Sodium fulvic acid based hierarchical porous carbons(SFA-HPCs) with a specific surface area of 1919 m^2·g^(–1) and total volume of 1.7 cm^3·g^(–1) has been synthesized by a simple self-template method. The...Sodium fulvic acid based hierarchical porous carbons(SFA-HPCs) with a specific surface area of 1919 m^2·g^(–1) and total volume of 1.7 cm^3·g^(–1) has been synthesized by a simple self-template method. The carbon skeleton can be formatted by the decomposition process of sodium fulvic acid(SFA) in a N_2 atmosphere. The sodium compund in SFA is used as a self-template to create the hierarchical porous structure. The unique hierarchical structure of SFA-HPCs provides an efficient pathway for electrolyte ions to be diffused into the internal surfaces of bulk electrode particles. It results in a high charge storage capacitance of 186 F·g^(–1) at current load of 40 A·g^(–1). The capacitance of 230 F·g^(–1) at 0.05 A·g^(–1) and 186 F·g^(–1) at 40 A·g^(–1) show its good rate capability. Besides, it also achieves desirable cycling stability, 99.4% capacitance remained after 10000 cycles at 40 A·g^(–1).展开更多
Natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consists of different bio-molecular classes of compounds that are currently very difficult and time-consuming to isolate as individual compounds. However, it is possible to separ...Natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consists of different bio-molecular classes of compounds that are currently very difficult and time-consuming to isolate as individual compounds. However, it is possible to separate natural DOC into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions. Such characterisation approaches are becoming increasingly important because, over the past 20 years natural DOC concentrations have been rising rapidly in many parts of the world, most likely influenced by climate change. Higher DOC concentrations in drinking water catchments present a serious problem for the water industry because DOC can form disinfection by-products DBPs during water treatment (e.g. chlorination). Hence, there is an urgent need to better characterise natural DOC before, during and after water treatment. However, current DOC fractionation procedures are extremely laborious requiring days and continual manual monitoring to separate sufficient quantities of DOC for subsequent analysis. This seriously limits sample throughput and the parameter space which can be studied. In this paper, we propose a much more rapid semi-automated method (12.5 hours/litre/sample) which utilises readily available equipment, i.e., HPLC pump or similar and sequential columns of Amberlite DAX 8 and XAD 4 resins. The method reduces the manual input from continual attention to minutes. This paper describes the development of the method and its application in the fractionation of natural DOC from reservoir and lake samples fed from upland peat-land catchments. Recoveries are found to be comparable to those using the manual technique, with the dominant component being hydrophobic acid accounting for 35% - 40% of the natural DOC with the second largest, being hydrophilic acid at 20% - 27%.展开更多
Luvisols, Stagnogleys and Cambisols, although less fertile, are used intensively for mixed farming, grazing and as forestland. Therefore we aimed our study at determination of total organic carbon （TOC） content, hum...Luvisols, Stagnogleys and Cambisols, although less fertile, are used intensively for mixed farming, grazing and as forestland. Therefore we aimed our study at determination of total organic carbon （TOC） content, humic substances （HS） content, humic acids （HA） content, fulvic acids （FA）, hot water extractable carbon （Chw） content and content total and labile trace elements content. Humic substances quality was assessed by HA/FA ratio and by coloured indexes measured in ultraviolet and visible UV-VIS spectral range. The total and labile contents of Zn, Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, Mo and Se were determined by flame or electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry after extraction of the soil samples in the aqua regia （total content） and in the solution of 0.01 M CaCI2. Total and labile trace elements content was correlated with determined carbon fractions and soil reaction. Results showed that studied soils content low amount of TOC and had low quality of humic substances. HA/FA ratio was less than 1 and colour indexes were higher than 4. All determined carbon fractions correlated with labile form of Zn and Cd. Correlation between soil reaction and total zinc content was found. Significant effect of humic substances content on to water-soluble forms of heavy metals was detected.展开更多
通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g ...通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g kg-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(C HA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(C FA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(C HA/C FA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的光学密度值E4/E6、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。展开更多
