Quantitative Analysis of Frosting Characteristics on the Drip Tray of A Cryogenic Valve for LNG Ships

Cryogenic valves play a crucial role in the production and transportation of liquefied natural gas(LNG),and are primarily responsible for efficiently controlling the inflow and outflow of LNG and regulating pressure.However,due to their operation in low-temperature and high-humidity environments,crucial components such as drip trays are susceptible to frosting,which may lead to LNG leakage,thereby causing severe safety incidents.In this study,the user-defined function(UDF)is employed to redevelop Fluent,which integrates the frost growth model with the Eulerian multiphase flow model,to conduct a quantitative analysis of frosting on drip trays of cryogenic valves.The effects of environmental parameters,such as wind speed,ambient temperature,air humidity,and cold surface temperature on the growth of the frost layer were analyzed.This study reveals a limiting wind speed between 1 m/s and 2 m/s.Upon reaching this limit speed,the growth of the frost layer reaches its maximum,and further increases in the wind speed have no significant effect on the growth of the frost layer.Furthermore,the influence of the change in the flow field on droplet impingement and freezing during the growth of the frost layer is considered through the coupling method of the kinematic characteristics of water droplets and the collection coefficient of water droplets.This study identifies the influence of different parameters on the droplet impact efficiency,leading to the modification of the frost layer on the drip tray.

Improving Anti-frosting Performance for Super-hydrophobic Nanocomposite Coatings

New super-hydrophobic nanocomposite coatings were formed from modified nano-sized CaCO3 particles and polyacrylate at weight ratio of 9/1-8/2. SEM and XPS analysis indicated that such hydrophobicity could be attributed to the surface nano-microstructure and the surface enrichment of fluorine atoms. As the surface hydrophobicity increased, longer time was required for formation the initial frost, which makes super-hydrophobic coatings suitable for anti-frosting purpose.

Rapid surface texturing to achieve robust superhydrophobicity,controllable droplet impact,and anti-frosting performances

Robust superhydrophobic surfaces with excellent capacities of repelling water and anti-frosting are of importance for many mechanical components.In this work,wear-resistant superhydrophobic surfaces were fabricated by curing a mixture of polyurethane acrylate(PUA)coating and 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane(HFTCS)on titanium alloy(TC4)surfaces decorated with micropillars pattern,thus,composite functional surfaces with PUA coating in the valleys around the micropillars pattern of TC4 were achieved.Apparent contact angle on fabricated surfaces could reach 167°.Influences of the geometric parameters of micropillars pattern on the apparent contact angle were investigated,and the corresponding wear-resistant property was compared.Droplet impact and anti-frosting performances on the prepared surfaces were highlighted.An optimized design of surface texture with robust superhydrophobicity,controllable droplet impact,and anti-frosting performances was proposed.This design principle is of promising prospects for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces in traditional mechanical systems.

Frost deformation and microstructure evolution of porous rock under uniform and unidirectional freeze-thaw conditions

The frost deterioration and deformation of porous rock are commonly investigated under uniform freeze-thaw(FT)conditions.However,the unidirectional FT condition,which is also prevalent in engineering practice,has received limited attention.Therefore,a comparative study on frost deformation and microstructure evolution of porous rock under both uniform and unidirectional FT conditions was performed.Firstly,frost deformation experiments of rock were conducted under cyclic uniform and unidirectional FT action,respectively.Results illustrate that frost deformation of saturated rock exhibits isotropic characteristics under uniform FT cycles,while it shows anisotropic characteristics under unidirectional FT condition with both the frost heaving strain and residual strain along FT direction much higher than those perpendicular to FT direction.Moreover,the peak value and residual value of cumulative frost strain vary as logarithmic functions with cycle number under both uniform and unidirectional FT conditions.Subsequently,the microstructure evolution of rock suffered cyclic uniform and unidirectional FT action were measured.Under uniform FT cycles,newly generated pores uniformly distribute in rock and pore structure of rock remains isotropic in micro scale,and thus the frost deformation shows isotropic characteristics in macro scale.Under unidirectional FT cycles,micro-cracks or pore belts generate with their orientation nearly perpendicular to the FT direction,and rock structure gradually becomes anisotropic in micro scale,resulting in the anisotropic characteristics of frost deformation in macro scale.

