Influence of voxel size on forest canopy height estimates using full-waveform airborne LiDAR data

Background: Forest canopy height is a key forest structure parameter. Precisely estimating forest canopy height is vital to improve forest management and ecological modelling. Compared with discrete-return LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging), small-footprint full-waveform airborne LiDAR(FWL) techniques have the capability to acquire precise forest structural information. This research mainly focused on the influence of voxel size on forest canopy height estimates.Methods: A range of voxel sizes(from 10.0 m to 40.0 m interval of 2 m) were tested to obtain estimation accuracies of forest canopy height with different voxel sizes. In this study, all the waveforms within a voxel size were aggregated into a voxel-based LiDAR waveform, and a range of waveform metrics were calculated using the voxelbased LiDAR waveforms. Then, we established estimation model of forest canopy height using the voxel-based waveform metrics through Random Forest(RF) regression method.Results and conclusions: The results showed the voxel-based method could reliably estimate forest canopy height using FWL data. In addition, the voxel sizes had an important influence on the estimation accuracies(R2 ranged from 0.625 to 0.832) of forest canopy height. However, the R2 values did not monotonically increase or decrease with the increase of voxel size in this study. The best estimation accuracy produced when the voxel size was 18 m(R2= 0.832, RMSE = 2.57 m, RMSE% = 20.6%). Compared with the lowest estimation accuracy, the R2 value had a significant improvement(33.1%) when using the optimal voxel size. Finally, through the optimal voxel size, we produced the forest canopy height distribution map for this study area using RF regression model. Our findings demonstrate that the optimal voxel size need to be determined for improving estimation accuracy of forest parameter using small-footprint FWL data.

Q full-waveform inversion based on the viscoacoustic equation

Presently, most full-waveform inversion methods are developed for elastic media and ignore the effect of attenuation. The calculation of the quality factor Q is based on velocity parameter inversion under the assumption of a given Q-model that is obtained by tomographic inversion. However, the resolution of the latter is low and cannot reflect the amplitude attenuation and phase distortion during wave propagation in viscoelastic media. Thus, a Q waveform inversion method is proposed. First, we use standard linear body theory to describe attenuation and then we derive the simplified viscoacoustic equation that characterizes amplitude attenuation and phase distortion. In comparison with conventional equations, the simplifi ed equation involves no memory variables and therefore requires less memory during computation. Moreover, the implementations of the attenuation compensation are easier. The adjoint equation and the corresponding gradient equation with respect to either L2-norm or the zero-lag cross-correlation objective function are then derived and the regularization strategy for overcoming the instability during numerical solution of the adjoint equation is proposed. The Q waveform inversion is developed using the limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher– Goldfarb–Shanno (L-BFGS) iteration method for known velocity. To alleviate the dependence of the waveform inversion on the initial model and overcome cycle skipping to some extent, we adopt multiscale analysis. Furthermore, anti-noise property and double-parameter inversion are assessed based on the results of numerical modeling.

High-resolution bone microstructure imaging based on ultrasonic frequency-domain full-waveform inversion

The main challenge in bone ultrasound imaging is the large acoustic impedance contrast and sound velocity differences between the bone and surrounding soft tissue. It is difficult for conventional pulse-echo modalities to give accurate ultrasound images for irregular bone boundaries and microstructures using uniform sound velocity assumption rather than getting a prior knowledge of sound speed. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposed a frequency-domain fullwaveform inversion(FDFWI) algorithm for bone quantitative imaging utilizing ultrasonic computed tomography(USCT).The forward model was calculated in the frequency domain by solving the full-wave equation. The inverse problem was solved iteratively from low to high discrete frequency components via minimizing a cost function between the modeled and measured data. A quasi-Newton method called the limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm(L-BFGS) was utilized in the optimization process. Then, bone images were obtained based on the estimation of the velocity and density. The performance of the proposed method was verified by numerical examples, from tubular bone phantom to single distal fibula model, and finally with a distal tibia-fibula pair model. Compared with the high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography(HR-p QCT), the proposed FDFWI can also clearly and accurately presented the wavelength scaled pores and trabeculae in bone images. The results proved that the FDFWI is capable of reconstructing high-resolution ultrasound bone images with sub-millimeter resolution. The parametric bone images may have the potential for the diagnosis of bone disease.

