Pre-compensation of Friction for CNC Machine Tools through Constructing a Nonlinear Model Predictive Scheme

Nonlinear friction is a dominant factor afecting the control accuracy of CNC machine tools.This paper proposes a friction pre-compensation method for CNC machine tools through constructing a nonlinear model predictive scheme.The nonlinear friction-induced tracking error is frstly modeled and then utilized to establish the nonlinear model predictive scheme,which is subsequently used to optimize the compensation signal by treating the friction-induced tracking error as the optimization objective.During the optimization procedure,the derivative of compensation signal is constrained to avoid vibration of machine tools.In contrast to other existing approaches,the proposed method only needs the parameters of Stribeck friction model and an additional tuning parameter,while fnely identifying the parameters related to the pre-sliding phenomenon is not required.As a result,it greatly facilitates the practical applicability.Both air cutting and real cutting experiments conducted on an in-house developed open-architecture CNC machine tool prove that the proposed method can reduce the tracking errors by more than 56%,and reduce the contour errors by more than 50%.

OBSERVER/FILTER STRUCTURE BASED ADAPTIVE FRICTION COMPENSATION FOR HIGH PRECISION TURNTABLE

Two adaptive friction compensation schemes are developed for a high precision turntable system with nonlinear dynamic friction to handle two types of parametric uncertainties in the friction. Both schemes utilize a nonlinear observer/filter structure to compensate for uncertainties in corresponding friction parameters associated with the turntable system. Moreover, in the second scheme, adjustable gains are introduced into the dual nonlin- ear filters and they can be tuned to improve the position tracking performance. In both cases, a Lyapunov-like argument is provided for the global asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

Joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control with friction compensations

In order to investigate the joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control strategies and the influence of compensations for friction, an experimental study on the identification of friction parameters, friction compensation and the Cartesian impedance control are developed for the harmonic drive robot, by using the sensors available in the joint itself. Different from the conventional Cartesian impedance control schemes which are mostly based on the robot end force/torque information, five joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control schemes are considered, including the force-based schemes in Cartesian/joint space, the position-based schemes in Cartesian/joint space and the stiffness control. Four of them are verified by corresponding experiments with/without friction compensations. By comparison, it is found that the force-based impedance control strategy is more suitable than the position-based one for the robot based on joint torque feedback and the friction has even a positive effect on Cartesian impedance control stability.

Experimental Comparison Between PID Control and Friction Compensation Control for a Class of Nonlinear System with Friction

A point to? point positioning control of systems with highly nonlinear frictions is studied. In view of variable frictions caused by the changes of load torque, an experimental comparison was made between the valve? controlled hydraulic motor servo system with PID control and that with friction compensation control. Experimental results show that the gross steady errors are caused by frictions when the system is controlled by the conventional proportional control algorithm. Although the errors can be reduced by introducing the integral control, the limit cycle oscillation and the long setting time are caused. The positioning error for a constant load torque can be eliminated by using fixed friction compensation, but poor positioning accuracy is caused by the same fixed friction compensation when the load torques varies greatly. The dynamic friction compensation based on the error and change in error measurements can significantly improve the position precision in a broad range of the changes of load torque.

Adaptive Real-time Predictive Compensation Control for 6-DOF Serial Arc Welding Manipulator

Because of long driving chain and great system load inertia, the serial manipulator has a serious time delay problem which leads to significant real-time tracking control errors and damages the welding quality finally. In order to solve the time delay problem and enhance the welding quality, an adaptive real-time predictive compensation control（ARTPCC） is presented in this paper. The ARTPCC technique combines offline identification and online compensation. Based on the neural network system identification technique, the ARTPCC technique identifies the dynamic joint model of the 6-DOF serial arc welding manipulator offline. With the identified dynamic joint model, the ARTPCC technique predicts and compensates the tracking error online using the adaptive friction compensation technique. The ARTPCC technique is proposed in detail in this paper and applied in the real-time tracking control experiment of the 6-DOF serial arc welding manipulator. The tracking control experiment results of the end-effector reference point of the manipulator show that the presented control technique reduces the tracking error, enhances the system response and tracking accuracy efficiently. Meanwhile, the welding experiment results show that the welding seam turns more continuous, uniform and smooth after using the ARTPCC technique. With the ARTPCC technique, the welding quality of the 6-DOF serial arc welding manipulator is highly improved.

