Effect of bipolar-plates design on corrosion,mass and heat transfer in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers:A review

Attaining a decarbonized and sustainable energy system,which is the core solution to global energy issues,is accessible through the development of hydrogen energy.Proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers(PEMWEs)are promising devices for hydrogen production,given their high efficiency,rapid responsiveness,and compactness.Bipolar plates account for a relatively high percentage of the total cost and weight compared with other components of PEMWEs.Thus,optimization of their design may accelerate the promotion of PEMWEs.This paper reviews the advances in materials and flow-field design for bipolar plates.First,the working conditions of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)and PEMWEs are compared,including reaction direction,operating temperature,pressure,input/output,and potential.Then,the current research status of bipolar-plate substrates and surface coatings is summarized,and some typical channel-rib flow fields and porous flow fields are presented.Furthermore,the effects of materials on mass and heat transfer and the possibility of reducing corrosion by improving the flow field structure are explored.Finally,this review discusses the potential directions of the development of bipolar-plate design,including material fabrication,flow-field geometry optimization using threedimensional printing,and surface-coating composition optimization based on computational materials science.

Effects of baffle position in serpentine flow channel on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

This study used a three-dimensional numerical model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with five types of channels:a smooth channel(Case 1);eight rectangular baffles were arranged in the upstream(Case 2),midstream(Case 3),downstream(Case 4),and the entire cathode flow channel(Case 5)to study the effects of baffle position on mass transport,power density,net power,etc.Moreover,the effects of back pressure and humidity on the voltage were investigated.Results showed that compared to smooth channels,the oxygen and water transport facilitation at the diffusion layer-channel interface were added 11.53%-20.60%and 7.81%-9.80%at 1.68 A·cm^(-2)by adding baffles.The closer the baffles were to upstream,the higher the total oxygen flux,but the lower the flux uniformity the worse the water removal.The oxygen flux of upstream baffles was 8.14%higher than that of downstream baffles,but oxygen flux uniformity decreased by 18.96%at 1.68 A·cm^(-2).The order of water removal and voltage improvement was Case 4>Case 5>Case 3>Case 2>Case 1.Net power of Case 4 was 9.87%higher than that of the smooth channel.To the Case 4,when the cell worked under low back pressure or high humidity,the voltage increments were higher.The potential increment for the back pressure of 0 atm was 0.9%higher than that of 2 atm(1 atm=101.325 kPa).The potential increment for the humidity of 100%was 7.89%higher than that of 50%.

Adaptive inverse control of air supply flow for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems

To prevent the oxygen starvation and improve the system output performance, an adaptive inverse control （AIC） strategy is developed to regulate the air supply flow of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell （PEMFC） system in this paper. The PEMFC stack and the air supply system including a compressor and a supply manifold are modeled for the purpose of performance analysis and controller design. A recurrent fuzzy neural network （RFNN） is utilized to identify the inverse model of the controlled system and generates a suitable control input during the abrupt step change of external disturbances. Compared with the PI controller, numerical simulations are performed to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed AIC strategy.

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Boiler Convective Heating Surface Under Pressurized Oxygen-fuel Combustion Conditions

增压富氧燃烧是一项极具前景的减排CO2新技术。对增压富氧燃烧条件下,对流受热面换热特性进行研究具有重要的意义。该文以一台实际300MW等级机组煤粉锅炉为计算对象,采用维里方程及Chun等的计算方法计算确定增压富氧燃烧烟气物性,采用宽带关联k模型计算富氧燃烧烟气辐射特性。进行了常规空气燃烧以及φ（O2）：φ（CO2）=21：79、φ（O2）：φ（CO2）=30：70两种比例的0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5、6 MPa五种压力下增压富氧燃烧各对流受热面的热力计算,分析了增压富氧燃烧条件烟气压力变化对各受热面换热特性的影响。研究结果表明：随烟气压力的升高,烟气流速下降,但烟气的Re却基本保持不变,对流换热系数有所增加。增压富氧燃烧烟气的辐射换热系数比空气燃烧烟气辐射换热系数大。实现同样的换热量,增压富氧燃烧条件下（φ（O2）：φ（CO2）=21：79、φ（O2）：φ（CO2）=30：70）对流受热面所需换热面积比常规空气燃烧条件下少。