3D variable-grid full-waveform inversion on GPU

Full-waveform inversion(FWI)is a powerful tool to reconstruct subsurface geophysical parameters with high resolution.As3 D surveys become widely implemented,corresponding 3 D processing techniques are required to solve complex geological cases,while a large amount of computation is the most challenging problem.We propose an adaptive variable-grid 3 D FWI on graphics processing unit devices to improve computational efficiency without losing accuracy.The irregular-grid discretization strategy is based on a dispersion relation,and the grid size adapts to depth,velocity,and frequency automatically.According to the transformed grid coordinates,we derive a modified acoustic wave equation and apply it to full wavefield simulation.The 3 D variable-grid modeling is conducted on several 3 D models to validate its feasibility,accuracy and efficiency.Then we apply the proposed modeling method to full-waveform inversion for source and residual wavefield propagation.It is demonstrated that the adaptive variable-grid FWI is capable of decreasing computing time and memory requirements.From the inversion results of the 3 D SEG/EAGE overthrust model,our method retains inversion accuracy when recovering both thrust and channels.

Full-waveform Velocity Inversion Based on the Acoustic Wave Equation

Full-waveform velocity inversion based on the acoustic wave equation in the time domain is investigated in this paper. The inversion is the iterative minimization of the misfit between observed data and synthetic data obtained by a numerical solution of the wave equation. Two inversion algorithms in combination with the CG method and the BFGS method are described respectively. Numerical computations for two models including the benchmark Marmousi model with complex structure are implemented. The inversion results show that the BFGS-based algorithm behaves better in inversion than the CG-based algorithm does. Moreover, the good inversion result for Marmousi model with the BFGS-based algorithm suggests the quasi-Newton methods can provide an important tool for large-scale velocity inversion. More computations demonstrate the correctness and effectives of our inversion algorithms and code.

A Photon-Counting Full-Waveform Lidar

We present the results of using a photon-eounting full-waveform lidar to obtain detailed target information with high accuracy.The parameters of the waveforms(i.e.,vertical structure,peak position,peak amplitude,peak width and backscatter cross section)are derived with a high resolution limit of 31 mm to establish the vertical structure and scattering properties of targets,which contribute to the recognition and classification of various scatterers.The photon-counting full-waveform lidar has higher resolution than linear-mode full-waveform lidar,and it can obtain more specific target information compared to photon-counting discrete-point lidar,which can provide a potential alternative technique for tomographic surveying and mapping.

Frequency-Domain Full-Waveform Inversion Based on Tunnel Space Seismic Data

Tunnel seismic detection methods are effective for obtaining the geological structure around the tunnel face,which is critical for safe construction and disaster mitigation in tunnel engineering.However,there is often a lack of accuracy in the acquired geological information and physical properties ahead of the tunnel face in the current tunnel seismic detection methods.Thus,we apply a frequency-domain acoustic full-waveform inversion(FWI)method to obtain high-resolution results for the tunnel structure.We discuss the influence of the frequency group selection strategy and the tunnel observation system settings regarding the inversion results and determine the structural imaging and physical property parameter inversion of abnormal geological bodies ahead of the tunnel face.Based on the conventional strategies of frequency-domain acoustic FWI,we propose a frequency group selection strategy that combines a low-frequency selection covering the vertical wavenumber and a high-frequency selection of antialiasing.This strategy can effectively obtain the spatial structure and physical parameters of the geology ahead of the tunnel face and improve the inversion resolution.In addition,by linearly increasing the side length of the tunnel observation system,we share the influence of the length of the two sides of the observation systems of different tunnels on the inversion results.We found out that the inversion results are the best when the side length is approximately five times the width of the tunnel face,and the influence of increasing the side observation length beyond this range on the inversion results can be ignored.Finally,based on this approach,we invert for the complex multi-stratum model,and an accurate structure and physical property parameters of the complex stratum ahead of the tunnel face are obtained,which verifies the feasibility of the proposed method.