Frost Resistance of Pervious Concrete Mixed with Waste Glass Powder

The contents of waste glass powder(WGP)(0%,10%,15%,20%,25%)and water-binder ratio(W/C)(0.24,0.26,0.28)were used as influencing factors,and the quality loss rate(Δm)and compressive strength loss rate(Δfc)were used as characterization parameters.The Ca/Si ratio and main element contents of C-S-H gels with different WGP content were investigated by energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS).The pore structure evolution characteristics of WGP composite cementing materials were investigated by low field nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).UsingΔfc as the index of frost resistance degradation and Weibull function,the frost resistance degradation of glass doped pervious concrete(WGP-PC)was modeled.The results show that,with WGP,for the same number of cycles,Δm andΔfc decrease and increase with the increase of WGP.Under the same WGP content,Δm andΔfc decrease first and then increase with the increase of W/C.After 100 freeze-thaw cycles,the samples with WGP content of 20%and W/C of 0.26 have the best freeze-resistance.Microscopic tests show that with the increase of WGP content,the Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H gel decreases at first and then increases with the increase of WGP content.The extreme value of Ca/Si is 2.36 when WGP is added by 20%.The pore volume of hardened paste with 20%WGP content decreased by 18.6%compared with that of cement system without WGP.The overall compactness of the specimen was improved.On the basis of the test data,a life prediction model was established according to Weibull function.The experiment showed thatΔfc could be used as a durability degradation index,and the slope of the reliability curve became gentle after WGP was added,which reduced the damage degradation rate of PC.W/C was 0.26.It's about 5000 hours.

Influence of fines content on the anti-frost properties of coarse-grained soil

This paper aims to determine the optimal fines content of coarse-grained soil required to simultaneously achieve weaker frost susceptibility and better bearing capacity. We studied the frost susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil by means of frost heaving tests and static triaxial tests, and the results are as follows： （1） the freezing temperature of coarse-grained soil decreased gradually and then leveled off with incremental increases in the percent content of fines; （2） the fines content proved to be an important factor influencing the frost heave susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil. With incremental increases in the percent content of fines, the frost heave ratio increased gradually and the cohesion function of fines effectively enhanced the shear strength of coarse-grained soil before freeze-thaw, but the frost susceptibility of fines weakened the shear strength of coarse-grained soil after freeze-thaw; （3） with increasing numbers of freeze-thaw cycles, the shear strength of coarse-grained soil decreased and then stabilized after the ninth freeze-thaw cycle, and therefore the mechanical indexes of the ninth freeze-thaw cycle are recommended for the engi- neering design values; and （4） considering frost susceptibility and strength properties as a whole, the optimal fines content of 5% is recommended for railway sub,fade coarse-~rained soil fillings in frozen re^ions.

Frost heaving force considering synchronous damage to tunnel lining and surrounding rocks under freeze—thaw cycles

In areas with seasonal freezing,when the tunnel lining concrete is saturated with water infiltrating the interior,the lining and the surrounding rocks will simultaneously freeze.However,the current calculation of the frost heaving force fails to consider the synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks under freeze-thaw cycles.Therefore,as per the elastic calculation model of the frost heaving force and model of steady-state heat transfer of circular tunnels,this study introduces the frost heaving rate of lining and surrounding rocks.First,the analytical solution of frost heaving force is obtained for simultaneous frost heaving of lining and surrounding rocks under any steady-state temperature field.Then,based on the fracture theory and meso-damage mechanics,the damage variables of lining and surrounding rocks under freeze-thaw cycles are extracted,representing their elastic modulus and porosity.Finally,the formula of frost heaving force for synchronous damage to the lining and surrounding rocks at any steady-state temperature field is obtained.The calculation results demonstrate that the lower the temperature inside the lining,the greater the frost heaving force.With the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles,frost heaving force tends to gradually increase initially,reaching a peak value at 85 freeze-thaw cycles,decreasing to 80%of the peak value at 140 cycles before reaching a constant value.The lining participates in frost heaving,increasing the frost heaving force.The initial increase rate of frost heaving force is 15.7%.Changing the fitting coefficients s1 and s2 of the lining and surrounding rocks can effectively control the magnitude of the frost heaving force in the tunnels.