为了探求大气CO2浓度升高对土壤腐殖质及其组成的影响，为大气CO2浓度升高条件下土壤生物化学过程的变化提供依据，通过稻-麦轮作FACE（Free-air CO2 enrichment）平台研究了正常施氮水平下水稻土壤有机碳及其各组分对大气CO2浓度升高...为了探求大气CO2浓度升高对土壤腐殖质及其组成的影响，为大气CO2浓度升高条件下土壤生物化学过程的变化提供依据，通过稻-麦轮作FACE（Free-air CO2 enrichment）平台研究了正常施氮水平下水稻土壤有机碳及其各组分对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。研究结果表明：不同土层的腐殖质组分含量有所差异，表层（0～15cm）土壤腐殖化程度较高，表层的土壤有机碳（SOC）、水溶性碳（WSOC）、胡敏酸（HA）、富里酸（FA）、胡敏素（HM）数量均高于下层（15～30cm）。大气CO2浓度升高，增加了表层和下层的SOC，促进了土壤有机质的积累；使表层WSOC有增加趋势，但对下层没有显著影响；降低了土壤中可提取腐殖物质中HA的比例（PQ），土壤的腐殖化度下降，有利于HA的分解与转化和FA的积累；对土壤HM没有显著影响。展开更多
基金supported by the Ningbo’s Industrial Technology Innovation and Industrialization of Scientific and Technological Achievements Program(2013B6003)
文摘Sodium fulvic acid based hierarchical porous carbons(SFA-HPCs) with a specific surface area of 1919 m^2·g^(–1) and total volume of 1.7 cm^3·g^(–1) has been synthesized by a simple self-template method. The carbon skeleton can be formatted by the decomposition process of sodium fulvic acid(SFA) in a N_2 atmosphere. The sodium compund in SFA is used as a self-template to create the hierarchical porous structure. The unique hierarchical structure of SFA-HPCs provides an efficient pathway for electrolyte ions to be diffused into the internal surfaces of bulk electrode particles. It results in a high charge storage capacitance of 186 F·g^(–1) at current load of 40 A·g^(–1). The capacitance of 230 F·g^(–1) at 0.05 A·g^(–1) and 186 F·g^(–1) at 40 A·g^(–1) show its good rate capability. Besides, it also achieves desirable cycling stability, 99.4% capacitance remained after 10000 cycles at 40 A·g^(–1).
文摘Natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consists of different bio-molecular classes of compounds that are currently very difficult and time-consuming to isolate as individual compounds. However, it is possible to separate natural DOC into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions. Such characterisation approaches are becoming increasingly important because, over the past 20 years natural DOC concentrations have been rising rapidly in many parts of the world, most likely influenced by climate change. Higher DOC concentrations in drinking water catchments present a serious problem for the water industry because DOC can form disinfection by-products DBPs during water treatment (e.g. chlorination). Hence, there is an urgent need to better characterise natural DOC before, during and after water treatment. However, current DOC fractionation procedures are extremely laborious requiring days and continual manual monitoring to separate sufficient quantities of DOC for subsequent analysis. This seriously limits sample throughput and the parameter space which can be studied. In this paper, we propose a much more rapid semi-automated method (12.5 hours/litre/sample) which utilises readily available equipment, i.e., HPLC pump or similar and sequential columns of Amberlite DAX 8 and XAD 4 resins. The method reduces the manual input from continual attention to minutes. This paper describes the development of the method and its application in the fractionation of natural DOC from reservoir and lake samples fed from upland peat-land catchments. Recoveries are found to be comparable to those using the manual technique, with the dominant component being hydrophobic acid accounting for 35% - 40% of the natural DOC with the second largest, being hydrophilic acid at 20% - 27%.
文摘Luvisols, Stagnogleys and Cambisols, although less fertile, are used intensively for mixed farming, grazing and as forestland. Therefore we aimed our study at determination of total organic carbon （TOC） content, humic substances （HS） content, humic acids （HA） content, fulvic acids （FA）, hot water extractable carbon （Chw） content and content total and labile trace elements content. Humic substances quality was assessed by HA/FA ratio and by coloured indexes measured in ultraviolet and visible UV-VIS spectral range. The total and labile contents of Zn, Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, Mo and Se were determined by flame or electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry after extraction of the soil samples in the aqua regia （total content） and in the solution of 0.01 M CaCI2. Total and labile trace elements content was correlated with determined carbon fractions and soil reaction. Results showed that studied soils content low amount of TOC and had low quality of humic substances. HA/FA ratio was less than 1 and colour indexes were higher than 4. All determined carbon fractions correlated with labile form of Zn and Cd. Correlation between soil reaction and total zinc content was found. Significant effect of humic substances content on to water-soluble forms of heavy metals was detected.
文摘通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g kg-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(C HA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(C FA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(C HA/C FA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的光学密度值E4/E6、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。
文摘为了探求大气CO2浓度升高对土壤腐殖质及其组成的影响，为大气CO2浓度升高条件下土壤生物化学过程的变化提供依据，通过稻-麦轮作FACE（Free-air CO2 enrichment）平台研究了正常施氮水平下水稻土壤有机碳及其各组分对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。研究结果表明：不同土层的腐殖质组分含量有所差异，表层（0～15cm）土壤腐殖化程度较高，表层的土壤有机碳（SOC）、水溶性碳（WSOC）、胡敏酸（HA）、富里酸（FA）、胡敏素（HM）数量均高于下层（15～30cm）。大气CO2浓度升高，增加了表层和下层的SOC，促进了土壤有机质的积累；使表层WSOC有增加趋势，但对下层没有显著影响；降低了土壤中可提取腐殖物质中HA的比例（PQ），土壤的腐殖化度下降，有利于HA的分解与转化和FA的积累；对土壤HM没有显著影响。
