Ultrasound-assisted Enzymatic Extraction of SDF on Passion Fruit Seeds

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of soluble dietary fiber(SDF) from passion fruit seeds was carried out in order to shorten the extraction time and increase the yield of SDF. The effects of cellulase concentration, ultrasonic power, extraction temperature, solid-liquid ratio and water bath time on the SDF yield of passion fruit were studied by single factor analysis. And the orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the extraction conditions. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the extraction of SDF from passion fruit by ultrasoundassisted enzymatic method were cellulase concentration 1.5%, ultrasonic power 120 W, solid-liquid ratio(g/mL) 1 ∶ 15, extraction temperature 55 ℃, and water bath time 160 min. The SDF extraction rate was determined to be 5.12%.

Technology of Extracting Kiwi Fruit Seed Oil with Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzyme and Response Surface Method

Taken kiwi fruit as raw material, this paper extracted kiwi fruit seed oil with ultrasonic-assisted enzyme, researched the influence of factors such as liquid-to-solid ratio, granularity, type of enzyme, ultrasonic power, treating time, enzymolysis temperature, enzymolysis time, pH and enzyme additive on oil extraction, and optimized the extracting technology of kiwi fruit seed oil with response surface method. The result shows that the best technical parameter is: material granularity: 60, liquid-to-solid ratio: 1:10 (g/mL), ultrasonic power: 400 W, treating time: 30 min, enzyme amount: 2.50%, pH: 9.2, enzymolysis temperature: 53°C, enzymolysis time: 2.80 h;and the extracting ratio under such condition is 92.57%.

Can fruit seeds and undigested plant residuals cause acute appendicitis

Objective:To investigate the relation between fruit seeds,plants residuals and appendicitis. Methods:Among cases that underwent appendectomy,the appendicitis cases having fruit seeds and undigested plant residuals in their etiology were examined retrospectively.Also, histopathological features,age,sex,and parameters of morbidity and mortality were used. Results:Fruit seed was found in one case(0.05%) with presence of pus in appendix lumen, undigested plant residuals in 7 cases(0.35%).It was determined that there were appendix inflammation in 2 of the plant residuals cases,while there were obstruction and lymphoid hyperplasia in the appendix lumen of 5 cases.No mortality was observed.Conclusions:The ratio of acute appendicitis caused by plants is minimal among all appendectomised patients, but avoidence of eating undigested fruit seeds and chewing plants well may help to prevent appendicitis.

Preparation of Microcapsules and Half Life of the Kiwi Fruit Seed Oil by Complex Coacervation

The experiment adopts complex coacervation to prepare microcapsules. Through the experimental comparison, soybean protein isolated-maltodextrin is determined as the wall material for the experimental preparation of the microcapsules of kiwi fruit seed oil. This paper researched the effects of wall material concentration, core wall ratio and other factors on complex coacervation of kiwi fruit seed oil microcapsules embedding rate, determining that the best wall material concentration is 1%, core wall ratio is 1:1, and the optimum pH ratio is 3.0, temperature is 40°C, and the optimum curing time is 6 hours. The experiment carried out half life research on the microcapsules prepared by the complex coacervation of kiwi fruit seed oil microcapsule. By calculation: the degradation rate constant of kiwi fruit seed oil microcapsules prepared by complex coacervation is 2.793. According to the regression equation it can calculate the half life of kiwi fruit seed oil microcapsules is 18.58 months, about a year and a half.

Studies of the Variability of Primary Metabolites in the Epicarp, Mesocarp and Seed of Dacryodes edulis Fruit at Taste Maturity

The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.

Significance of Fruit and Seed Coat Morphology in Taxonomy and Identification for Some Species of Brassicaceae

Fruit, seed morphology and seed coat sculpturing were recorded for 10 species belongs to 9 genera and five tribes of Brassicaceae in eastern region of Saudi Arabia by using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four seed patterns were recognized based on surface sculpturing pattern;Reticulate, with four subtypes, undulate, verrucate and ocellate. The results of numerical analysis showed that species were grouped into two major clusters and each cluster divided into two groups. The cluster analysis indicates that the characters of fruit and seed are very important characters for identification and taxonomical classification of the tribes. The results indicate that the most tribes of Brassicaceae are polyphyletic, and some are related to each other’s as Lepidieae, Alyssieae and Sisymbrieae.

