Resistance of full-scale beams against close-in explosions.Numerical modeling and field tests

This paper explores the performances of a finite element simulation including four concrete models applied to a full-scale reinforced concrete beam subjected to blast loading. Field test data has been used to compare model results for each case. The numerical modelling has been, carried out using the suitable code LS-DYNA. This code integrates blast load routine(CONWEP) for the explosive description and four different material models for the concrete including: Karagozian & Case Concrete, Winfrith, Continuous Surface Cap Model and Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma models, with concrete meshing based on 10, 15, and 20 mm. Six full-scale beams were tested: four of them used for the initial calibration of the numerical model and two more tests at lower scaled distances. For calibration, field data obtained employing pressure and accelerometers transducers were compared with the results derived from the numerical simulation. Damage surfaces and the shape of rupture in the beams have been used as references for comparison. Influence of the meshing on accelerations has been put in evidence and for some models the shape and size of the damage in the beams produced maximum differences around 15%. In all cases, the variations between material and mesh models are shown and discussed.

Behavior of transporting pipeline sections without and with hydrogen exposure based on full-scale tests

Pipeline transport of hydrogen is one of today’s economic and environmental challenges.In order to find safe and reliable application of both existing gas and build new pipelines,it is essential to carry out tests on full-scale pipeline section,including the potentially more dangerous places than the main pipe,the girth welds.For the investigations,pipeline sections of P355NH steel with girth welds were prepared and exposed to pure hydrogen at twice the maximum allowable operating pressure for 41 days.Subsequently,full-scale burst tests were carried out and specimens were cut and prepared from the typical locations of the failed pipeline sections for mechanical,and macro-and microstructural investigations.The results obtained were evaluated and compared with data from previous full-scale tests on pipeline sections without hydrogen exposure.The results showed differences in the behavior of pipeline sections loaded in different ways,with different characteristics of the materials and the welded joints,both in the cases without hydrogen exposure and in the cases exposed to hydrogen.

Reliability of the K-Force Muscle Controller Dynamometer on Eccentric and Isometric Hip Adduction Strength

Hip adduction strength tests are commonly used in clinical practice to provide an accurate diagnosis of groin injuries. Athletes with reduced adductor muscle strength are at risk of developing groin injuries. Our study aimed to evaluate the relative and absolute test-retest reliability of the side-lying eccentric hip adduction strength test and the long-lever adduction squeeze test using the K-Force hand-held dynamometer. Twenty physically active male individuals with a mean age (±SD) of 30.7 (±7.3) years were included. Both tests presented excellent test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient: 0.77 - 0.95). The best and mean scores of the eccentric and isometric tests presented the smallest test-retest variation (MDC%: 12.8 - 14.9 and MDC%: 14.6 - 18.7, respectively). Our study showed that the K-Force dynamometer has excellent reliability for assessing hip adduction strength in two different testing positions. We suggest the best and mean of three repetitions for clinical practice as they present the lowest variability. Further research evaluating its clinimetric properties in different populations and gender is recommended.

Stiffness Degradation Modeling for Composite Wind Turbine Blades Based on Full-Scale Fatigue Testing

In order to provide more insights into the damage propagation composite wind turbine blades(blade)under cyclic fatigue loading,a stiffness degradation model for blade is proposed based on the full-scale fatigue testing of a blade.A novel non-linear fatigue damage accumulation model is proposed using the damage assessment theories of composite laminates for the first time.Then,a stiffness degradation model is established based on the correlation of fatigue damage and residual stiffness of the composite laminates.Finally,a stiffness degradation model for the blade is presented based on the full-scale fatigue testing.The scientific rationale of the proposed stiffness model of blade is verified by using full-scale fatigue test data of blade with a total length of 52.5 m.The results indicate that the proposed stiffness degradation model of the blade agrees well with the fatigue testing results of this blade.This work provides a basis for evaluating the fatigue damage and lifetime of blade under cyclic fatigue loading.

Robot driver for vehicle durability emission test on chassis dynamometer

A method for a vehicle durability emission test using a robot driver insteadof human drivers on the chassis dynamometer is presented. The system architecture of vehicledurability emission test cell, the road load simulation strategy and the tele-monitoring systembased on Browser/Client structure are described. Furthermore, the construction of the robot driver,vehicle performance self-learning algorithm, multi-mode vehicle control model and vehicle speedtracking strategy based on fuzzy logic arealso discussed. Besides, the capability of controlparameters self-compensation on-line makes it possible to compensate the wear of vehicle componentsand the variety of clutch true bite point during the long term test. Experimental results show thattherobot driver can be applicable to a wide variety of vehicles and the obtained results stay withina tolerance band of ± 2 km/h. Moreover the robot driver is able to control tested vehicles withgood repeatability and consistency; therefore, this methodpresents a solution to eliminate theuncertainty of emission test results by human drivers and to ensure the accuracy and reliability ofemission test results.

