Revision of thickness design of cylindrical frozen walls considering frost heave

This paper outlines development of the thickness design of cylindrical frozen walls in artificial ground freezing （AFG）. A plain strain mechanical model coupled with infinite surrounding soil and rock takes into account the frost heave ratio to investigate the influence of frost heave on the thickness design of frozen wall, and superposition method is used to solve the complicated problem of frozen wall swelling. A revised formula referred to as ＂Baoshen＂ formula has been proposed. This formula provides a convenient analytic solution for any AGF problem involving not only frost heave but also the action of surrounding soil.

The protective performance of a molten salt frozen wall in the process of fluoride volatility of uranium

The fluoride volatility method (FVM) is a technique tailored to separate uranium from fuel salt of molten salt reactors. A key challenge in R&D of the FVM is corrosion due to the presence of molten salt and corrosive gases at high temperature. In this work, a frozen-wall technique was proposed to produce a physical barrier between construction materials and corrosive reactants. The protective performance of the frozen wall against molten salt was assessed using FLiNaK molten salt with introduced fluorine gas, which was regarded as a simulation of the FVM process. SS304, SS316L, Inconel 600 and graphite were chosen as the test samples. The extent of corrosion was characterized by an analysis of weight loss and scanning electron microscope studies. All four test samples suffered severe corrosion in the molten salt phase with the corrosion resistance as: Inconel 600>SS316L>graphite>SS304. The presence of the frozen wall could protect materials against corrosion by molten salt and corrosive gases, and compared with materials exposed to molten salt, the corrosion rates of materials protected by the frozen wall were decreased by at least one order of magnitude.

ELASTO-PLASTIC BACK ANALYSIS OF FROZEN SOIL WALL

The paper briefly describes the range and methods of the research on the stability of frozen wall. Using the Back Analysis Method combining with the model test of frozen wall, the comprebensive study on the stability of frozen wail is firstly carried out by the authors. Finally, a new viewpoint of adopting limited strain as the major eriteria of stability in frozen soil engineering is proposed.

Average temperature calculation for straight single-row-piped frozen soil wall

The average temperature of frozen soil wall is an essential parameter in the process of design, construction, and safety manage- ment of artificial ground freezing engineering. It is the basis of calculating frozen soil＇s mechanical parameters, fiarther prediction of bearing capacity and, ultimately, safety evaluation of the frozen soil wall. Regarding the average temperature of sin- gle-row-piped frozen soil wall, this paper summarizes several current calculation methods and their shortcomings. Furthermore, on the basis of Bakholdin＇s analytical solution for the temperature field under straight single-row-piped freezing, two new calcula- tion models, namely, the equivalent trapezoid model and the equivalent triangle model, are proposed. These two approaches are used to calculate the average temperature of a certain cross section which indicates the condition of the whole frozen soil wall. Considering the possible parameter range according to the freezing pipe layout that might be applied in actual construction, this paper compares the average temperatures of frozen soil walls obtained by the equivalent trapezoid method and the equivalent tri- angle method with that obtained by numerical integration of Bakholdin＇s analytical solution. The results show that the discrepancies are extremely small and these two new approaches are better than currently prevailing methods. However, the equivalent triangle method boasts higher accuracy and a simpler formula compared with the equivalent trapezoid method.

