Effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows

As the Reynolds number increases, the skin friction has been identified as the dominant drag in many practical applications. In the present paper, the effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows up to Reτ= 5 200 are investigated based on two different methods, i.e., the FukagataIwamoto-Kasagi(FIK) identity(FUKAGATA, K., IWAMOTO, K., and KASAGI, N.Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows.Physics of Fluids, 14(11), L73–L76(2002)) and the Renard-Deck(RD) identity(DECK,S., RENARD, N., LARAUFIE, R., and WEISS, P.′E. Large-scale contribution to mean wall shear stress in high-Reynolds-number flat-plate boundary layers up to Reθ= 13 650.Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 743, 202–248(2014)). The direct numerical simulation(DNS) data provided by Lee and Moser(LEE, M. and MOSER, R. D. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to Reτ≈ 5 200. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,774, 395–415(2015)) are used. For these two skin friction decomposition methods, their decomposed constituents are discussed and compared for different Reynolds numbers.The integrands of the decomposed constituents are locally analyzed across the boundary layer to assess the actions associated with the inhomogeneity and multi-scale nature of turbulent motion. The scaling of the decomposed constituents and their integrands are presented. In addition, the boundary layer is divided into three sub-regions to evaluate the contributive proportion of each sub-region with an increase in the Reynolds number.

Effects of Rare Earths on Properties and Microstructure of Automotive Friction Materials

Rare earth compounds as modifiers used widely in modern friction materials can enhance the interfacial binding of constituents of materials and improve the comprehensive properties of materials evidently. However, there are still few reports on application of rare earth in automotive friction materials. In order to study the effect mechanism of rare earths in friction materials, a rare earth compound was selected as additive and the effects of materials doped with or without rare earth on friction and wear properties of materials were studied. The microstructure and worn surface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy and the macro performance was discussed. Worn surface element constitution of materials was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Effect mechanism of rare earths on friction and wear behaviors of friction materials were discussed. The results show that doping rare earths in friction materials can stabilize friction coefficient, lower the wear rate of materials and increase the impact strength of materials. The flexibility and fracture resistance of materials is greatly improved. Worn surface of materials doped with rare earth is compact and the surface adhesion is greatly enhanced.

EFFECT OF OPENING OPERATING PARAMETERS ON YARN QUALITY IN FINE AND MEDIUM COUNT FRICTION SPINNING

In this paper, a quantitative analysis of the opening quality in friction spinning and its main ef-fecting factors is first made. Upon this basis the Box-Hunter’s experimental design method is usedto establish the quadratic regressional equations in terms of primary opening technologicalparameters and yarn quality for medium and fine count friction spinning. The results of analysisand discussion show that the proper choice of opening roller speed and its reasonable match withthe yarn count is singificant for ensuring the spinning quality index as well as reducing unevenness,thin and thick places of the yarn.

Effect of SiC particles on microstructure and mechanical property of friction stir processed AA6061-T4

Friction stir processing of AA6061-T4 alloy with SiC particles was successfully carried out.SiC particles were uniformly dispersed into an AA6061-T4 matrix.Also SiC particles promoted the grain refinement of the AA6061-T4 matrix by FSP.The mean grain size of the stir zone (SZ) with the SiC particles was obviously smaller than that of the stir zone without the SiC particles.The microhardness of the SZ with the SiC particles reached about HV80 due to the grain refinement and the distribution of the SiC particles.

EFFECT OF BIAS STRESS ON NON-LINEAR INTERNAL FRICTION OF Al-Mg ALLOY

The influence of longitudinal and torsional bias stresses on anomalous amplitude-dependent internal friction was studied.The longitudinal bias stress may always weaken the anomalous amplitude-dependent effect,while the torsional one may induce different effects from differ- ent directions applied.Bias stress effect exhibits only in properly heat treated and cold worked ahoy specimens.The anomalous amplitude-dependent internal friction peaks,P_3,P_2 and P_1, are found to be related closely to slant dislocation kink chains.Thus,the application of bias stress to internal friction would be contributed to the study on dislocation structure.