Price Analysis of Water Supply for South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The factors influencing the water supply price of a hydraulic project include natural conditions and economic policies. This paper thoroughly demonstrates the water price of South-to-North Water Transfer Project from the viewpoint of economic policies. It is considered that if the project is assigned as a profitable one and built depending on commercial loan from bank completely or mostly, the water price will be too high to be undertaken by users,and if the project places the public good at first while considering the economic benefit, its investment mainly relies on the state (national or local governments) appropriation and self-raised funds and a little from the bank loan on favorable terms, the price determined according to the principle of satisfying the cost and reasonable profit will be relatively lower and can be undertaken by the users in the North China where water shortage is serious. The problem of higher water price of agricultural irrigation to the north of the Yellow River can be tackled by taking measures such as "compensating agriculture by industry" according to foreign practical experiences and relevant suggestions.

Impact of Separator Thickness on Temperature Distribution in Single Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Based on 1D Heat Transfer

It is known from the New Energy and Industry Technology Development Organization (NEDO) roam map Japan, 2017 that the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) power generation system is required to operate at 100°C for application of mobility usage from 2020 to 2025. This study aims to clarify the effect of separator thickness on the distribution of the temperature of reaction surface (Treact) at the initial temperature of cell (Tini) with flow rate, relative humidity (RH) of supply gases as well as RH of air surrounding cell of PEFC. The distribution of Treact is estimated by means of the heat transfer model considering the H2O vapor transfer proposed by the authors. The relationship between the standard deviation of Treact-Tini and total voltage obtained in the experiment is also investigated. We can know the effect of the flow rate of supply gas as well as RH of air surrounding cell of PEFC on the distribution of Treact-Tini is not significant. It is observed the wider distribution of Treact-Tini provides the reduction in power generation performance irrespective of separator thickness. In the case of separator thickness of 1.0 mm, the standard deviation of Treact-Tini has smaller distribution range and the total voltage shows a larger variation compared to the other cases.

Promoting and controlling electron transfer of furfural oxidation efficiently harvest electricity,furoic acid,hydrogen gas and hydrogen peroxide

Conventional chemical oxidation of aldehydes such as furfural to corresponding acids by molecular oxygen usually needs high pressure to increase the solubility of oxygen in aqueous phase,while electrochemical oxidation needs input of external electric energy.Herein,we developed a liquid flow fuel cell(LFFC)system to achieve oxidation of furfural in anode for furoic acid production with co-production of hydrogen gas.By controlling the electron transfer in cathode for reduction of oxygen,efficient generation of electricity or production of H_(2)O_(2)were achieved.Metal oxides especially Ag_(2)O have been screened as the efficient catalyst to promote the oxidation of aldehydes,while liquid redox couples were used for promoting the kinetics of oxygen reduction.A novel alkaline-acidic asymmetric design was also used for anolyte and catholyte,respectively,to promote the efficiency of electron transfer.Such an LFFC system achieves efficient conversion of chemical energy of aldehyde oxidation to electric energy and makes full use the transferred electrons for high-value added products without input of external energy.With(VO_(2))_(2)SO_(4)as the electron carrier in catholyte for four-electron reduction of oxygen,the peak output power density(Pmax)at room temperature reached 261 mW/cm^(2)with furoic acid and H_(2)yields of 90%and 0.10 mol/mol furfural,respectively.With anthraquinone-2-sulfonate(AQS)as the cathodic electron carrier,Pmaxof 60 mW/cm^(2)and furoic acid,H_(2)and H_(2)O_(2)yields of 0.88,0.15 and 0.41 mol/mol furfural were achieved,respectively.A new reaction mechanism on furfural oxidation on Ag_(2)O anode was proposed,referring to one-electron and two-electron reaction pathways depending on the fate of adsorbed hydrogen atom transferred from furfural aldehyde group.