多冷媒非均质人工冻结壁弹塑性应力分析

【目的】受制冷媒介温度差异以及被冻地层与冻结管距离差异的影响,多冷媒联合双排管冻结壁的非均匀性较为显著,为了合理评价该类冻结壁的安全性,需开展考虑非均质性的多冷媒人工冻结壁弹塑性应力分析。【方法】选取距离1/4管距处的冻结壁作为特征截面,将该截面上的温度分布曲线等效成三段一次函数形式,并将冻结壁视为随温度成线性变化的非均质材料,分别基于4种冻土屈服准则,推导得出多冷媒联合双排管非均质冻结壁弹塑性应力解析表达式。基于该解析表达式,对多冷媒冻结壁的受力特性进行计算,并将该计算结果与均质冻结壁计算得出的结果进行对比。【结果和结论】研究发现:(1)在盐水-二氧化碳联合双排管冻结壁中,径向应力随着相对半径r的增加而上升,环向应力在不同冻结区间(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)表现出不同的变化趋势。(2)基于均质冻结壁计算理论,弹性极限状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在冻结壁内侧,弹塑性状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在弹塑性分界面处,塑性极限状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在冻结壁最外侧;而基于非均质冻结壁计算理论,冻结壁环向应力最大值始终出现在冻结壁分区界线(r=2)处。(3)在考虑非均质特性后,冻结壁的弹性极限承载力降低1.8%,而塑性极限承载力提高8.1%。在弹塑性状态下,对应相同塑性区相对半径,非均质冻结壁具有更高的承载力,且这种现象随着塑性区相对半径的增大而愈发明显。研究成果对富水地层多冷媒联合冻结帷幕的设计具有重要的参考价值。

地铁联络通道冻结壁冻融灾害效应及其平均温度预测

冻结法因具有施工方便、强度高、防水效果好及对土体扰动小等优点在软土地区地铁联络通道施工中获得广泛应用。冻结壁平均温度作为衡量冻结效果的重要参数之一,其解析公式求解较为复杂,在实际工程中难以应用。建立了包括冻结管断裂灾害、隧道收敛变形灾害、冻结帷幕收敛变形灾害、冻结帷幕透水灾害和融沉灾害的地铁联络通道冻结壁冻融灾害链式效应机制,并考虑多种布管方案,采用冻结壁平均温度等效梯形法建立完整数据集,利用神经网络的高度非线性特征,建立能同时预测单排、双排和多排(n>3)布管形式下冻结壁平均温度的神经网络预测模型。研究结果表明,基于完整数据集构建的冻结壁平均温度神经网络预测模型能有效地反映不同冻结管布置参数和冻结壁厚度等参数与冻结壁平均温度之间的关系;冻结壁平均温度均随冻结管排数和冻结壁厚度增大而逐渐降低,随盐水温度、冻结管间距和排距增大而逐渐升高。

富水砂层交叠联络通道冻结设计方案研究

与常规联络通道冻结相比,交叠联络通道的冻结体量大、开挖构筑时间长、冻结孔布置形式更加复杂,其冻结设计与常规冻结设计有明显差异。为实现富水砂层叠落区间联络通道安全高效施工,结合叠落区间交叠联络通道结构形式,进行异型联络通道冻结方案设计。首先,在哈尔滨地铁3号线2期河松街站工程现场取土,并送至冻土实验室进行土体低温物理力学试验,得到-10℃时低温土体物理力学参数,确定粉质黏土-10℃环境下单轴抗压强度为3.53 MPa;根据试验结果进行冻结壁厚度设计,得到通道顶部及侧墙冻结壁厚度为3.0 m,集水井底部冻结壁厚度为4.0 m,平均温度为-10℃。数值计算结果表明,冻结壁强度和位移指标均满足安全要求。根据冻结壁厚度布置冻结孔,提出“地面垂直+洞内水平冻结”加固方式。针对距离建筑物较近的特点,为控制冻胀,采用地面垂直泄压孔与洞内水平泄压孔相结合的方式,施工期间地表最大冻胀量为8.59 mm,对环境影响可控。工程实践表明,采用该设计方案开挖工作面稳定性好,冻胀量可控。

Frozen curtain characteristics during excavation of submerged shallow tunnel using Freeze-Sealing Pipe-Roof method