不同粗糙度煤岩界面超低摩擦效应与声发射特征试验研究

为了揭示动载扰动作用下煤岩界面粗糙度对超低摩擦型冲击地压影响机制,采用自行研制的煤岩界面超低摩擦试验装置,以沈阳红阳三矿1082 m采深煤岩体为研究对象,通过改变煤块与砂岩块体表面粗糙度来模拟煤岩界面不同粗糙特性,以粗糙度系数表征煤岩界面粗糙程度,工作块体水平位移表征冲击过程中超低摩擦效应强度,声发射能量为工作块体摩擦滑动过程中的信号参数,进行应力波扰动下不同粗糙度煤岩界面超低摩擦试验.研究结果表明:(1)超低摩擦滑动过程中,工作块体水平位移、声发射能量计数以及累计能量曲线呈现出孕育阶段、激发阶段、稳定阶段变化特征;(2)煤岩界面粗糙度越小,工作块体水平位移和声发射能量峰值越大,煤岩界面越易发生超低摩擦效应;(3)不同煤岩界面粗糙度下,相比于其他扰动频率, 2 Hz时更易发生超低摩擦效应;(4)给出了声发射能量峰值与煤岩界面粗糙度系数对应关系.声发射能量峰值可以有效表征超低摩擦效应强度,可以用声发射能量峰值预测超低摩擦效应强度.

Effects of shoulder on interfacial bonding during friction stir lap welding of aluminum thin sheets using tool without pin

To separately investigate the potential effects of shoulder on increasing interfacial bonded area and its mechanism,friction stir lap welding(FSLW)of 1.8 mm thick Al sheets without and with insert(copper foil or Al-12Si powders)was conducted using a special tool without pin,respectively.All the FSLW joints(without insert)fractured within top sheet but not along faying surface,suggesting that the shoulder plays an important role comparable or superior to pin in FSLW of thin sheets.Using several specially designed experimental techniques,the presence of forging and torsion actions of shoulder was demonstrated.The fracture surface of the joints with inserts indicates that interfacial wear occurs,which results in the oxide film disruption and vertically interfacial mixing over the area forged by shoulder with a larger diameter than a general pin,especially at the boundary region of weld.The boundary effect can be induced and enhanced by forging effect and torsion effect.

煤的冲击倾向性对深部煤岩界面超低摩擦效应影响研究

为了揭示动载扰动下煤的冲击倾向性对超低摩擦型冲击地压的影响机制,以不同冲击倾向性煤块为研究对象,首先通过单轴压缩试验测定了煤样冲击倾向性,然后采用自行研制的煤岩界面超低摩擦试验装置,以煤块滑动位移、动能表征冲击过程中超低摩擦效应强度,开展了应力波扰动下不同冲击倾向性煤块超低摩擦试验。研究结果表明:(1)超低摩擦效应强度受扰动频率影响存在频率显著影响区,强、弱、无冲击倾向性煤块频率显著影响区分别为2.5~3.5 Hz、2.0~3.0 Hz、1.5~2.5 Hz,频率显著影响区内煤岩界面更易发生超低摩擦效应。随着煤块冲击倾向性增强,频率显著影响区域整体右移。(2)超低摩擦效应强度与扰动幅值正相关,在高强度扰动下强冲击倾向性煤更易发生超低摩擦效应。(3)建立了有效弹性能释放速率指数与动能之间的拟合函数关系式,实现了用煤的冲击倾向性指标综合评价超低摩擦效应强度。

The Bundle Effect of UD-laminate Made of Friction Spun Core Yarn as Premix

Consolidation of thermoplastic unidirectional(UD)lami-nate with friction spun core yarns was investigated,espe-cially the characterization of filament bundles in consoli-dation was analyzed.The results showed that the bundleeffect was affected considerably by processing conditions(applied pressure and processing time).The boundaryof the bundles was disappeared under suitable processingconditions and finally an even fiber/resin distributioncould be attained.In consolidation,filament bundlesgetting close each other and resin flowing into the bundl-es occurred simultaneously,and eventually the bundleswere fully impregnated by the resin.Fiber packing den-sity in UD-laminate was the same as that of frictionspun core yarn(55%-65% in volume)and was not af-fected significantly by processing conditions under thecurrent experimental conditions.