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and fruit extract attenuate hyperglycemia in diabetic rats

To evaluate the potential of both jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed and fruit extracts against hyperglycemia.MethodsMale Sprague Dawley rats were used to evaluate hypoglycemic potential of jamun extracts. Purposely, jamun fruit and seed’s ethanolic extracts based diets were provided to normal and high sucrose diet induced hyperglycemic/diabetic rats for sixty days. The serum glucose and insulin levels were monitored at monthly intervals to evaluate hypoglycemic effect of jamun extracts.ResultsThe results of instant research depicted that both seed and fruit extracts reduce the blood glucose level significantly and also regulate the insulin levels in hyperglycemic rats. It was noted that jamun fruit extract attenuated serum glucose levels to 5.35% and 12.29% in normal and hyperglycemic rats, respectively; while insulin levels were improved by 2.82% and 6.19%, correspondingly. Whereas, jamun seed extract reduced glucose to 7.04% & 14.36% and showed 3.56% & 7.24% higher insulin levels in normal & hyperglycemic rats, respectively.ConclusionsThe present research revealed that both jamun fruit and seeds have potent prophylactic role against hyperglycemia. In this respect, diet based regimen may be tailored using jamun fruit/seed and their extracts to alleviate hyperglycemia.

Fleshy Fruits Eating Birds and Their Role in the Seed Dispersal of Plants in of Plants in Maoer Mountain,NE China

There are 16 species of fleshy-fruit eating birds in Autumn in Maoer Mt. NE Chiria, According to their feeding strategies. we can divide them into 3 grous: 1. Pulp-cating birds. they get nutrition from pulp. so. thcir seeds are defe-cated completely. These birds have a great effect on secd dispcrsa1. 2. Sced-eating birds- they .btai. nutrition from the seedbut pulp. Seeds are digested totally. They, don’t disperse seeds at all. 3. Whole-fruit-eating birds, both seed and pulp are di-gested when passing through gut. They don’t have any effect on seed dispersal either.

不同密度单粒精播对花生开花动态及结实特性的影响

为探讨不同密度单粒精播对花生开花动态及结实特性的影响,以普通大花生品种花育25为材料,在行距相同的条件下设置4个处理,包括单粒播分别为株距9 cm、12 cm和15 cm,折合播种密度分别为27.8万株·hm^(-2)(S9)、20.8万株·hm^(-2)(S12)和16.7万株hm-2(S15)3个处理,和双粒播27.8万株·hm^(-2)(D18,穴距18 cm)1个处理,研究不同密度单粒精播对花生开花习性、果针形成、荚果发育动态、结实范围及产量的影响。结果表明,与双粒播相比,不同密度单粒播均可不同程度地促进花生早开花、多开花,增加有效果针数,促进荚果发育,低密度条件下,效果最为显著;从群体指标看,20.8万株·hm^(-2)的单粒精播模式下,花生开花数、有效果针数、结果数最多,荚果体积最大,荚果饱满度高,产量水平最高。不同密度单粒精播改变了花生的结实范围和荚果空间分布,密度降低,结实范围增加,但不同处理荚果干重(95%以上)仍主要分布在半径6.0 cm以内的空间范围内,密度20.8万株·hm^(-2)(株距12.0 cm)的单粒精播条件下,结实范围与半株距接近,更有利于群体间荚果的均匀分布。

不同油茶品系果实、种子及砧木性状差异及其相关性分析

【目的】研究不同油茶品系间果实性状、种子性状及砧木性状的差异,并对果实、种子及砧木性状各指标间的相关关系进行分析,为油茶优良砧木的选育研究提供理论依据。【方法】测定不同油茶品系果实性状、种子性状及砧木性状18项指标,通过单因素方差分析研究不同油茶品系间的果实、种子及砧木性状的差异,筛选出综合表现较好的油茶品系;运用相关分析得出18项指标间的相关关系,选出与砧木性状相关性较强的指标。【结果】不同油茶品系间单果质量、果实纵径、果实横径、果实纵横比、果皮厚、果实籽数及籽质量均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系单果质量为15.71~35.99 g,果实纵径为29.81~40.17 mm,果实横径为29.06~39.99mm,果形指数为0.85~1.28,果皮厚为1.85~4.19mm,果实籽数为2.20~9.67粒。不同油茶品系间单种质量、种纵径、种横径、种侧径、纵横比、横侧比、纵侧比均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系单种质量为1.07~4.26 g,种子纵径为16.98~27.40 mm,种子横径为13.17~23.12 mm,种侧径为9.00~16.93 mm。不同油茶品系间上胚轴长、下胚轴长、上胚轴粗、下胚轴粗均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系上胚轴长为5.38~9.08 cm,上胚轴粗为1.72~2.97 mm,下胚轴长为14.35~23.97 cm,下胚轴粗为1.80~3.14 mm。砧木性状中上胚轴长与果实横径、单种质量、种侧径及果实纵径的相关性较大,下胚轴长与种纵径、种侧径、果实纵径及果实籽数的相关性较大,上胚轴粗与单果质量、果实纵径、单种质量、种纵径、种横径、种侧径均呈极显著正相关,下胚轴粗与果实纵横比、果实纵径呈显著正相关。【结论】综合果实、种子及砧木性状各指标筛选出适合作优良砧木的油茶品系为赣无2、赣石83-4、长林53号、GLS赣州油1号。砧木性状中4个指标均与果实纵径呈极显著、显著正相关或相关性较大,故可从以上4个适合作优良砧木的油茶品系中选择果实纵径相对较大的果实进行砧木培育。

