FtsH proteases are membrane-embedded proteolytic complexes important for protein quality control and regulation of various physiological processes in bacteria,mitochondria,and chloroplasts.Like most cyanobacteria,the ...FtsH proteases are membrane-embedded proteolytic complexes important for protein quality control and regulation of various physiological processes in bacteria,mitochondria,and chloroplasts.Like most cyanobacteria,the model species Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803 contains four FtsH homologs,FtsH1–FtsH4.FtsH1–FtsH3 form two hetero-oligomeric complexes,FtsH1/3 and FtsH2/3,which play a pivotal role in acclimation to nutrient deficiency and photosystem Ⅱ quality control,respectively.FtsH4 differs from the other three homologs by the formation of a homo-oligomeric complex,and together with Arabidopsis thaliana AtFtsH7/9 orthologs,it has been assigned to another phylogenetic group of unknown function.Our results exclude the possibility that Synechocystis FtsH4 structurally or functionally substitutes for the missing or non-functional FtsH2 subunit in the FtsH2/3 complex.Instead,we demonstrate that FtsH4 is involved in the biogenesis of photosystem Ⅱ by dual regulation of high light-inducible proteins(Hlips).FtsH4 positively regulates expression of Hlips shortly after high light exposure but is also responsible for Hlip removal under conditions when their elevated levels are no longer needed.We provide experimental support for Hlips as proteolytic substrates of FtsH4.Fluorescent labeling of FtsH4 enabled us to assess its localization using advanced microscopic techniques.Results show that FtsH4 complexes are concentrated in well-defined membrane regions at the inner and outer periphery of the thylakoid system.Based on the identification of proteins that co-purified with the tagged FtsH4,we speculate that FtsH4 concentrates in special compartments in which the biogenesis of photosynthetic complexes takes place.展开更多
Reactive oxygen species and auxin play important roles in the networks that regulate plant development and morphogenetic changes, However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between them are poorly u...Reactive oxygen species and auxin play important roles in the networks that regulate plant development and morphogenetic changes, However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between them are poorly understood. This study isolated a mas （More Axillary Shoots） mutant, which was identified as an allele of the mitochondrial AAA-protease AtFtSH4, and characterized the function of the FtSH4 gene in regulating plant development by medi- ating the peroxidase-dependent interplay between hydrogen peroxide （H2Oz） and auxin homeostasis. The phenotypes of dwarfism and increased axillary branches observed in the mas （renamed as ftsh4-4） mutant result from a decrease in the IAA concentration. The expression levels of several auxin signaling genes, including IAA1, IAA2, and IAA3, as well as several auxin binding and transport genes, decreased significantly in ftsh4-4 plants. However, the H202 and peroxidases levels, which also have IAA oxidase activity, were significantly elevated in ftsh4-4 plants. The ftsh4-4 phenotypes could be reversed by expressing the iaaM gene or by knocking down the peroxidase genes PRX34 and PRX33. Both approaches can increase auxin levels in the ftsh4-4 mutant. Taken together, these results provided direct molecular and genetic evidence for the interaction between mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease, H2O2, and auxin homeostasis to regulate plant growth and development.展开更多
基金supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic(19-08900Y to V.K.,22-03092S to A.W.)support from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(UK)(BB/M012166/1)+1 种基金financial support from the European Research Council,Synergy award 854126.C.N.Hsupported by award BB/M000265/1 fromthe Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(BBSRC UK).
文摘FtsH proteases are membrane-embedded proteolytic complexes important for protein quality control and regulation of various physiological processes in bacteria,mitochondria,and chloroplasts.Like most cyanobacteria,the model species Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803 contains four FtsH homologs,FtsH1–FtsH4.FtsH1–FtsH3 form two hetero-oligomeric complexes,FtsH1/3 and FtsH2/3,which play a pivotal role in acclimation to nutrient deficiency and photosystem Ⅱ quality control,respectively.FtsH4 differs from the other three homologs by the formation of a homo-oligomeric complex,and together with Arabidopsis thaliana AtFtsH7/9 orthologs,it has been assigned to another phylogenetic group of unknown function.Our results exclude the possibility that Synechocystis FtsH4 structurally or functionally substitutes for the missing or non-functional FtsH2 subunit in the FtsH2/3 complex.Instead,we demonstrate that FtsH4 is involved in the biogenesis of photosystem Ⅱ by dual regulation of high light-inducible proteins(Hlips).FtsH4 positively regulates expression of Hlips shortly after high light exposure but is also responsible for Hlip removal under conditions when their elevated levels are no longer needed.We provide experimental support for Hlips as proteolytic substrates of FtsH4.Fluorescent labeling of FtsH4 enabled us to assess its localization using advanced microscopic techniques.Results show that FtsH4 complexes are concentrated in well-defined membrane regions at the inner and outer periphery of the thylakoid system.Based on the identification of proteins that co-purified with the tagged FtsH4,we speculate that FtsH4 concentrates in special compartments in which the biogenesis of photosynthetic complexes takes place.
文摘Reactive oxygen species and auxin play important roles in the networks that regulate plant development and morphogenetic changes, However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between them are poorly understood. This study isolated a mas （More Axillary Shoots） mutant, which was identified as an allele of the mitochondrial AAA-protease AtFtSH4, and characterized the function of the FtSH4 gene in regulating plant development by medi- ating the peroxidase-dependent interplay between hydrogen peroxide （H2Oz） and auxin homeostasis. The phenotypes of dwarfism and increased axillary branches observed in the mas （renamed as ftsh4-4） mutant result from a decrease in the IAA concentration. The expression levels of several auxin signaling genes, including IAA1, IAA2, and IAA3, as well as several auxin binding and transport genes, decreased significantly in ftsh4-4 plants. However, the H202 and peroxidases levels, which also have IAA oxidase activity, were significantly elevated in ftsh4-4 plants. The ftsh4-4 phenotypes could be reversed by expressing the iaaM gene or by knocking down the peroxidase genes PRX34 and PRX33. Both approaches can increase auxin levels in the ftsh4-4 mutant. Taken together, these results provided direct molecular and genetic evidence for the interaction between mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease, H2O2, and auxin homeostasis to regulate plant growth and development.