道面平整度对湿滑道面-飞机轮胎相互作用影响分析

湿滑条件下,跑道不平整使积水厚度随道面起伏而变化,影响飞机起降安全。因此,引入国际平整度指数(international roughness index,IRI),搭建基于IRI的轮胎-积水-道面有限元模型,通过仿真模拟,分析不同IRI的道面对飞机临界滑水速度的影响;结合IRI,对比不同飞机轮胎速度、积水厚度条件下道面视摩擦因数较平整道面的降低幅度,分析IRI对道面摩擦性能的影响;并依据某机场视摩擦因数实测试验结果,对仿真实验结果进行修正,探究IRI对飞机刹车效应的影响。结果表明:道面平整段积水厚度一定时,飞机临界滑水速度随IRI增加而降低,当IRI=5时,飞机临界滑水速度较平整道面降低约30%;飞机轮胎速度一定时,视摩擦因数随道面平整度等级降低而减小,当IRI=5时,视摩擦因数较平整道面降低幅度高达98%,严重影响飞机运行安全;道面平整度等级为“好”时,相同平整度段积水厚度下,飞机轮胎与道面视摩擦因数随IRI的增加而减小;综合考虑IRI和经试验数据修正后的视摩擦因数对飞机刹车效应产生的影响发现,随着平整度指数与平整段积水厚度逐渐增加,飞机刹车效应会产生降级。国内某机场道面在1.5<IRI≤2,平整段积水厚度≥7.66 mm的道面条件下,飞机刹车效应最大降低了3级,即由“中到差”降至“差”,此时飞机方向操纵与减速能力严重下降;积水道面平整度评价为“中”和“差”时,飞机刹车效应降级幅度突增,导致道面条件无法保障飞机运行安全;平整段积水厚度为7.66~13 mm时飞机刹车效应受IRI变化的影响较大,降级变化明显,在维护过程中须尤为注意。

Neural Network Based Terminal Sliding Mode Control for WMRs Affected by an Augmented Ground Friction With Slippage Effect

Wheeled mobile robots(WMRs) encounter unavoidable slippage especially on the low adhesion terrain such that the robots stability and accuracy are reduced greatly.To overcome this drawback,this article presents a neural network(NN) based terminal sliding mode control(TSMC) for WMRs where an augmented ground friction model is reported by which the uncertain friction can be estimated and compensated according to the required performance.In contrast to the existing friction models,the developed augmented ground friction model corresponds to actual fact because not only the effects associated with the mobile platform velocity but also the slippage related to the wheel slip rate are concerned simultaneously.Besides,the presented control approach can combine the merits of both TSMC and radial basis function(RBF) neural networks techniques,thereby providing numerous excellent performances for the closed-loop system,such as finite time convergence and faster friction estimation property.Simulation results validate the proposed friction model and robustness of controller;these research results will improve the autonomy and intelligence of WMRs,particularly when the mobile platform suffers from the sophisticated unstructured environment.

考虑强度速率衰减效应的地震滑坡SPH-FEM模拟

基于SPH和FEM耦合的数值计算方法,引入滑动面摩擦强度的速率衰减模型,提出了一种能够模拟地震诱发滑坡破坏过程的数值模拟方法。基于所提数值方法模拟了唐家山地震滑坡,模拟结果与现场勘查结果及室内试验现象较为一致。基于模拟的滑动面上摩擦系数的演化过程,将唐家山滑坡的发生分为4个阶段:启动阶段、摩擦衰减阶段、低摩擦滑移阶段和逐步稳定阶段。模拟结果表明速度增加和摩擦强度衰减的相互促进,是触发滑体的高速运动的根本原因。提出采用滑体上作用的动摩擦力fd和动下滑力Td的比值R作为判别指标用于判断大型滑坡的启动,当首次出现R小于1时认为滑动面发生整体贯通并出现失稳启动。基于滑动面不同位置摩擦系数的演化,揭示了滑坡启动中滑动面摩擦强度衰减和滑动面的渐进贯通过程,解释了地震作用与滑动面摩擦参数速率衰减效应共同作用触发大型滑坡发生破坏的内在机理。