Full-scale multi-functional test platform for investigating mechanical performance of track–subgrade systems of high-speed railways

Motivated by the huge practical engineering demand for the fundamental understanding of mechanical characteristics of high-speed railway infrastructure,a fullscale multi-functional test platform for high-speed railway track–subgrade system is developed in this paper,and its main functions for investigating the mechanical performance of track–subgrade systems are elaborated with three typical experimental examples.Comprising the full-scale subgrade structure and all the five types of track structures adopted in Chinese high-speed railways,namely the CRTS I,the CRTS II and the CRTS III ballastless tracks,the double-block ballastless track and the ballasted track,the test platform is established strictly according to the construction standard of Chinese high-speed railways.Three kinds of effective loading methods are employed,including the real bogie loading,multi-point loading and the impact loading.Various types of sensors are adopted in different components of the five types of track–subgrade systems to measure the displacement,acceleration,pressure,structural strain and deformation,etc.Utilizing this test platform,both dynamic characteristics and long-term performance evolution of high-speed railway track–subgrade systems can be investigated,being able to satisfy the actual demand for large-scale operation of Chinese high-speed railways.As examples,three typical experimental studies are presented to elucidate the comprehensive functionalities of the full-scale multi-functional test platform for exploring the dynamic performance and its long-term evolution of ballastless track systems and for studying the long-term accumulative settlement of the ballasted track–subgrade system in high-speed railways.Some interesting phenomena and meaningful results are captured by the developed test platform,which provide a useful guidance for the scientific operation and maintenance of high-speed railway infrastructure.

Full-scale model tests and nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete simply supported box girders

Full-scale model tests were carried out on a 30 m span prestressed concrete box girder and a 20 m span prestressed concrete hollow slab. Failure models were prestressed reinforcement tensile failure and crashing of roof concrete, respectively. The ductility indexes of the box girder and hollow slab were 1.99 and 1.23, respectively, according to the energy viewpoint. Based on the horizontal section hypothesis, the nonlinear computation procedure was established using the limited banding law, and it could carry out the entire performance analysis including the unloading, mainly focusing on the ways to achieve the unloading curves computation through stress-strain, moment-curvature and load-displacement curves. Through the procedure, parameters that influence on the bearing capacity, deformation performance and ductility of the structures were analyzed. Those parameters were quantity of prestressed reinforcement and tension coefficients of prestressed reinforcement. From the analysis, some useful conclusions can be obtained.

An Advanced Control Strategy for Dual-Actuator Driving System in Full-Scale Fatigue Test of Wind Turbine Blades

A new dual-actuator fatigue loading system of wind turbine blades was designed.Compared with the traditional pendulum loading mode,the masses in this system only moved linearly along the loading direction to increase the exciting force.However,the two actuators and the blade constituted a complicated non-linear energy transferring system,which led to the non-synchronization of actuators.On-site test results showed that the virtual spindle synchronous strategy commonly used in synchronous control was undesirable and caused the instability of the blade’s amplitude eventually.A cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm was proposed.Firstly,a control system model was built according to the synchronization error and tracking error.Furthermore,based on arranging the transition process,estimating the system state and error feedback,and compensating disturbance,an active disturbance rejection controller was designed by adopting the optimal control function.Finally,on-site test results showed that the cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm could ensure the synchronization of two actuators.The maximum speed synchronization error of the two motors was less than 16 RPM,the displacement synchronization error of the two actuators was less than 0.25 mm and approaching zero after 4 seconds,and the peak value of vibration of the blade was less than 5 mm,which satisfied the fatigue test requirement.