The Freeze-Sealing Pipe-Roof(FSPR)method,which has been applied for the first time in the Gongbei Tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge,is a new approach of tunnel pre-support that allows flexible adjustment of freeze tube arrangement and can be adapted to different environmental conditions.When the FSPR method is used to construct shallow burial submerged tunnels,the frozen wall to hold back groundwater during excavation will be weakened by air and water flows inside and outside the tunnel,and its waterproof performance needs to be further investigated.In this paper,a two-dimensional numerical model of the temperature field considering excavation and moving water boundary is established based on the preliminary design scheme and in-situ conditions and is used to analyze the variation in frozen curtain properties with various active freezing times during excavation.The results show that excavation has a weakening effect on both sides of the frozen wall,with a greater effect on the inner side,and a positive temperature appears in the local area inside the jacked pipe.The concrete fill in the jacked pipe obviously improves the freezing efficiency,and the tunnel excavation after 60 days of active freezing in the interval filling mode can ensure that the frozen soil thickness at the thinnest segment exceeds 2 m,i.e.,the design requirement.In practice,the active freezing time can be extended appropriately to reduce the influence of river water flow above the tunnel.The study serves as a technical reference for the design and implementation of similar projects.

深厚冲积层冻结井筒冻结壁稳定性研究

为了解决井筒开挖过程中冻结壁稳定性难以预测的问题,现以丁集矿第二副井井筒为工程背景。基于数值模拟有限元软件,利用冻土本构关系及蠕变参数,对不同冻结壁温度、不同冻结壁厚度和不同掘进段高穿过深厚冲积层(400m以下)的冻结壁进行了有限元分析。结果表明进行掘进开挖时掘进工作面会产生严重的底鼓现象,且底鼓现象会随着冻结壁温度的降低而减小,随着掘进段高、冻结壁厚度的增大而增大;同时空帮段会产生径向位移,且井帮径向位移随冻结壁温度降低、冻结壁厚度增大而减小,随着掘进段高的增大而增大;并得出了冻结壁井帮的最大径向位移、掘进工作面底鼓位移与冻结壁厚度、冻结壁温度、掘进段高和开挖段井帮暴露时间关系表达式,并根据工程实测得到了验证。为今后相似的井筒开挖提供了一定的参考价值。

宁波地铁5号线联络通道人工冻结法应用研究

随着人工冷冻技术的发展,人工冻结法(AGFM)已在地下空间建设中推广采用,依托宁波市轨道交通5号线隧道联络通道冻结法施工工程,通过室内试验分别对土体起始冻结温度、导热系数、比热容系数、土层冻胀率及融沉率等进行试验研究,得出主要土层的导热系数与温度、比热容系数与温度、土层冻胀率与附加应力之间的线性拟合计算式,提出并建立人工冻结过程中考虑热物理参数随温度变化的热-力耦合的三维数值计算方法,并结合现场温度场、位移场等监测资料,得到宁波市轨道交通5号线联络段主要控制土层粉质黏土层的最小冻结壁厚度为1.79m~2.38m,冻结壁平均温度-12.13℃~-20.3℃,满足设计要求;现场四个监测断面点的位移收敛值均相对较小,最大位移收敛值不超过4 mm,整体表明冻结法施工过程中冻胀力对隧道的影响较小,理论计算成果基本与现场实测规律吻合。

冻结管偏斜对煤矿井冻结温度场发展影响

通过某矿实测和数值模拟对比研究冻结管有无偏斜时三圈管冻结温度场发展过程,结果表明:冻结管无偏斜时冻结锋面扩展速度较为一致,冻结管偏斜时冻结锋面扩展速度不均匀,形成大小不一的未冻承压水仓,冻结壁交圈时间推迟一至两周;测温孔温度和冻结壁平均温度实测与模拟值随时间的变化趋势基本一致,冻结管偏斜对冻结壁平均温度和有效厚度影响较小,对井帮环向温度影响较大。

冷媒温度和渗流速度对富水砂层冻结温度场的影响规律研究

针对天津地区地铁隧道施工中存在富水砂层等复杂水文地质条件下的冻结问题,通过室内模型试验和数值模拟的结合,研究了冷媒温度和渗流速度对砂土冻结温度场、交圈时间和冻结壁发展的影响。研究结果表明:随着冷媒温度降低,冻结管附近的温度梯度越陡,冻结壁也变得更厚。渗流存在时,渗流水将冷量从上游带到下游,阻碍了冻结壁在上游方向的发展,同时在一定程度上推动了冻结壁在下游方向的发展,导致冻结壁厚度不均匀。最终,冻结壁的形状从静水时的圆形发展为心形。在实际工程中,采用注浆等手段减缓渗流速度,并降低冷媒温度,可缩短交圈时间,确保冻结进程顺利进行。