树脂基复合材料摩擦噪声特性研究

树脂基复合材料被广泛应用于多种制动系统中,但其在摩擦过程中易产生严重的环境噪声污染.通过摩擦试验和有限元模拟方法,总结了不同试验条件下摩擦系数、摩擦力波动系数以及摩擦噪声有效声压级的变化规律,分析了摩擦噪声与摩擦界面稳定性之间的关系,揭示了酚醛树脂基复合材料摩擦噪声的产生机理,同时研究了温度对其摩擦学性能及摩擦噪声行为的影响.结果表明:摩擦系数和摩擦力波动系数随载荷、相对滑动速度以及温度的改变呈现出不同的变化趋势,摩擦噪声的有效声压级与摩擦力波动系数正相关,且噪声的自功率谱与摩擦界面振动自功率谱相吻合.摩擦噪声的产生归因于接触界面的不稳定振动,研究结果为树脂基复合材料摩擦噪声的控制及发生机理提供了一定的理论基础.

软土中单侧边载作用下桩基负摩阻力研究

软土中因土体压缩性较高,在边载状况下易产生桩基负摩阻力,从而对工程产生安全隐患。本文通过有限元法对软土中受边载作用的桩基础所受到的桩基负摩阻力进行数值模拟,分析了不同边载等级、不同边载位距对软土中桩基负摩阻力、中性点位置和桩身轴力的影响。结果表明,在边载等级增加时,软土中桩身轴力有明显上升趋势,并随桩体埋深增加呈非线性趋势增长,而桩基负摩阻力随深度变化呈现非线性减小的趋势,桩体的下拉力增加,边载效应增强;同等级边载效应时,当边载与桩基之间的距离增加时,软土中桩基负摩阻力逐渐减小,中性点位置位于桩体靠近底部位置处,并随边载位置改变而受到一定影响。

基于监测数据的钢桁梁桥温度变形研究

温度的周期变化会使大跨度桥梁产生显著的结构变形。利用某三跨连续钢桁梁桥的现场监测数据,该文研究了支座纵向位移、主梁跨中挠度与结构温度变化的相关关系,并分析了现场实测结果与有限元模拟结果的差异。研究表明:与环境温度相比,背景桥梁的结构温度在白天更高,夜晚更低,变化幅度约是环境温度的2倍。由于不受日照辐射影响,结构温度在夜间的分布比白天更为均匀。结构温度变化对背景桥梁的支座纵向位移有显著影响,而对主梁跨中挠度影响较小,且支座摩阻力使左右边墩支座表现出不同的运动模式。在短如一天的时间尺度上,支座位移与结构温度表现出滞回关系。这种非线性现象可能与支座处的摩阻力和时变非均匀温度变化有关。

基于空化效应的带排转矩模型优化及试验测试

某重型车辆混合动力传动系统湿式制动器在非制动作业时,由于油液的黏滞作用,摩擦副产生了带排转矩,造成功率损失。为能实现含有复杂沟槽结构流场的带排转矩精准预测,针对空气提前进入流场造成预测误差的问题,提出了一种通过空化数预测空化效应体积分数来优化带排转矩模型的方法。首先,通过不同工况下的模型计算,分析了转速、流量和间隙对空化效应体积分数的影响:随着转速提升,空化效应体积分数先增大后减小;更大的流量和更小的间隙都会使空化效应体积分数的最大值增大。接着,对湿式制动器带排转矩进行了试验测试,对比分析结果显示,优化后模型的预测误差小于6%,相比未考虑空化效应的模型,平均误差减小了55%。此外,还研究了空化效应后沟槽的复杂程度对带排转矩的影响。结果表明,沟槽结构越复杂,带排转矩越小。其中,径向槽的加入对带排转矩的影响最大,可使带排转矩减小约25.9%。研究可为湿式制动器的带排转矩精准预测和摩擦片结构优化提供支持和工程实践指导。

Sliding behaviors of the trapezoidal roof rock block under a lateral dynamic disturbance