营商环境、产业转移与区域协调发展

营商环境已成为推进产业转移和区域协调发展的关键变量。高度重视优化中西部地区营商环境、鼓励东部地区产业向中西部迁移而不是向海外转移,对推动比较优势在东部和中西部之间的转化、促进产业转型升级和区域协调发展,具有积极的实践价值。现阶段,全球产供链重组要求着力提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平,这就需要通过提升中西部地区的竞争优势,让一些产业循环留在国内,增强中国在全球产供链体系中的自主可控能力。同时,全国统一大市场建设要求中央做好区域协调的战略准备,将过去地方政府依靠创造优惠政策洼地参与区域竞争,转变为创造更好更优的营商环境、建设高标准市场体系。为此,需要加快推进实施市场取向的竞争政策;需要让中国的产业政策转型为中央主导型,促进地方产业政策转向鼓励公平竞争和效率竞争;需要通过再造市场规则、融资环境、政府服务环境、司法环境、公共服务平台等,多管齐下改善中西部地区营商环境。

集中式馈线自动化配电网供电可靠性评估

计及集中式馈线自动化的配电网可靠性评估尚存在较多研究空白,且多数研究仅计及故障停电的影响,在考虑预安排检修容量约束的情况下,计及负荷转供影响,结合馈线自动化的类型及运行逻辑,依据馈线自动化相关技术指标,对恢复供电过程中出现的负荷点进行详细分类,推导出不同类型负荷期望恢复供电时间和配电网供电可靠性指标计算公式。结合算例进行分析可知,不同终端配置下馈线系统平均停电持续时间SAIDI可减少0.95~1.08 h/(用户·a),说明了优化终端配置可有效提高配电网供电可靠性,证明了所提评估方法的准确性和实用性,并比较了不同终端配置对可靠性的影响。

螺旋金属燃料多物理耦合分析方法与概念设计研究

螺旋金属燃料具有导热系数高、导热路径短、强制旋流交混的特点,可实现更高的堆芯功率密度,进而减小堆芯体积,提高反应堆的安全性和经济性。本文介绍了上海交通大学反应堆热工水力实验室建立的螺旋金属燃料热工水力、中子物理、力学特性分析方法及多物理耦合分析框架。在热工水力方面,基于自研仪器实现了交混及沸腾临界行为精细化测量,建立了三维及精细化子通道分析方法;在中子物理方面,建立了适用于特殊能谱、复杂几何的截面及稳瞬态中子物理特性的分析方法;在力学方面,基于分子动力学方法建立了U-Zr合金燃料基础热物性模型,并开展了辐照条件下螺旋棒宏观力学特性研究。基于热工-物理-力学多物理分析和优化,提出了螺旋金属燃料组件及堆芯设计,具有无硼化、堆芯功率密度高、体积小、换料周期长的特点。

PEMFC空气系统流量和压力协同控制策略设计

为提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)空气系统的动态响应性能,避免局部缺气而导致其输出性能降低等问题的出现,针对空气系统存在流量和压力耦合的问题,分别采用PID、前馈解耦控制和模型预测控制(MPC)对空气系统进行控制,通过仿真和台架测试,验证控制算法的有效性。结果表明,两种控制算法相比较PID均具有较好的控制效果,空气流量和空气压力均能快速跟随设定值,PEMFC发动机的输出性能平稳。

燃料电池氢气流量控制系统变负载匹配设计与仿真

针对车载质子交换膜燃料电池供氢系统负载工况多变时的氢气流量控制问题,提出一种基于比例减压阀与流量控制阀的氢气流量负载匹配控制系统架构与方法。建立了从高压储氢瓶至燃料电池堆的供氢系统整体模型,基于该模型设计了比例减压阀、流量控制阀与氢气循环泵的控制策略,并就某一型号电堆的变负载工况对系统模型与控制策略进行仿真验证。结果表明:电堆阳极压力可快速跟踪给定压力,响应时间约2~3s;氢气流量可适应负载变化需求,其瞬时超调量与压力响应速度成正相关;稳态时氢气利用率维持在95%以上,供氢过量比维持在1.27以上,供气氮含量维持在5%以下,满足电堆性能需求。