不同种源地红花绿绒蒿果实及种子性状分析

【目的】探究种源地对红花绿绒蒿果实及种子性状的影响。【方法】测量不同种源地红花绿绒蒿果实大小、种子大小及千粒重,测定不同种源地红花绿绒蒿根际土成分含量,进行果实及种子性状与环境因子的相关性分析。【结果】果实长与土壤pH呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤碱解氮呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);种子长与经度呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与年均降水量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);种子千粒重与经度呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。【结论】土壤因子显著影响红花绿绒蒿果实性状,气候因子显著影响红花绿绒蒿种子性状。

长白山阔叶红松林传播前种子昆虫捕食的研究

昆虫捕食种子是种子死亡的一个主要原因,会影响植物种群更新和群落物种组成。传播前种子昆虫捕食的研究较为稀少,且大多为针对个别优势种的短期研究,限制了对于群落水平上传播前种子捕食的理解。本研究分析长白山阔叶红松林25 hm~2样地中2020—2021年的种子雨,研究种子昆虫捕食率及其影响因素。所分析的5种乔木种子均遭到昆虫捕食,昆虫捕食率在物种和采集批次间差异较大(0~33.33%),年均昆虫捕食率为8.76%~14.39%。肉质果种子的昆虫捕食率显著低于干果(df=1,χ~2=20.76,P<0.001),种子产量的年际变异系数与昆虫捕食率呈显著负相关(df=1,χ~2=13.01,P<0.001),重量越轻的种子的昆虫捕食率越高(df=1,χ~2=10.54,P=0.001)。本研究表明,传播前种子昆虫捕食在长白山阔叶红松林群落中普遍存在,并且揭示了影响因素、讨论了潜在的影响机制。本研究有助于增进对于传播前种子昆虫捕食及其生态和演化意义的理解。

A Review of Main Factors Involved in the Maturation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Fruit Bunches

The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a diploid perennial plant of the Arecaceae family. It is the most important plant cultivated for oil production. To ensure this production, certain optimal conditions are required: temperature, sunshine, rainfall, etc. The oil palm ensures its survival through the fruits borne on bunches located at the axis of the 17th to 20th leaves from the central stem. From pollination to the maturity of a bunch it takes about 4.5 to 6 months. Several events occur during this period: seed enlargement, weight increase, colour change, etc., but also important physiological changes: synthesis of some pigments (anthocyanin), increase in oil content correlated with the decrease in water content, etc. All of these constitute factors that can provide a better understanding of the biology of the seed. The aim of this work was to review some of the important parameters involved in the development and maturation of oil palm fruit bunches. These factors are classified into physiological, biochemical as well as environmental. The physiological parameters are color, appearance of embryo, seed weight and fruit detachment from bunches;Biochemical parameters include water content, oil content, carbohydrate, protein, mineral contents and lipase activity while temperature is the main environmental factor that affects fruit maturation. Thorough research has not yet been done at the different stages of maturation and ripening, thus a deep look into this may open up new avenues for research on early germinated oil palm seed production prior to seed dormancy.