盾构始发端头垂直冷冻加固技术

盾构始发和接收是地铁隧道建设的重要环节,复杂地质条件下盾构始发端加固能保障盾构顺利掘进。依托天津地铁8号线马场道站—人民公园站区间盾构始发端垂直冻结加固工程,基于弹性薄板理论求解冻结壁理论厚度。以此为基础,确定了冻结壁实际厚度,并通过有限元软件开展了强度验算。通过布置测温孔,分析了土体冻结过程中盐水温度和测温孔温度变化规律,并根据实测温度反算冻结壁厚度和冻结壁平均温度,进而评估本工程垂直冻结加固效果。研究表明:本工程所设计的3.0 m的冻结壁厚度和-10℃的冻土设计温度满足要求。采用垂直冻结加固方案效果良好,已达到破除洞门和盾构始发的指标要求。

基于冻融循环本构的预应力对拉式挡墙的冻胀效应研究

预应力对拉式挡墙的冻胀受力状态复杂,墙背的冻胀力分布尚不明确,进一步探究预应力对拉式挡墙的冻胀力分布具有重要意义。根据哈尔滨某地区的实际监测温度,采用ABAQUS数值模拟软件模拟温度场在模型空间的合理分布。基于冻融循环后混凝土塑性损伤本构,在所建立的温度场上进行热力耦合分析,研究预应力筋、冻胀时间对预应力对拉式挡墙冻胀效应的影响。研究结果表明:挡土墙所受冻胀力呈现“上小下大”的上三角分布趋势,且随着冻胀时间增加,冻胀力会呈现先逐渐增大然后逐渐减小的趋势,并在冻胀后120 d冻胀力达到最大。相比之下,由于预应力钢筋的存在,预应力对拉式挡土墙会使冻胀力在该处产生应力集中而增大,最大可使冻胀力增加200 kPa左右。在预应力钢筋的作用下,挡土墙的水平位移会减小40%~116%。本文研究结果可以为季节性冻土区的预应力对拉式挡土墙施工和设计提供技术支撑。

大断面长距离通道冻结加固设计与开挖施工方案研究

针对人工冻结法在大断面长距离隧道工程中应用经验不足的现状,以广州地铁11号线云大区间1号横通道冻结工程为例,介绍了该工程的冻结加固设计方案与大断面开挖施工方案,1号横通道分两阶段冻结,采用外圈筒形冻结壁形式,使横通道外围冻结壁范围内土体冻结加固形成高强度的冻土帷幕,开挖区域形成弱冻结区,采用矿山法进行横通道开挖支护施工,依据冻结孔布设规则,1号横通道分成4个开挖区域,依次自上而下水平开挖,施工过程中需根据掌子面地层情况进行超前加固,按此方案实施后,该工程已安全顺利完成。

A study on impacts of groundwater seepage on artificial freezing process of gravel strata

Purpose–This paper aims to study the impacts of groundwater seepage on artificial freezing process of gravel strata,the temperature field characteristics of the strata,and the strata process,closure time and thickness evolution mechanism of the frozen wall.Design/methodology/approach–In this paper several laboratory model tests were conducted,considering different groundwater seepage rate.Findings–The results show that there is a significant coupling effect between the cold diffusion of artificial freezing pipes and groundwater seepage;when there is no seepage,temperature fields upstream and downstream of the gravel strata are symmetrically distributed,and the thickness of the frozen soil column/frozen wall is consistent during artificial freezing;groundwater seepage causes significant asymmetry in the temperature fields upstream and downstream of the gravel strata,and the greater the seepage rate,the more obvious the asymmetry;the frozen wall closure time increases linearly with the increase in the groundwater seepage rate,and specifically,the time length under seepage rate of 5.00 m d
1 is 3.2 times longer than that under no seepage;due to the erosion from groundwater seepage,the thickness of the upstream frozen wall decreases linearly with the seepage velocity,while that of the downstream frozen wall increases linearly,resulting in a saddle-shaped frozen wall.Originality/value–The research results are beneficial to the optimum design and risk control of artificial freezing process in gravel strata.