Test-retest strength reliability of the Electronic Push/Pull Dynamometer (EPPD) in the measurement of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles on a new chair

Background: Test-retest strength reliability of the Electronic Push/Pull Dynamometer (EPPD) in the measurement of the extensor and flexor muscles on a new constructed chair. The objective of the study was to assess reliability of Electronic Push/Pull Dynamometer in the measurement of the knee flexion and extension at 90° and 60° on a new constructed chair. The aims of the author: To assess reliability of Electronic Push/Pull Dynamometer in the measurement of the knee flexion and extension at 90° and 60° on a new constructed chair. Design: A test-retest reliability study. Subjects: One hundred healthy students male and female (mean age, 21y). Methods: Maximum isometric strength of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups was measured using the EPPD were recorded at 60° and 90° for 3 trials on 2 occasions. Reliability was assessed with the Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean and standard deviation (SD) of measurements, and smallest real differences were calculated for the maximum and for the mean and work of the 3 repetitions. Results: Mean strength ranged from 50.44 kg for knee flexion to 55.76 kg for knee extension 50.44 kg to 61.98 kg at 90° hip flexion. Test-retest reliability Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from 0.85 to 0.99. ICCs for test-retest reliability ranged from 0.780 to 0.998. Conclusions: The results of the reliability study indicate that the EPPD in reliable dynamometer to use in determining lower limb muscle force production. It can be used to measure disease progression and to evaluate changes in knee extension and flexion strength at the individual patient level.

Experimental and analytical study on design performance of full-scale viscoelastic dampers

Viscoelastic（VE） dampers, with their stiffness and energy dissipation capabilities, have been widely used in civil engineering for mitigating wind-induced vibration and seismic responses of structures, thus enhancing the comfort of residents and serviceability of equipment inside. In past relevant research, most analytical models for characterizing the mechanical behavior of VE dampers were verified by comparing their predictions with performance test results from small-scale specimens, which might not adequately or conservatively represent the actual behavior of full-scale dampers, especially with regard to the ambient temperature, temperature rise, and heat convection effects. Thus, in this study, by using a high-performance testing facility with a temperature control system, full-scale VE dampers were dynamically tested with different displacement amplitudes, excitation frequencies, and ambient temperatures. By comparing the analytical predictions with the experimental results, it is demonstrated that adopting the fractional derivative method together with considering the effects of excitation frequencies, ambient temperatures, temperature rises, softening, and hardening, can reproduce the design performance of full-scale VE dampers very well.

Design and Manufacture of a Mobile Dynamometer

DIT has competed for a number of years in the Formula Student competition with petrol engine propelled vehicles.Dynamometer testing on these engines was traditionally outsourced.In2017/2018a decision was made to commence the design of an electric vehicle.Access to a suitable dynamometer for regular testing became more important than ever in order to fully characterise the electric motors the gearbox combinations and optimise the performance of the formula student electric vehicle.This paper deals with the design and manufacture and component selection for a mobile dynamometer that can accurately simulate racetrack conditions and apply typical loading cycles to a motor producing torque,power and speed values from a typical drivetrain.The dynamometer described uses a particle brake to apply the loads,a datum M425torque transducer to measure torque and a National Instruments LabVIEW interface to display and store data during testing.Safety is of vital importance and this paper describes the high-safety standards applied during the design and manufacture phase.With the implementation of an electronic control circuit,motor characteristics charts are produced,analysed and utilised for calibration and benchmarking for future motor test runs.Aim:Design&Manufacture of a mobile dynamometer unit to produce torque,speed and power values from the drive train of a motor.

压电力传感器信号处理与采集系统设计

为解决旋转式压电测力仪电荷信号的处理和传输难题,设计了一套基于压电力传感器的信号处理与采集系统。设计基于ADA4530-1的信号调理电路实现传感器输出电荷信号的转换放大,基于STM32实现模数转换,采用蓝牙模块实现信号的无线传输,搭建基于LabVIEW的上位机软件进行力信号的采集。利用标准压电传感器对信号处理与采集系统进行实验测试,结果表明:信号调理电路模块的测量误差在0.2%以下,无线传输功能正常,上位机软件能够实时采集力信号数据,相对误差在0.5%以下,能够满足使用需求。

电动自行车运行循环工况的建立

本文介绍了建立电动自行车运行循环工况的作用和意义,分析了当前国内外相关测试方法现状,指出建立专用测试方法的必要性。通过对我国8个典型地区的电动自行车路况情况进行采集,获得大量反映中国电动自行车实际道路行驶特征的数据,据此形成了典型地区乃至全国的运行循环特征,并应用该结果开展了不同方法的续行里程比对,从而验证了相关参数的适宜性和方法的可行性。