Effect of Different Raw Material Processing Methods on the Quality of Apple Distilled Spirits

In this study,the effect of yeast strains(X16 and RMS2),fruit seed,and pectinase on the quality of apple distilled spirits were investigated with apple as material.The results showed that pectinase shortened the fermentation period.The strain X16,fruit seed remaining,and pectinase addition groups had higher yields of crude distilled spirits than the strain RMS2,fruit seed removal,and without pectinase groups,respectively.Regarding the first-grade distilled spirits quality,the X16 group had higher content of total acids,total esters,higher alcohols,and alcohol content than the RMS2 group;the group with fruit seeds had higher total acids but lower alcohol content and total esters than the group with fruit seed removal;the group with pectinase addition had higher total acids and alcohol content than the group without pectinase addition.Regarding the second-grade distilled spirits quality,the X16 group had higher total acids,total esters,and alcohol content than the RMS2 group;the group without fruit seeds had higher alcohol content than the group with fruit seeds;the group with pectinase addition showcased higher total acids but lower alcohol content than the group without pectinase addition.In summary,yeast strains and pectinase affected the quality of apple distilled spirits,and strain X16 was more suitable for brewing apple distilled spirits.Pectinase affected the quality of apple distilled spirits by affecting fermentation rate and temperature.

β-乳球蛋白-多酚纳米颗粒稳定的百香果籽油Pickering乳液及其性质

本研究以β-乳球蛋白负载3种多酚(阿魏酸、槲皮素、香草酸)制备的β-乳球蛋白三配体复合物纳米颗粒(β-lactoglobulin triple ligand complex nanoparticles,β-LGCNPs)作为乳化剂,采用超声波破碎法制备百香果籽油Pickering乳液,考察Pickering乳液在不同粒子质量分数和油相比例条件下的粒径、稳定性、微观结构、抗氧化性、消化性、流变特性及脂质氧化产物。结果表明,百香果籽油Pickering乳液是由β-LGCNPs吸附在油水界面稳定的水包油型(O/W)乳液,其粒径与颗粒含量呈正比,与油相比例呈反比,当颗粒质量分数为1.5%、油相比例为30%(体积分数)时,乳液平均粒径达到(5.78±0.10)μm。在不同离子强度和pH值条件下乳液稳定性好,展现出比百香果籽油更强的抗氧化性,且自由基的清除作用与颗粒含量呈剂量依赖关系。肠道消化2 h后,乳液中游离脂肪酸释放率达到(65.17±1.52)%,较百香果籽油提高了26.65%。流变学分析展现剪切变稀现象,表明该乳液属于非牛顿流体,随着剪切频率的提高,弹性模量和黏性模量都增大。在15 d储藏期内,Pickering乳液中脂质氧化产物(氢过氧化物和丙二醛)的生成量和脂质氧化速率降低。综上所述,由β-LGCNPs稳定的Pickering乳液改善了百香果籽油的稳定性、抗氧化活性、消化性及脂质氧化,有利于拓宽百香果籽油在食品领域的应用。

蔷薇科果树种子休眠特性及化学处理方法的研究进展

蔷薇科果树种子具有特有的休眠特性,种子在常规条件下萌发较困难,为通过杂交选育优良品种带来了很大局限性。本文较系统地综述了蔷薇科果树种子的结构特点、生理休眠和种皮因素限制种子萌发的特性,并重点阐述了利用化学药剂处理提高不同亚科种子萌发率的研究进展,旨在揭示其在种子萌发处理技术探究方面的共性和差异,为今后蔷薇科种子高效萌发技术研发提供线索依据。

5个地域野生大百合种实表型多样性研究

大百合为东亚特有植物,兼具观赏与药用价值,极具开发利用潜力。本研究对四川、湖北、湖南、陕西、云南等5个地域28个分布点的野生大百合进行了调查,并对其表型多样性进行了研究。结果显示,大百合的果实和种子相关表型性状具有多样性,种子百粒重具有较高的变异系数,大于30%;单株果实数量和单果种子数量等性状的变异系数均大于20%,种子各表型性状相对变异最小,说明种子的遗传变异相对稳定,受环境影响较小。

