层结合了Al_(2)O_(3)和PTFE两者的优势,在具有减摩的同时,还具有良好的耐磨性能,Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE(1∶1)复合镀层的减摩性能最优,相比于Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)其摩擦系数降低约52%;Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE(3∶1)复合镀层的耐磨性能最优,相比于Ni−PTFE其磨损率降低约85%;Ni−Al_(2)O_(3)−PTFE复合镀层的磨损形式主要是机械磨损,存在轻微的氧化磨损和黏着磨损,复合镀层表面微凸体的塑性变形可为摩擦表面提供润滑膜,其中PTFE是自润滑颗粒,Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒起到支撑与强化的作用,保护镀层免受磨损。

自复位刚性滑板隔震支座水平力学性能研究

介绍了自复位刚性滑板隔震支座的基本构成和隔震原理,基于力学平衡原理,对自复位刚性滑板隔震支座进行了理论分析,推导了支座的等效刚度,构造了支座的滞回模型,探讨了支座的回复特性。使用电液伺服压剪试验机测试了支座在低周往复荷载作用下的滞回特性及回复能力。采用ABAQUS软件模拟支座在水平位移激励作用下的滞回特性及回复能力。结果表明:数值模拟结果和试验结果较吻合;自复位刚性滑板隔震支座的滞回性能良好,压力越大,滞回曲线越饱满;该支座往复加载过程的最大应力位于刚性滑块的中心位置,处于弹性范围内;该支座的自复位能力与滑动面摩擦系数呈反相关,与回复橡胶的剪切模量呈正相关。

国内粉末冶金闸片的发展现状与展望

粉末冶金闸片广泛应用于高铁、动车组列车、地铁等城市轨道交通中,是保证车辆安全行驶的核心零件。从学术、专利、产业化三个方向对粉末冶金闸片的国内研究现状进行了分析。在学术方面,系统分析了摩擦材料、摩擦性能、检修工艺的研究进展;在专利方面,对闸片的加工制造和结构展开了具体分析;在产业化方面,总结并分析了国内主要粉末冶金闸片生产公司的发展。从以上三个方面概述了国内在粉末冶金闸片领域的进展情况及目前所存在的问题,并针对相关问题提出可行的解决方法。最后,针对目前的研究现状,从新型闸片研究、极端条件产品开发、促进专利开发及产业化发展等方面对粉末冶金闸片的发展前景进行了展望。