Medical Grabbing Servo System with Friction Compensation Based on the Differential Evolution Algorithm

This paper introduces a pneumatic finger cylinder servo control system for medical grabbing.First,according to the physical structure of the proportional directional valve and the pneumatic cylinder,the state equation of the gas in the servo system was obtained.The Stribeck friction compensation model of a pneumatic finger cylinder controlled by a proportional valve was established and the experimental platform built.To allow the system output to bet-ter track the change in the input signal,the flow-gain compensation method was adopted.On this basis,a friction compensation control strategy based on a differential evolution algorithm was proposed and applied to the position control system of a pneumatic finger cylinder.Finally,the strategy was compared with the traditional proportional derivative(PD)strategy and that with friction compensation.The experimental results showed that the position accuracy of the finger cylinder position control system can be improved by using the friction compensation strategy based on the differential evolution algorithm to optimize the PD parameters.

Pressure-tracking control of a novel electro-hydraulic braking system considering friction compensation

This work presents an integrated pressure-tracking controller for a novel electro-hydraulic brake(EHB) system considering friction and hydraulic disturbances. To this end, a mathematical model of an EHB system, consisting of actuator and hydraulic sub-systems, is derived for describing the fundamental dynamics of the system and designing the controller. Due to sensor inaccuracy and measurement noise, a Kalman filter is constructed to estimate push rod stroke for generating desired master cylinder pressure. To improve pressure-tracking accuracy, a linear friction model is generated by linearizing the nonlinear Tustin friction model, and the unmodeled friction disturbances are assumed unknown but bounded. A sliding mode controller is designed for compensating friction disturbances, and the stability of the controller is investigated using the Lyapunov method. The performance of the proposed integrated controller is evaluated with a hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) test platform equipped with the EHB prototype. The test results demonstrate that the EHB system with the proposed integrated controller not only achieves good pressure-tracking performance, but also maintains robustness to friction disturbances.

Adaptive robust control for electrical cylinder with friction compensation usingmodified LuGre model

The position tracking control problem of an electrical cylinder in the presence of dynamic friction nonlinearities in its transmission process is addressed in this paper. First, a torque decou- piing approach is proposed to formulate the dynamic model. Secondly, to compensate the friction in the case of servo motion, a modified LuGre model is designed to make a continuous transition be- tween a static model at a high speed and a LuGre model at a low speed to avoid instability due to dis- cretization with a finite sampling rate. To accelerate the speed of estimating time-varying parame- ters, a fast adaption law is proposed by designing an attraction domain around a rough value related to the load force. Finally, a discontinuous projection based adaptive robust controller is synthesized to effectively handle parametric uncertainties for ensuring a guaranteed robust performance. A Lya- punov stability analysis demonstrates that all signals including tracking errors have the guaranteed convergent and bounded performance. Extensive comparative simulations with sinusoidal and point- point tracks are obtained respectively in low and high speeds. The results show the effectiveness and the achievable control performance of the proposed control strategy.