香榧种实充实期叶面施肥对种实品质的影响

【目的】以香榧Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’种实充实期补肥作为切入点,研究香榧种实的外观性状、营养品质、元素质量分数、花芽分化、膨大坐果等,以期为补充树体营养及提高种实品质提供理论依据。【方法】在6—8月香榧种实充实期,施用清水作为对照,并喷施7种商品叶面肥进行处理(氨基酸水溶肥、黄腐酸水溶肥、活力钾水溶肥、高力钙水溶肥、液体硼水溶肥、微量元素水溶肥、大量元素水溶肥),测定香榧种实外形、含油率及脂肪酸组分、粗蛋白质量分数、淀粉质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数、成花强度等指标,分析施肥对香榧种实品质的影响。【结果】喷施氨基酸水溶肥和大量元素水溶肥能显著(P<0.05)增加香榧种实的核形指数、单核质量、出核率、仁型指数、单仁质量,显著(P<0.05)降低淀粉质量分数,明显提高油脂质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数及成花强度,其中氨基酸水溶肥处理的香榧种实单核质量较对照提高9.8%,淀粉质量分数较对照减少1.9%;大量元素水溶肥处理的香榧种实单仁质量、油脂质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数较对照分别增加9.5%、11.9%、15.9%。同时,喷施氨基酸水溶肥对香榧种实金松酸相对含量起到显著(P<0.05)的促进作用,较对照增加15.9%;喷施大量元素水溶肥香榧种实不饱和脂肪酸相对含量较对照显著(P<0.05)增加4.2%。此外,高力钙水溶肥对香榧种实出仁率、成花强度和坐果率具有促进作用,较对照分别提高3.3%、17.1%和10.9%;活力钾水溶肥较对照显著(P<0.05)提高香榧种实蛋白质质量分数13.6%。通过主成分分析发现:氨基酸水溶肥处理的香榧种实品质综合评分最高。【结论】喷施不同叶面肥对香榧种实品质的作用存在差异,氨基酸水溶肥处理的效果最佳,高力钙水溶肥、大量元素水溶肥次之。

Seed Germination and Storage of Woody Species in the Lower Subtropical Forest

The dimension, water content and germination of the seeds from 90 woody species in the lower subtropical forest were analyzed in this study. Out of 90 species, germination analysis was performed in 45 species (in which there were enough germinating individuals), and the effect of storage of seed and fruit on germination of seed was studied in 41 species (in which there were enough seeds and germinating individuals). Most of the species began to germinate within 60 d. Hypogeal species had longer dormancy than epigeal species. Dormancy of fleshy seeds and seeds in pulpy fruit was also longer than that of dry seeds. There were no significant differences in length of dormancy (LD, days from sowing to germination) between fleshy seeds ripening in summer and those ripening in winter and spring, and between big seeds and small seeds. Seeds in pulpy fruit or fleshy seeds had more germination than the dry seeds ( P <0.05), however, percentage germination was not significantly correlated with water content of fresh seeds. Water loss in the seeds could obviously affect percentage germination, especially during the early three days when the seeds were laid open in air in the laboratory. When water content of the seeds decreased to about 20% (fresh weight basis), percentage germination became very low, this happened when the seeds were laid open in air for 10-14 d. Percentage germination decreased with the length of storing in refrigerator ((4±1) ℃), but it was not markedly affected for one month's storage, with a decrease by 8.3% in comparison with the fresh seeds, and it was greatly affected by storing for more than three months, with values decreasing by 37%, 63%, and 81% for three months', six months' and 12 months' storage respectively. Difference in percentage germination as well as in LD was not significant for most lots after different storing periods between big seeds and small seeds, between fruit storage and seed storage, and between seeds in pulpy fruits or fleshy seeds and dry seeds.

不同种源掌叶木种实性状及发芽能力差异

【目的】为了解不同种源地掌叶木种实性状及发芽能力的差异,挖掘掌叶木野生优质种质资源,为掌叶木优良种源选择提供科学依据。【方法】以广西田林、乐业、凤山、环江及贵州独山5个种源地掌叶木果实/种子为试材,测量形态大小、含水量、千粒重和发芽率等17项种实性状及种子发芽指标,采用相关分析和聚类分析揭示种实性状、发芽能力与种源地理、气候因子的关系并进行综合评价。【结果】5个种源间各种实性状及发芽能力差异极显著(P<0.01,下同),其中乐业种源种形系数最大(1.44),凤山的种子含水量最高(43.90%)。17项测定性状变异系数范围为5.02%~103.72%,其中发芽势变异系数最大,平均发芽速度变异系数最小。相关分析结果显示,发芽率与种形系数、种子含水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05,下同),发芽指数与种子含水量呈极显著正相关,表明种形系数越大,种子越狭长、种子含水量越高,发芽能力越强;种实性状和发芽能力与经纬度均无显著相关性(P>0.05),与海拔和年均降水量分别呈正、负相关。主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分累计方差贡献率达87.110%。聚类分析得出,种子长度和直径较长、发芽率较低的田林、环江、乐业和独山归为一个类群,种子长度和直径较短、发芽率较高的凤山单独为一类群。供试种源中,乐业种源综合得分最高,田林次之。【结论】掌叶木种实的表型性状和发芽能力种源差异明显,各性状间具有一定相关性。种实性状与发芽能力受海拔、年降水的协同选择作用,具有随机变异的特点,综合评价表明,乐业种源在种实性状和发芽能力表现最优,可作为潜在的优良种源进行培育。