Effects of transient temperature gradient on frost heave of saturated silty clay in an open system

Frost heave in seasonally frozen regions is a one-dimensional process that could severely damage infrastructure subgrades.Stress state,temperature and water migration are important factors for frost heave.This work investigated the effects of soil temperature and volumetric water content on the transient frost heave ratio during the freezing of saturated silty clay in an open system and analyzed the relationships between the transient frost heave ratio and freezing rate and between temperature gradient and frost heave rate.The results show that the frost heave ratio,frost heave rate,and freezing rate are positively correlated with the temperature gradient since the temperature gradient drives the water migration during freezing,indicating the transient temperature gradient could be used to evaluate the frost heave of saturated silty clay.The transient freezing rate and transient frost heave ratio are logarithmically related to the transient frost heave ratio and transient temperature gradient,respectively.The effects of transient temperature gradient on frost heave are the principal mechanism responsible for different frost heave characteristics and uneven frost heave along a subgrade of the same soil type.

Assessment of the spatial extent of permafrost in the Upper Indus Basin(UIB)

Climate change differentially influences the frozen ground,a major dynamic component of the cryosphere,on a local and regional scale.Under the warming climate with pronounced effects reported at higher altitudes,the characterization of the frozen ground is very important in the Upper Indus Basin(UIB),an important and critical region with respect to climate and hydro-glaciological dynamics.In this study,the efficiency and reliability of the surface frost number model are assessed in delineating the spatial extent of different classes of frozen ground in the region.The daily MODIS land surface temperature(LST)with ground surface temperature(GST)and surface geomorphological expressions as ground validation datasets are used jointly in efficiently determining the extent of different classes of frozen ground(continuous and discontinuous permafrost and seasonal frost).The LST and GST resonate with each other in the annual cycle of temperature variation,however,with mean annual LST exhibiting an offset(cold bias)of 5 to 7℃relative to mean GST.This study shows that the highest permafrost extent is observed in areas where the lowest thinning rates of glacier ice are reported and vice versa.The surface frost number model categorizes an area of 38%±3%and 15%±3%in the UIB as permafrost and seasonal frost,respectively.Based on the altitude model,the lower limit of alpine permafrost is approximated at a mean altitude of 4919±590 m a.s.l.in the UIB.The present study acts as preliminary work in the data sparse and inaccessible regions of the UIB in characterizing the frozen and unfrozen ground and may act as a promising input data source in glaciohydro-meteorological models for the Himalaya and Karakoram.In addition,the study also underlines the consideration of this derelict cryospheric climatic variable in defining and accounting for the sustainable development of socio-economic systems through its intricate ramification on agricultural activity,landscape stability and infrastructure.

Experimental study on mechanical and frost heave behaviors of silty clay improved by polyvinyl alcohol and polypropylene fiber

Silty clay is widely used as subgrade filler in cold regions,which suffer from frost heave in winter and mud pumping in spring.In this study,polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and polypropylene(PP)fiber were used to improve the mechanical and frost heave behavior of silty clay in cold regions,and the direct shear test and one-dimensional frost heave test were employed in studying improvement effects.Moreover,improvement mechanisms of PVA and PP fiber were analyzed based on test results.The main findings are as follows.(1)Both PP and PVA can heighten the strength of silty clay and suppress frost heave,but the PVA solution has a more decisive influence on improving mechanical properties than PP fiber.(2)The improvement mechanism of the PVA solution is cementing.The improvement effect of 2%PVA solution is the best,which can increase the shear strength by approximately 40%–60%at different stress levels and decrease the frost heave ratio from 0.89%to 0.16%at optimal water content.(3)For 2%PVA improved samples,0.25%PP fiber can further increase soil cohesion by approximately 20–30 kPa at different stress levels and further decrease the frost heave ratio from 0.16%to 0.07%at optimal water content.The improvement effect is neglectable when the PP fiber content exceeds 0.25%.Overall,2%PVA with 0.25%PP fiber is the optimum combination to improve silty clay in cold regions.