The surrounding rock of underground space is always affected by external dynamic disturbance from the side position,such as blasting vibration from a stope at the same level or seismic waves from adjacent strata.A series of laboratory tests,numerical simulations and theoretical analyses were carried out in this study to disclose the sliding mechanism of roof rock blocks under lateral disturbance.Firstly,the experiments on trapezoidal key block under various clamping loads and disturbance were conducted,followed by numerical simulations using the fast Lagrangian analysis of continua(FLAC3D).Then,based on the conventional wave propagation model and the classical shear-slip constitutive model,a theoretical model was proposed to capture the relative displacement between blocks and the sliding displacement of the key block.The results indicate that the sliding displacement of the key block increased linearly with the disturbance energy and decreased exponentially with the clamping load when the key block was disturbed to slide(without instability).Meanwhile,when the key block was disturbed to fall,two types of instability process may appear as immediate type or delayed type.In addition,the propagation of stress waves in the block system exhibited obvious low-velocity and lowfrequency characteristics,resulting in the friction reduction effect appearing at the contact interface,which is the essential reason for the sliding of rock blocks.The results can be applied to practical underground engineering and provide valuable guidance for the early detection and prevention of rockfalling disasters.

考虑界面摩擦效应的齿轮齿面断裂风险预测研究

在循环载荷作用下,齿轮齿面断裂是裂纹源萌生于次表层位置发生的一种疲劳断裂失效形式,该失效模式与轮齿内部位置点的局部材料强度和局部应力状态密切相关。基于接触理论及弹性力学基础理论,建立含界面摩擦的轮齿内场应力和含硬度梯度的应力强度计算数学模型,开展齿轮齿面断裂风险预测研究。结果表明,计算最大应力风险位置发生在齿面下一定深度位置,与齿面断裂疲劳源表征位置基本一致。随着摩擦因数的增加,轮齿内部安全系数降低,表明界面润滑不良易引起轮齿内部裂纹加速萌生而造成齿面断裂疲劳失效。提出的齿面断裂风险预测模型为抗齿轮齿面断裂设计制造提供基础技术性保障和支撑。

基于摩擦热效应的刷式密封摩擦副匹配性实验研究

刷丝与转子涂层相互作用产生的摩擦热效应直接影响刷式密封的密封性能和使用寿命。分析了刷式密封摩擦副之间的摩擦热效应理论,设计搭建了刷式密封摩擦副摩擦热效应实验装置,设计加工了6种不同结构参数与刷丝材料的刷式密封实验件和4种不同涂层材料的摩擦转盘,实验研究了工况参数、结构参数以及不同摩擦副材料对刷式密封摩擦热效应的影响,通过对比分析刷式密封最高温度以及磨损前后摩擦副的磨损形貌及磨损量,获取了刷丝与转子涂层材料的匹配性关系。研究结果表明:刷式密封最高温度会随着摩擦时长的增加先迅速升高后趋于稳定,随着干涉量的增大而升高,干涉量由0.3 mm增大至0.4 mm,刷丝平均最高温升达39.96℃;最高温度随着刷丝束厚度的增加而升高,随着后挡板保护高度的增大而降低;当刷丝材料为钴基高温合金GH605时,最佳转子涂层材料为WC,当刷丝材料为镍基高温合金GH4169时,最佳转子涂层材料为ZrO_(2),此两种匹配材料能够在相同工况下产生较低的摩擦热量,且耐磨性能高于其他匹配材料。

采空区顶板垮落摩擦诱发瓦斯爆炸试验研究

大采高工作面采空区顶板垮落时岩体相互撞击摩擦产生火花已成为诱发采空区瓦斯爆炸事故的主要隐患。为研究砂岩摩擦速度、摩擦力、瓦斯体积分数、SiO_(2)含量等因素对砂岩摩擦诱发瓦斯爆炸的机制,采用岩石摩擦效应引燃瓦斯试验系统对各因素进行定量试验研究。结果表明:瓦斯体积分数为7.0%~11.5%时,砂岩摩擦诱发瓦斯爆炸时间随瓦斯体积分数增加先缩短后延长;砂岩摩擦高温热表面是诱发瓦斯爆炸的主要原因;摩擦诱发瓦斯爆炸分为砂岩摩擦面燃烧瓦斯与瓦斯爆炸扩散2个阶段;摩擦诱发瓦斯爆炸时间随摩擦力增大而缩短,随砂岩中SiO_(2)含量增大而缩短;摩擦低于最低临界速度不会诱发瓦斯爆炸,高于最低临界速度且低于最高临界速度时最大摩擦速度与摩擦诱发瓦斯爆炸时间呈负相关。