甲缩醛汽油在小型单缸发动机上的表现初探

使用车用93^(#)汽油和含有甲缩醛的混合汽油,分别在排量为125 mL的发动机上进行了节气门全开的外特性试验。结果表明:在同等情况下,使用含有甲缩醛的混合汽油输出功率与扭矩变化不大,燃油消耗量降低,发动机的尾气排放明显改善。采用排量为125 mL的摩托车,分别加注车用97^(#)汽油和含有不同纯度甲缩醛的混合汽油后,在底盘试验机上进行了不同转速下的燃油消耗和尾气测试,结果表明:汽油中添加剂甲缩醛后,摩托车尾气排放略有改善,但两种不同纯度的甲缩醛汽油燃油消耗率的表现不一样。

纯电动客车电耗测试研究

分析电动汽车在实际道路上和在台架上的电耗测试结果偏差较大的影响因素,设计电耗测试对比方案。结果表明,更加准确的道路阻力系数测定、恰当的路谱数据处理方法,以及有经验的驾驶员,可有效降低实际道路测试电耗值与台架测试电耗值的相对偏差。

数显标准测力仪在检定材料试验机中的运用

随着工业化进程不断加快,各行各业对高强度材料的需求日益增加。因此,对材料的力学性能进行准确测量和评估变得至关重要。本文重点介绍数显标准测力仪在检定材料试验机中的运用,采用数显标准测力仪可以大大降低试样的重复性误差,从而提高整个系统的测量精度和稳定性。

Static load test and load transfer mechanism study of squeezed branch and plate pile in collapsible loess foundation

As a special geological phenomenon, the character of collapsible loess foundation is collapsible when penetrated by water. This character leads to the soil losing load bearing capacity largely and may lead to foundation failure. Pile is a popular foundation used in collapsible loess. The squeezed branch and plate pile is a new type of pile developed in recent years and has not be used in a project before. In this paper three squeezed branch and plate piles are tested in collapsible loess after immersion processing. The results may be used for reference in similar construction project, and to provide theoretical references for de- signing of the squeezed branch and plate piles in engineering practice.

High-frequency interference waves in low strain dynamic testing of X-section concrete piles

Stress waves propagate along vertical,radial and circumferential directions when a non-uniformly distributed load is applied at one end of a three-dimensional shaft.As a result,the receiving signals are usually mixed with undesired interference components,often featuring as high-frequency fluctuations.Previous studies have revealed that sectional geometry(shape and size)greatly affects the high-frequency interference.In this study,low strain dynamic testing on full-scale X-section concrete is conducted in order to investigate the influences of high-frequency interference on velocity responses at the pile head.Emphasis is placed on the frequency and peak value of interference waves at various receiving points.Additionally,the effects of the geometrical,and mechanical properties of the pile shaft on high-frequency interference are elaborated on through the three-dimensional finite element method.The results show that the measured wave is obscured by interference waves superposed by two types of high-frequency components.The modulus and cross-sectional area are contributing factors to the frequency and peak value of the interference waves.On the other hand,the position with the least interference is determined,to some extent,by the accurate shape of the X-section.

基于CFD技术汽车用热交换器流场特性建模分析

换热器是最常用的车辆液压油液冷却机构,其是保证齿轮传动机构正常运转的重要结构单元。针对车辆液压油常用的间壁式换热器进行分析,对热交换原理进行分析,获取传热方程和热平衡方程;基于此对热交换过程的固流耦合进行分析,获得热交换器的数学模型;根据数学模型和使用需求,对热交换器的参数进行设计;基于热交换器参数建立三维模型,采用CFD建立流场分析模型,对热交换器内油液和冷却液的速度场、温度场等进行分析;基于水力测功机试验台,对实际热交换器的冷却效果进行分析,验证设计和流场分析结果的准确性。结果可知:流过热交换器后,冷却液的速度流量变化较大,5.2m^(3)/s降低至2.3m^(3)/s,而油液的速度流量基本无变化,基本保持在2.0m^(3)/s,这与热交换器内部结构密切相关;仿真经过29s达到平衡状态,冷却液温度稳定在88.5℃,而油液温度稳定在95.5℃;试验测试温度变化趋势与仿真分析结果基本一致,冷却液温度逐渐升高,30s后达到平衡,达到83.3℃,而油液温度逐渐降低,31s后也达到平衡,为90.5℃;试验测试与仿真分析参数对比,油液与冷却液的出口温差基本一致,误差控制在7%以内,且达到平衡状态时的所经历的时间基本一致,在30s左右;且温度符合设计要求,表明设计方案的可靠性与准确性,为此类分析提供参考。