Dynamic response characteristics of a circular lined tunnel under anisotropy frost heave of overlying soil at the tunnel portal section in cold regions

The rapid development of traffic engineering in cold regions and its consequent problems need to be considered.In this paper,the dynamic response characteristics of the tunnel portal section in cold regions with harmonic load acting on the lining were studied in the frequency domain.The lining is in close contact with the frozen soil,and there is relative movement between the frozen and unfrozen soil due to the phase change.The analytical solution of the vibration of tunnel portal section caused by the harmonic load acting on the lining was derived under the consideration of the anisotropy frost heave of overlying soil.Based on the continuity conditions and boundary conditions,the undetermined coefficients were obtained,and the analytical solutions for different medium displacements and stresses of the cold-region tunnel system were acquired.The vertical pressure coefficient was equivalently simplified as a variable that could be used to replace the thickness of the overlying soil above the tunnel.The analysis of the parameter model shows that the change of the medium parameters(lining,frozen,and unfrozen soil)affects the circumferential stresses,the radial displacements and their peak frequencies of the soil.For example,the increase of density ratio of tunnel lining to frozen soil decreases the radial stresses of the frozen and unfrozen soil;the increase of volumetric frost heaving strain of the frozen soil increases the radial displacements of the frozen surface and decreases the stability of the frozen surface;the increasing of thickness of the frozen soil significantly reduces the radial displacement of unfrozen soil at dimensionless radius η=4.5 compared with that of frozen soil at η=1.5.

Influence of thermal insulation layer schemes on the frost heaving force in tunnels

In extreme cold regions,a thermal insulation layer(TIL)is commonly employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of frost heaving forces in tunnels.Optimizing the laying scheme of TIL,specifically minimizing frost heaving forces,holds considerable importance in the prevention of frost damage.This research developed a two-dimensional unsteady temperature field of circular tunnels by using the difference method(taking the off-wall laying method as an example)based on the law of conservation of energy.Then,the frozen circle and water migration coefficient were introduced to establish the relationship between the temperature field and frost heaving forces,and a reliable methodology for calculating these forces under the specific conditions of TIL installation was developed.Then(i)the influence of the air layer thickness of the off-wall laying method,(ii)different laying methods of TIL,(iii)the TIL thickness,(iv)the thermal conductivity of the TIL,and(v)the freeze-thaw cycles on the frost heaving force were investigated.The results showed that the frost heaving force served as a reliable and effective metric for evaluating the insulation effect in tunnels.In order to avoid frost damage in compliance with the design requirements,the insulation effects from various laying methods were established,in descending efficacy order as follows:off-wall laying,double layer laying,surface laying,and sandwich laying.Our findings revealed that the optimal thickness for the air layer in the offwall laying method was 0.10 m.The insulation effect of materials with a thermal conductivity below 0.047 W/(m·℃)was furthermore found to be good.Under freeze-thaw cycle conditions,it is concluded that to prevent frost damage,the TIL thickness should be the sum of the thickness r1 of the first freeze-thaw cycle without frost heaving forces and an additional reserve value 0.06r1 of the TIL thickness.

微量水蒸气条件下低温表面结霜过程的实验研究

为研究微量水蒸气在低温表面上的结霜过程,搭建了低温表面微量水汽混合湿氮气的可视化结霜实验台。实验对比了常规湿度和微量水汽含量条件下,-180℃冷表面上常温氮气流中水蒸气结霜过程和形态,研究了不同微量水汽含量以及环境压力对低温结霜特性的影响。结果表明:相比于常规湿度条件下冷凝-冻结机制主导的结霜过程,微量水蒸气(体积分数71×10^(-6))在低温表面主要通过凝华机制生成微小冰晶沉积在冷表面,形成不均匀分布的无明显枝干的霜晶,随后形成平整疏松的霜层。凝华机制主导的霜层生长过程主要体现为霜层厚度的增大,而密度无明显增大。在微量水蒸气条件下,随着水汽含量由1.53×10^(-6)升高至500×10^(-6),霜层逐渐增厚并伴随着霜层形态由平坦均匀薄层向簇状霜团转变,增大的接触面积使霜层生长速率加快。环境压力由109 kPa升高至190 kPa时,增大的水蒸气分压本质上是由水蒸气绝对含量增加引起,霜层生长加快,表面的不平整程度会升高,霜晶形态更丰富。随时间推移,同一时刻不同环境压力下霜层厚度的差异逐渐增大。最后拟合了适用于低温表面上微量水蒸气条件下的无量纲霜层厚度关联式,整体误差在±20%以内。