计及热负荷柔性的户用氢能系统运行优化研究

针对风电/光伏出力的随机性和间歇性给户用氢能系统热电联供可靠性带来的挑战,提出基于热负荷柔性松弛运行约束的户用氢能系统热电联供优化策略。首先,搭建包含不同模块的户用氢能系统基础架构,并详细说明该系统的运行原理;其次,建立系统中关键环节的数学模型,确定电解槽平均氢/热比和燃料电池在不同温度下电/热比的范围;然后,为了兼顾用户的舒适度和热负荷的灵活性,根据热感觉平均标度预测指标对户用氢能系统的热负荷需求进行调整;最后,综合考虑储氢罐的容量限制、氢能设备的电/热功率和用户侧柔性热能需求等约束条件,以总投资成本最少和新能源弃电率最低为目标,建立户用氢能系统优化运行模型。仿真结果表明:引入柔性热负荷进行运行调节时,不仅增强了可再生能源的消纳能力,还显著降低了系统的运行成本。

强制通风空浴式翅片管送风方式优化

基于FLUENT模拟研究底送顶排、顶送底排、侧送顶排、侧送底排4种送风方式对液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)空浴式翅片管气化性能的影响,采用Lee模型研究管内LNG的相变气化过程,结合管内流体温度变化分析单根翅片管气化性能受送风方式和送风速度的影响。结果表明:侧送风时翅片管周围出现低风速边界层,背风侧易形成低换热效率的尾流区;当送风速度由2.8 m/s增大到3.8 m/s和由3.8 m/s增大到4.8 m/s时,侧送底排方式下空气侧换热系数最大值分别增长3.92 W/(m^(2)·K)和2.16 W/(m^(2)·K);直送风时边界层分布均匀,最大推荐送风速度为3.2 m/s,顶送底排方式对翅片管气化性能的提升效果优于底送顶排方式;当其他条件相同时,侧送顶排为最佳送风方式;采用侧送顶排强制通风的空浴式气化器(ambient air vaporizer,AAV)气化性能显著优于自然通风AAV。

全面认识产业转移的新特征新模式——基于开放视角下的事实与分析

当前,全球产业链正向本地化、区域化、多元化、绿色化和数字化方向加速重构与调整。在此背景下,美欧等国家和地区陆续推出一系列政策措施,加速产业转移步伐,直接影响到我国的产业链供应链安全稳定。对此,文章利用fDi Markets、UN Comtrade等多个数据库,基于开放视角从来华投资、对外直接投资与中间品贸易三个关键维度对我国产业转移的理论与现状进行深入剖析,并归纳出当前产业转移的四种典型模式,进而在“分类研判”基础上提出“精准施策”的方案。研究发现:第一,在来华投资方面,尚未表现出大规模产业转移,法国等欧洲国家对华投资率先增长,但需警惕美日韩等地区以及电子元件、半导体和汽车设备等产业链较长行业的来华外资下降趋势。第二,在对外投资方面,总体呈现出稳中有进的态势,其中对墨西哥以及共建“一带一路”国家的投资增势最为突出,对电子元件、金属制品、汽车设备等高端制造行业以及矿产资源行业的投资也表现出了持续向好的态势。第三,在中间品贸易方面,近年来我国中间品出口在全球市场中的份额显著提升,其中对越南、印度和泰国等地区的出口比重大幅提高,高技术产品的出口增势也尤为突出。在此基础上,我们进一步归纳提出当前产业转移的四种主要模式:地缘政治驱动型、生产成本驱动型、产业链布局驱动型以及国际合作驱动型。最后,根据不同产业转移模式以及当前的产业转移新特征,提出相应的对策建议,为确保我国产业链供应链韧性与安全提供有益的支撑。

电场耦合式无线电能传输技术在航天领域应用前景展望

将无线电能传输技术引入航天器的旋转供电中是推动航天器进一步发展的重要手段。而现有应用最广的磁耦合式无线电能传输技术(inductive power transfer,IPT)因成本高、重量大、存在涡流损耗等缺陷而难以在航天领域中得到大规模应用。而电场耦合式无线电能传输技术(capacitive power transfer,CPT)以其成本低、重量轻等优点,近年来受到广泛关注,在航天领域具有巨大潜力。从传统IPT技术在航天领域应用的缺陷入手,分析将CPT技术引入航天领域无线供电场景的重要性。进而介绍了CPT技术的发展历程与基本原理,并对CPT技术在轻量化、大功率、旋转型三个领域的研究现状进行综述来论证其在航天领域应用的潜力。最后总结了CPT技术在航天领域应用存在的问题并分析了解决这些问题可行的技术手段。