正弦波逆变器波形稳定混合控制策略研究

受蓄电池放电能力和实际电压限制,逆变器在稳定运行状态下,若瞬间断开或连接大负载,会使负载电压出现较大波动,严重时损坏设备。若直流母线电压较低,则逆变器输出的正弦波波形易产生削顶削底现象,对感性负载有影响。针对该问题,提出有效值闭环控制与定点电压闭环控制相结合的混合控制策略,在电压高于320 V时,采用定点电压闭环控制方式;若直流母线电压低于320 V,采用有效值闭环控制方式。经过仿真分析和实验验证,采用该混合控制策略,逆变器能够快速响应负载变动并使正弦波波形不会产生畸形。

基于Attention-UNet网络的速度模型构建方法研究

随着油气资源的不断勘探开发,相对易开采的油气矿逐渐建成,地震勘探的研究重点也向地下更深、构造更复杂的区域转移。目前,传统的地震速度建模方法在稳定性、准确性和计算效率方面都面临挑战。因此,笔者利用将地震数据映射到速度模型的思路,提出了一种基于Attention-UNet网络的深度学习速度建模方法。采用的这种方法利用有限差分正演得到反射波形数据,将反射波形数据和对应的速度模型(标签)对作为Attention-UNet网络的输入,建立地震数据和速度模型之间的映射关系。网络训练后对新输入的地震数据进行速度模型的估计。数值实验结果表明,与传统的FWI相比,笔者提出的方法表现出良好的性能;基于Attention-UNet网络模型训练完成后,不需要经过大量的计算,就可以快速执行与训练集中速度结构相似的地下结构的速度建模,这比传统方法计算效率更高。该方法在建立大量速度模型时具有很好的推广价值。

高效高精度隧洞岩体超前速度建模及成像

准确提取隧洞掌子面前方岩体的纵波速度信息并对异常地质体构造进行准确成像是提高地震波法超前地质预报精度的关键。时间域全波形反演(full waveform inversion, FWI)技术可以实现对掌子面前方岩体纵波速度的高精度建模;将FWI结合互相关目标函数,可以解决隧洞中不同炮孔能量不均对反演结果的影响,并提高反演算法的抗噪性;结合隧洞地震数据混合震源编码策略,可以显著提高FWI计算效率;利用FWI提供的准确速度模型,进行基于双向照明补偿互相关成像条件的逆时偏移(reverse time migration, RTM),可以实现对异常地质构造的精准成像。通过多种隧洞常见地质体模型的数值试验验证了高效高精度隧洞岩体超前速度建模及成像方法的有效性,并为实际隧洞工程应用提供了理论支撑。

海洋可控源电磁法与地震全波形二维联合反演研究

为降低单一地球物理反演方法的局限性以及反演中所存在的多解性等问题,开展了海洋可控源电磁法(MCSEM)与地震全波形的二维联合反演研究。MCSEM采用数据空间OCCAM反演算法,地震全波形采用梯度法反演算法,引入交叉梯度函数实现两种物性参数结果的相互耦合;开发出一套二维联合反演算法,并通过3组理论模型算例验证了算法的准确性。研究结果表明:MCSEM联合反演结果相对于单方法反演结果有显著改善和提升,主要体现在异常体的形态刻画、结构构造以及物性数值的恢复,这说明全波形的反演方法能够提高MCSEM反演结果的可靠性。

基于指数相位相关性目标函数的全波形反演

全波形反演(FWI)已成为获取浅地表高分辨率S波速度(VS)的有效方法。为了克服FWI在野外应用中的一些挑战,文中引入了一种基于指数相位相关性的目标函数,该函数不依赖于测量和模拟数据的振幅信息。文中采用伴随状态方法高效计算目标函数相对于模型的梯度,并分析了新目标函数的形状。使用受随机噪声污染的模拟数据,证明了该目标函数对随机噪声的鲁棒性。此外,使用在考古遗址上采集的地震数据作为基准数据集,测试了基于指数相位相关性的全波形反演方法在真实野外环境中的性能,同时还添加了随机噪声以进一步评估目标函数对噪声的鲁棒性。文中所得反演结果与该遗址已有的速度结构非常相似,并已通过独立的考古挖掘验证。因此,基于指数相位相关性目标函数的FWI具有在实际野外情况下显著提高浅地表成像准确性的潜力。