Prestiction friction compensation in direct-drive mechatronics systems

LuGre model has been widely used in friction modeling and compensation.However,the new friction regime,named prestiction regime,cannot be accurately characterized by LuGre model in the latest research.With the extensive experimental observations of friction behaviors in the prestiction,some variables were abstracted to depict the rules in the prestiction regime.Based upon the knowledge of friction modeling,a novel friction model including the presliding regime,the gross sliding regime and the prestiction regime was then presented to overcome the shortcomings of the LuGre model.The reason that LuGre model cannot estimate the prestiction friction was analyzed in theory.Feasibility analysis of the proposed model in modeling the prestiction friction was also addressed.A parameter identification method for the proposed model based on multilevel coordinate search algorithm was presented.The proposed friction compensation strategy was composed of a nonlinear friction observer and a feedforward mechanism.The friction observer was designed to estimate the friction force in the presliding and the gross sliding regimes.And the friction force was estimated based on the model in the prestiction regime.The comparative trajectory tracking experiments were conducted on a simulator of inertially stabilization platforms among three control schemes:the single proportional–derivative(PD)control,the PD with LuGre model-based compensation and the PD with compensator based on the presented model.The experimental results reveal that the control scheme based on the proposed model has the best tracking performance.It reduces the peak-to-peak value(PPV)of tracking error to 0.2 mrad,which is improved almost 50%compared with the PD with LuGre model-based compensation.Compared to the single PD control,it reduces the PPV of error by 66.7%.

Friction characteristics of a new type of continuous rotary electro-hydraulic servomotor applied to simulator

The principle of a new type of no-pulsation continuous rotary electro-hydraulic servomotor applied to simulators is introduced. LuGre friction model was analyzed. The identification method of LuGre parameters was proposed, and the measures to compensate the effect of friction forces were given. A friction torque model for the new rotary motor was proposed. The low-speed response and step response of the motor were studied experimentally. Experimental results proved that using friction compensation could eliminate stick-slip motion at the low speed, which makes the servomotor applicable to simulators.

Control algorithm for vehicle height adjustable system of hydro-pneumatic suspension based on LuGre model

In order to control the vehicle body position precisely,1/4 nonlinear mathematical model of hydro-pneumatic suspension is established,and the influence of the frictional force in a hydraulic cylinder is analyzed.The friction characteristics are described based on the LuGre model when the piston of a hydraulic actuator is operated at a low speed.Due to the fact parameters of the friction model are effected by the system condition,an adaptive friction compensation（AFC）controller is designed through the Backstepping method,and a dual-observer has been implemented to estimate the friction state.The global asymptotic convergence of a closed-loop system is proven by the Lyapunov theorem.The simulation results show that the positional accuracy of the adaptive friction compensation yiedls a significant improvement in the vehicle height adjustment as compared to the PID control,demonstrating the effectiveness of the adaptive fiction compensation method in the vehicle height adjustable system of the hydro-pneumatic suspension.

Friction compensation for low velocity control of hydraulic flight motion simulator: A simple adaptive robust approach

Low-velocity tracking capability is a key performance of flight motion simulator （FMS）, which is mainly affected by the nonlinear friction force. Though many compensation schemes with ad hoc friction models have been proposed, this paper deals with low-velocity control without friction model, since it is easy to be implemented in practice. Firstly, a nonlinear model of the FMS middle frame, which is driven by a hydraulic rotary actuator, is built. Noting that in the low velocity region, the unmodeled friction force is mainly characterized by a changing-slowly part, thus a simple adaptive law can be employed to learn this changing-slowly part and compensate it. To guarantee the boundedness of adaptation process, a discontinuous projection is utilized and then a robust scheme is proposed. The controller achieves a prescribed output tracking transient performance and final tracking accuracy in general while obtaining asymptotic output tracking in the absence of modeling errors. In addition, a saturated projection adaptive scheme is proposed to improve the globally learning capability when the velocity becomes large, which might make the previous proposed projection-based adaptive law be unstable. Theoretical and extensive experimental results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed adaptive robust control strategy.