纤维-地聚物混凝土力学性能及耐久性能研究

为改善地聚物混凝土的力学性能和耐久性,通过掺入不同长度和掺量的聚丙烯纤维,对地聚物混凝土的力学性能、抗冻性、抗氯离子侵蚀性及抗裂性进行了研究,并基于SEM试验,从微观角度进一步解释聚丙烯纤维的作用机理.结果表明:聚丙烯纤维的掺入能够提高地聚物混凝土的力学性能和耐久性能,当纤维掺量为0%~0.6%时,随着纤维掺量的增加,地聚物混凝土的改善效果越明显.当掺量超过0.6%时,其力学性能和耐久性开始下降.通过SEM分析也表明,聚丙烯纤维能够提高基体内部的整体性和密实性,从而显著改善地聚物混凝土的力学性能和耐久性.最终推荐掺量0.6%长度为12 mm的聚丙烯纤维为最佳掺量.

近40a黄土高原酿酒葡萄春霜冻气候风险评估

选取黄土高原酿酒葡萄产区13个气象站点1981−2020年春霜冻期(4月1日−5月31日)逐日最低气温观测资料,运用数理统计和空间分析方法,研究不同年代黄土高原酿酒葡萄春霜冻灾害发生站次比、频率、日数、强度及风险,评估黄土高原酿酒葡萄春霜冻气候风险。结果表明:1981−2020年,黄土高原酿酒葡萄春霜冻期平均日最低气温呈极显著上升趋势(P<0.01),气候倾向率为0.42℃·10a^(-1);日最低气温极小值呈极显著下降趋势(P<0.01),气候倾向率为−0.75℃·10a^(-1);日最低气温极小值的气候倾向率负值主要分布在产区北部或南部零星地区,左权地区降温(0.76℃·10a^(-1))达显著水平(P<0.05)。黄土高原轻度春霜冻发生站次比下降,中度、重度及综合春霜冻上升;轻度、中度春霜冻频率和日数降低,重度春霜冻频率、日数增加,且重度春霜冻强度呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05),春霜冻综合频率、日数降低,强度呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05);各级春霜冻频率、日数、强度自西南向东北增加。黄土高原酿酒葡萄气候风险特征为轻、中度春霜冻的风险降低,重度和综合风险增加;高风险区域主要分布在北部的左权、太古等地,低风险区域主要分布在南部的鄠邑区、渭南等地。

稻草纤维增强泡沫混凝土物理力学性能试验研究

为了研究稻草纤维增强泡沫混凝土的性能,以普通硅酸盐水泥为主要胶凝材料,硅灰、偏高岭土和粉煤灰为辅助胶凝材料,稻草纤维为增强材料,采用物理发泡法制备纤维增强泡沫混凝土;通过全因子试验,研究在不同水胶比和发泡剂掺量下,稻草纤维掺量对泡沫混凝土的密度、吸水率、抗压强度、抗折强度、劈裂抗拉强度和抗冻性能的影响。结果表明:对于不同水胶比和发泡剂掺量,泡沫混凝土的密度、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度均随纤维掺量的增加呈现出先增加后降低的变化规律;抗压强度随密度增加呈幂函数增加关系;劈裂抗拉强度随抗压强度的增加呈指数函数增加关系;当水胶比为0.45时,抗折强度随纤维掺量的增加先增加后降低,当水胶比为0.50时,抗折强度随纤维掺量的增加而增加;纤维的掺入增大了泡沫混凝土的泡孔尺寸和吸水率,降低了其抗冻性能。

果园水肥药与防霜冻一体化系统装置的设计

针对我国果园生产中存在的水资料浪费、过度施肥、不科学施药、霜冻危害等问题,面向果园管理的水肥药节约省力需求,设计了一种果园水肥药与防霜冻一体化装置。以现有的果园灌溉系统为基础,构建水肥药、防霜冻和灌溉融合应用模式,实现了滴灌施肥、喷灌施药和防霜冻等果园农事功能。装置具有人工控制、定时定量、模型控制等多种控制方式,减少了设施设备成本,提高了果园现有设备的综合利用率,可精准控制水、肥、药的使用量,节约了农业资源。