涡扇发动机高原起动供油调整规律研究及故障分析

以某型涡扇发动机高原起动试验为研究对象,通过建立关键事件方式建立起动调整策略分析方法,总结分析了高原起动特点及起动供油量的调整规律,并针对发动机起动过程中出现的几种典型的失速、热悬挂失败案例,分析获得了起动失败的原因。结果表明:高原冷态起动失败主要为起动机脱开后发动机失速为主;热态起动失败主要为低压转子阻力矩增大导致热悬挂为主;起动供油调整规律为起动第二阶段减小供油量,起动第三阶段增加供油量。并提出了提升高原起动成功率的建议,可为发动机高原使用提供参考。

嵌入区块链信息传递功能的绿色供应链决策

针对消费者不完全信任绿色产品及供应链高交易成本问题,基于区块链的技术效应特征构建绿色供应链博弈模型,对比分析绿色供应链未实施和实施区块链两种情形下的决策,并从不同价值目标视角探讨绿色供应链实施区块链的充分条件。研究表明,当实施区块链所产生的价值增益较高或价值增益较低但绿色产品潜在市场规模削弱因子大于一定程度时,绿色供应链才有足够的动力实施区块链。通过算例分析进一步发现,绿色产品的价格弹性系数、制造商绿色努力成本系数以及消费者绿色偏好度之间的关系将影响绿色供应链实施区块链的条件。实施区块链后,制造商和零售商均将提高销售价格。实施区块链所产生的价值增益越大,产品批发价格越高,但对产品零售价格的影响具有差异性。

基于小波分层解耦的氢燃料电池复合电源拖拉机能量管理策略

针对单一能量系统无法充分发挥其优势,无法较好满足拖拉机作业时随机载荷谱密度大的问题,设计了基于氢燃料电池、动力电池、超级电容并联的电动拖拉机复合式能量系统.基于Haar小波与逻辑门限规则的分层解耦控制能量管理策略,实现了负载需求功率的高频信号、次高频信号、稳态信号的分层解耦,并对解耦后的功率信号进行功率分配.进行了模型在环仿真测试,结果表明:与功率跟随式控制策略及模糊控制策略相比,所建立的分层解耦控制策略氢燃料电池平均效率在试验循环内分别提高了2.85%、1.21%,整车等效氢气消耗量分别降低了16.11%、6.88%.本控制策略可以在满足整车负载需求功率的基础上提高整车经济性,并使燃料电池以高效平稳的工作状态输出功率.

热管堆固态堆芯燃料辐照-热-力耦合性能分析

热管冷却反应堆(简称:热管堆)具有高可靠性和固有安全性、体积小、模块化和全固态堆芯等特点。固态堆芯燃料服役过程在高温、强辐照、固态约束多因素作用下堆芯的传热和力学性能受到严重影响,基体接触导致应力与间隙换热都随燃耗加深而发生较大非线性改变,且两者相互影响,因此基体在服役过程中的多物理场耦合的辐照-热-力行为复杂。本文基于有限元多物理场分析软件针对固态堆芯燃料开展辐照-热-力耦合分析,考虑UO2芯块与316不锈钢基体的辐照变形效应以及蠕变效应,并在固态堆芯间隙中引入间隙传热模型,探究固态堆芯寿期内间隙变化特点以及传热和力学耦合作用特性。结果显示:基体与燃料包壳的完全接触会导致芯块温度上升以及基体与包壳蠕变现象加强,燃料棒周围平均热管数量较少会导致附近区域较高的温度和应力分布,且寿期中该区域包壳因燃料棒内压和基体-包壳接触压力具有蠕变失效风险。分析结果表明间隙接触会对热管堆固态堆芯的传热和力学性能造成影响,甚至提高包壳的失效风险。