Application in prestiction friction compensation for angular velocity loop of inertially stabilized platforms

Abstract To overcome the influence of the nonlinear friction on the gimbaled servo-system of an inertial stabilized platforms （ISPs） with DC motor direct-drive, the methods of modeling and compensation of the nonlinear friction are proposed. Firstly, the inapplicability of LuGre model when trying to interpret the backward angular displacement in the prestiction regime is observed experimentally and the reason is deduced theoretically. Then, based on the dynamic model of direct-drive ISPs, a modified LuGre model is proposed to describe the characteristic of the friction in the prestiction regime. Furthermore, the state switch condition of the three friction regimes including presliding, gross sliding and prestiction is presented. Finally, a composite compensation controller including a nonlinear friction observer and a feedforward compensator based on the novel LuGre model is designed to restrain the nonlinear friction and to improve the control precision. Experimental results indicate that compared with those of the conventional proportion-integrationdifferentiation （PID） control method and the PID plus LuGre model-based friction compensation method, the dwell-time has decreased from 0.2 s to almost 0 s, the position error decreased to 86.7% and the peak-to-peak value of position error decreased to 80% after the novel compensation controller is added. It concludes that the composite compensation controller can greatly improve the control precision of the dynamic sealed ISPs.

Robust Control for Static Loading of Electro-hydraulic Load Simulator with Friction Compensation

Load simulator is a key test equipment for aircraft actuation systems in hardware-in-the-loop-simulation. Static loading is an essential function of the load simulator and widely used in the static/dynamic stiffness test of aircraft actuation systems. The tracking performance of the static loading is studied in this paper. Firstly, the nonlinear mathematical models of the hydraulic load simulator are derived, and the feedback linearization method is employed to construct a feed-forward controller to improve the force tracking performance. Considering the effect of the friction, a LuGre model based friction compensation is synthesized, in which the unmeasurable state is estimated by a dual state observer via a controlled learning mechanism to guarantee that the estimation is bounded. The modeling errors are attenuated by a well-designed robust controller with a control accuracy measured by a design parameter. Employing the dual state observer is to capture the different effects of the unmeasured state and hence can improve the friction compensation accuracy. The tracking performance is summarized by a derived theorem. Experimental results are also obtained to verify the high performance nature of the proposed control strategy.

Robust control of uncertain robotic systems:An adaptive friction compensation approach

This paper solves the robust control problem of robotic manipulator systems with uncertain dynamics by friction compensation approach. A weighting factor is introduced to distinguish the role of friction in control process by comparing the directions of sliding vector and friction. Utilizing the weighting factor, model-based and model-free adaptive friction compensation controllers are designed to achieve asymptotical tracking of the desired joint-space trajectory according to the knowledge of friction. The damping property of friction is fully used to improve the control performance by compensating the friction harmful for the stability, and on the other hand, utilizing the beneficial friction. Numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the control performance of the proposed approach.

Friction identification and compensation design for precision positioning

Precision positioning systems driven by linear motors are vulnerable to force disturbances owing to the reduction of gear transmission. The friction, included in the disturbance, can be modeled and compensated to improve the servo performance. This paper proposes a modified Stribeck friction model （SFM） and an optimization algorithm for consistency with the positioning platform. The compensators based on the friction model and disturbance observer （DOB） are simulated. The simulation results show that as compared with the DOB compensator （the velocity recovers by 5.19%）, the friction model based compensator （the velocity recovers by 10.66%） exhibits a better performance after adding the disturbance. Moreover, compensation comparisons among the Coulomb friction, traditional SFM, and modified SFM are performed. The experimental results show that the following error with modified SFM compensation improves by 67.67% and 51.63% at a speed of 0.005 m/s and 0.05 m/s, compared with the Coulomb friction compensation. This demonstrates that the proposed model, optimization algorithm, and compensator can reduce the following error effectively.

Dynamic parameter identification and nonlinear friction compensation method for safety perception of heavy explosion-proof robots

This article focuses on the problem of how to accurately calculate the joint control torques when the explosion-proof robot performs collision detection without sensors and gives a complete solution.Nonlinear joint frictions are incorporated into the dynamic model of a robotic manip-ulator to improve calculation accuracy.A genetic algorithm is used to optimise the excitation trajectories to fully stimulate the robot dynamic characteristics.Effective and applicable data filtering and smoothing methods are proposed and the Iteratively Reweighted Least-Squares method based on the error term is applied to identify the robot dynamic parameters.Compared with Ordinary Least-Squares method,the proposed algorithm improves the accuracy of joint control torques estimation.