地铁双线隧道下穿既有车站冻结加固冻胀控制措施

针对城市长距离大断面地下空间冻结工程的冻胀特性问题,依托上海地铁18号线国权路站双线隧道下穿既有车站冻结工程,基于热力耦合方程,利用有限元软件建立三维数值模型,结合室内试验所得物理参数,研究该工程的冻胀位移场演化规律,并探究错峰冻结、调整盐水温度等措施对冻胀位移场的影响规律。在本试验条件下,研究结果表明:①冻胀引起的车站底板变形主要发生于积极冻结期;双线隧道同时冻结模式下,冻结45 d时车站底板竖向位移量达到冻结90 d时竖向位移量的77.72%。②冻结90 d时,错峰冻结工况下车站底板竖向位移量较双线隧道同时冻结时减小了7.7%,表明错峰冻结避免了同一时间段内的冻胀叠加效应,一定程度上降低冻胀效应。③冻结90 d时,调整盐水温度工况下车站底板竖向位移量较温度调控前减小34.2%;表明调整盐水温度可控制冻土扩展速率,有效降低冻胀效应。实际工程中,采用错峰冻结、调整盐水温度等措施协同控制冻胀,车站底板最大竖向位移为25.41 mm;数值模拟所得车站底板抬升规律与实测数据基本一致,有效指导了工程施工。

混凝土冻融作用下冻结应力演化规律及对抗冻性能的影响

为了探究严寒地区混凝土冻害机理及冻结应力对混凝土抗冻性的影响,基于大型极端气候模拟器模拟-40℃低温冻害的条件,采用研制的冻结应力测试装置对F300高抗冻等级混凝土在冻融单次降温阶段及降温-升温冻融循环两种模式下的冻结应力及抗冻性能进行研究,同时利用了环境扫描电子显微镜对冻融循环作用下的混凝土微观裂缝进行了测试研究。研究表明:-40℃单次降温过程中降温速率越快,冻结应力出现的时间越早、混凝土内部产生的冻结应力增幅也越大;冻融循环降温阶段产生的冻结应力会随降温-升温冻融作用的不断循环而累积增大,且冻结应力的发展存在转变拐点,在相同降温终了试件中心低温条件下,降温阶段的降温速率越大,冻结应力由增加转入减小的拐点出现越早;冻融过程中的冻结应力与混凝土质量损失、相对动弹性模量两个抗冻性常用评价指标有较好的对应关系;冻结应力逐步使水泥浆体产生损伤,表现为微观裂缝的生成与发展,损伤积聚产生冻害。

高海拔严寒地区隧道冻害研究现状及展望

针对高海拔严寒地区隧道冻害问题,结合隧道冻害的相关研究,从冻害类型及原因分析、冻害机制、温度场、处置措施等4个方面的现状进行阐述和分析,对当前研究存在的不足和未来的发展方向进行探讨。主要成果为:1)通过对高海拔严寒地区隧道工程实例进行分析,总结4种冻害类型及4种冻害原因;2)基于含水风化层冻胀理论、整体性围岩冻胀理论、衬砌背后积水冻胀理论、裂隙水冻胀理论等4种冻胀理论,建立多年冻土区以整体性围岩冻胀理论为主、季冻区以裂隙水冻胀理论为主的多理论联合分析的方法;3)温度场研究方法分为现场监测、理论解析、模型试验、数值模拟等4种,其中现场监测是对洞内外温度进行监测,而理论分析、模型试验、数值模拟则是对监测结果进行验证分析;4)冻害处置措施有防排水措施、保温防寒措施、抗冻措施等3种,防冻的关键是将三者相结合进行综合治理;5)指出冻害机制适用性、温度场研究方法现状、处置措施适用性等方面的不足,未来应在高海拔严寒地区建立多种冻胀理论、多种研究方法综合应用的研究体系,并在隧道防排水、保温防寒、抗冻等方面给出处置措施。