面向深层干热岩体的全波形速度反演建模方法

随着勘探深度增加,地震信号衰减严重,常规速度建模方法精度较低,无法满足深层干热岩体高精度勘探的需求。为提高速度建模的精度,采用全波形反演方法,但受局部优化算法的限制,其应用存在收敛速度慢、反演深度浅以及容易陷入局部极值等问题。为此,对梯度应用预条件处理和平滑处理,并使用共轭梯度优化算法,以解决地下照明不均匀问题,提高反演深度、精度和收敛速度。同时,为缓解局部极小值问题,引入局部相似性全波形反演方法来更新初始模型,并对构建的干热岩模型进行数值测试。结果表明:即使在初始模型极不准确的情况下,该方法仍能避免周波跳跃的不利影响,实现稳健的迭代更新;该方法能够显著增加反演深度和精度,并且对高速岩体有较好的刻画,最终能获得浅、中、深全层系高精度速度模型;提出的全波形反演方法为深层高温花岗岩体的勘探提供了一个切实可行的建模流程。

基于变差分系数的变网格弹性波全波形反演

全波形反演充分利用地震波传播的振幅、相位和旅行时等信息,相较于旅行时层析能够获得分辨率和精度更高的反演结果。当浅层介质速度较低时,为了保证正演模拟精度,通常需要使用较细的网格对低速层进行采样。然而,对整个模型用细网格剖分会导致巨大的计算量以及存储量,同时模型的高速区域也会产生过采样现象,这些问题会在全波形反演过程中被进一步放大。为了避免这些问题,引入了一种基于变差分系数的变网格弹性波动方程有限差分正演模拟方法。首先,基于Taylor展开式推导了变网格波场模拟的差分系数,实现了变网格波场模拟;其次,将变差分系数正演模拟方法应用于全波形反演中的正演模拟、残差反传和波场重构中,实现了基于变差分系数的变网格弹性波全波形反演。在全波形反演时,分别采用多尺度反演策略和常规的共轭梯度法迭代求解。使用细网格剖分速度较低的浅部低速层和粗网格剖分速度较高的中深层,既可以保证浅层的反演精度,又可以避免中深层的过采样。模型数据反演结果表明,基于变差分系数的变网格全波形反演相较于均匀粗网格全波形反演可以更有效实现低速异常体的准确刻画。含噪数据测试表明,提出的全波形反演方法具有较强的抗噪性。

Denoising for satellite laser altimetry full-waveform data based on EMD-Hurst analysis

Full-waveform decomposition is crucial for obtaining accurate satelliteground distance,the accuracy of which is severely affected by noises.However,the traditional filters all depend on filtering parameters.This paper presents a new and adaptive method for denoising based on empirical mode decomposition(EMD)and Hurst analysis(EMD-Hurst).The noisy full-waveforms are first decomposed into their intrinsic mode functions(IMFs),and the Hurst exponent of each IMF is established by the detrended fluctuation analysis.The IMF is regarded as the highfrequency noise and is deleted if its Hurst exponent is≤0.5.Both simulated and real full-waveforms were conducted to validate and evaluate the method by comparing with six other IMF selection methods via metrics like waveform decomposition consistency ratio(CR),average error of decomposition parameters,and ICESat/GLAS waveformparameter product GLAH05.The comparisons show that:(1)under different SNR conditions,EMD-Hurst performs robustly and obtains a higher CR than other EMD based methods;(2)obtains the highest average CR and a relatively lower average error for the echo parameters;and(3)peak numbers and fitting accuracy for GLAH01 are more reasonable and precise than those of GLAH05,which could offer a good reference for the processing on future space-borne full-waveform data.

基于波形反演和LTI算法实现布拉格峰定位

为了使质子布拉格峰在介质中的定位效果更精确,以便应用于临床肿瘤的定位与治疗,提出一种三维布拉格峰定位算法。算法以频域全波形反演算法和LTI算法为基础,实现布拉格峰的定位。文中选取了5个目标布拉格峰位置,然后分别以这5个坐标位置为中心,在距离中心50mm内随机选取了10个初始布拉格峰位置,最终定位误差收敛在0.2mm~1.7mm,能够较好地满足质子治疗的定位精度要求。

Quantitative Multi-Layer Electromagnetic Induction Inversion and Full-Waveform Inversion of Crosshole Ground Penetrating Radar Data