地表突发渗流对长距离大断面通道冻结壁影响分析

国内外对于超浅埋、大断面、地质条件复杂等情况下的冻结工程,实践经验仍明显不足,长距离大断面冻结工程所面临的风险尤其多,在冻结施工过程中应做好冻结壁状态监测工作。广州地铁11号线云大区间1号横通道冻结工程积极冻结期间曾发生一起地表突发渗流事件,详细介绍了该事件发生经过、研判分析过程及所采取的处理方案,研究了地表突发渗流对长距离大断面通道冻结工程冻结壁的影响,可为类似工程提供借鉴。

地下水流速对地铁联络通道冻结壁形成过程影响的模型试验

人工地层冻结技术具有封水可靠、对环境影响小、适用性强等优势,是城市地铁建设中暗挖工程达到无水施工环境行之有效的工法之一。地下水流动加速了对流传热,导致冻结壁交圈困难,厚度不及预期。依托北京地铁19号线草桥站―景风门站区间联络通道冻结工程,基于相似理论开展实际工程地下水流速分别为0、5、10、15m/d的联络通道冻结模型试验,研究渗流对冻结壁形成过程的影响效应,讨论制冷功率在冻结进程中的变化规律。研究表明:渗流条件下,联络通道底板和顶板先交圈,其次是下游侧墙,上游侧墙受对流传热影响显著,是冻结工程的薄弱环节。地下水流速为0、5、10m/d时,联络通道冻结壁的交圈时间分别为60、114、444min;流速为15m/d时,冻结壁不能实现交圈。地下水流速越大,制冷功率越高,流速为5、10、15m/d时的有效能耗较静水条件分别增长67.0%、88.5%和120.1%。研究成果可为渗流条件下联络通道冻结工程的设计和施工提供依据。

立井冻结黏土爆破对井壁的振动影响研究

立井采用冻结法施工时,冻结黏土爆破产生的振动易引起井壁破裂,从而造成安全事故。以赵固二矿立井冻结黏土爆破掘进工程为背景,运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟软件建立模型,研究不同掏槽药量、地应力条件、中空孔数量工况下爆破振动对井壁产生的影响。结果表明:井壁测点振速与掏槽药量成正比,掏槽药量从16 kg增加至64k g,振速从9.53 cm/s增加至35 cm/s,增大了3.67倍;中空孔可减弱爆破冲击荷载对井壁的振动影响,且井壁振动速度与中空孔半径成反比;地应力在1~3 MPa变化时,井壁振动速度与地应力成正比。现场爆破方案数值模拟得出:采用1,3,4,5段电雷管毫秒延时爆破时,冻结黏土爆破产生的应力波主要沿井壁竖向传递;4段辅助孔爆破对井壁的振动影响最大,约为5段周边孔爆破的3.5倍,在距离掘进面13.3 m处,4段辅助孔产生的拉应力最大为0.425 MPa,不会对井壁混凝土结构产生破坏。分析方法和研究结果可为同类型条件深大立井冻结黏土爆破施工提供参考。

富水软土地层联络通道冻结温度场分布规律

为探究富水软土地层联络通道在冻结施工期间的土体温度场变化情况,以杭州至绍兴城际铁路工程某联络通道为例,运用现场实测和数值模拟方法,对联络通道的温度场分布和冻结壁厚度进行研究。结果表明:受管片散热及冻结管倾斜布置作用,冻结壁厚度随深度增加将呈现先持续增大,再小幅减小,最后归于平缓的趋势,当深度为2.192 m时,冻结壁厚度最大,当深度大于6.640 m时,冻结壁厚度趋于稳定;联络通道冻结区域土体可划分为散热影响段、冻结管布置影响段和冻结稳定段;隔热材料优化敷设方式和优化管片结构形式有效提升了靠近隧道管片端土体的冻结效果,使喇叭口位置的冻结壁厚度增加约53.8%。