Due to the recent system developments for the electromagnetic characterization of the subsurface, fast and easy acquisition is made feasible due to the fast measurement speed, easy coupling with GPS systems, and the availability of multi-channel electromagnetic induction（EMI） and ground penetrating radar（GPR） systems. Moreover, the increasing computer power enables the use of accurate forward modeling programs in advanced inversion algorithms where no approximations are used and the full information content of the measured data can be exploited. Here, recent developments of large-scale quantitative EMI inversion and full-waveform GPR inversion are discussed that yield higher resolution of quantitative medium properties compared to conventional approaches. In both cases a detailed forward model is used in the inversion procedure that is based on Maxwell＇s equations. The multi-channel EMI data that have different sensing depths for the different source-receiver offset are calibrated using a short electrical resistivity tomography（ERT） calibration line which makes it possible to invert for electrical conductivity changes with depth over large areas. The crosshole GPR full-waveform inversion yields significant higher resolution of the permittivity and conductivity images compared to ray-based inversion results.

基于近似解析离散化算子的频率域弹性波全波形反演方法

全波形反演是一种利用地震波传播的动力学特征来获取地下介质物性参数的反演方法,可为揭示地下精细结构提供重要依据。本文以弹性波方程作为数学模型来模拟地震波传播规律并进行相应的反演方法研究。为提高计算效率与反演结果的准确性,可将近似解析离散化(NAD)算子用于频率域弹性波方程的正演模拟。本文在频率域NAD离散的基础上推导阻抗矩阵的稀疏分块结构与反演目标函数对模型参数的梯度计算公式,由此建立基于NAD算子的频率域弹性波全波形反演方法。为验证该方法的有效性,文中通过数值实验对多种典型介质模型进行反演计算,均得到了理想的反演结果。

Source-Independent Amplitude-Semblance Full-Waveform Inversion using a Hybrid Time-and Frequency-Domain Approach

Full-waveform inversion is a promising tool to produce accurate and high-resolution subsurface models.Conventional full-waveform inversion requires an accu-rate estimation of the source wavelet,and its computational cost is high.We develop a novel source-independent full-waveform inversion method using a hybrid time-and frequency-domain scheme to avoid the requirement of source wavelet estimation and to reduce the computational cost.We employ an amplitude-semblance objective function to not only effectively remove the source wavelet effect on full-waveform inver-sion,but also to eliminate the impact of the inconsistency of source wavelets among different shot gathers on full-waveform inversion.To reduce the high computational cost of full-waveform inversion in the time domain,we implement our new algorithm using a hybrid time-and frequency-domain approach.The forward and backward wave propagation operations are conducted in the time domain,while the frequency-domain wavefields are obtained during modeling using the discrete-time Fourier trans-form.The inversion process is conducted in the frequency domain for selected frequen-cies.We verify our method using synthetic seismic data for the Marmousi model.The results demonstrate that our novel source-independent full-waveform inversion pro-duces accurate velocity models even if the source signature is incorrect.In addition,our method can significantly reduce the computational time using the hybrid time-and frequency-domain approach compared to the conventional full-waveform inversion in the time domain.

三维地震全波形反演技术在煤矿综采工作面的应用

煤岩界面的识别是煤矿智能化建设的关键一环,为解决此难点,以三维地震全波形反演技术为研究基础,采用建立目标函数和寻找最优化方法进行分析,对某矿工作面煤岩界面进行了详细探查。结合实际工作面地震资料,通过理论分析与实际计算,得到研究区全波形反演三维速度结构模型,并与巷道揭露情况进行误差对比分析,其结果表明:1)三维地震全波形反演可在井工煤矿下观测系统进行实际应用,可较为准确地反演出煤层顶底板界面三维空间形态特征;2)相较于地面三维地震的垂向精度5~30 m,该方法实际揭露计算误差纵波速度模型结果垂向平均误差为±1.3 m左右,横波速度模型结果垂向平均误差为±1.8 m左右,精度明显提升;3)三维纵波速度模型对煤层顶底板界面识别效果优于三维横波速度模型结果,对于横波结果,纵波结果识别精度平均提升27.78%;4)通过三维纵波速度模型可最终构建煤层顶底板三维空间特征,为煤层顶底板界面识别提供一种思路。