Interaction function of coupled bursting neurons

The interaction functions of electrically coupled Hindmarsh–Rose（HR） neurons for different firing patterns are investigated in this paper.By applying the phase reduction technique,the phase response curve（PRC） of the spiking neuron and burst phase response curve（BPRC） of the bursting neuron are derived.Then the interaction function of two coupled neurons can be calculated numerically according to the PRC（or BPRC） and the voltage time course of the neurons.Results show that the BPRC is more and more complicated with the increase of the spike number within a burst,and the curve of the interaction function oscillates more and more frequently with it.However,two certain things are unchanged：Φ = 0,which corresponds to the in-phase synchronization state,is always the stable equilibrium,while the anti-phase synchronization state with Φ = 0.5 is an unstable equilibrium.

Identification of Prosaposin as a Novel Interaction Partner for Rhox5

Prosaposin （Psap） has multiple cellular functions. It is involved in the development of the reproductive system, nervous system, and prostate cancer as well as in the regulation of sphingolipid catabolism by activating several lysosomal hydrolases involved in the metabolism of various sphingolipids. In this research, it was found to be a novel interaction partner for Rhox5 using yeast two-hybrid screening. The interaction between Rhox5 and the full-length prosapsoin （the transcript without exon 8） as well as the C-terminal domain of prosaposin, was further confirmed in both yeast two hybrid analysis and in vitro assay. It suggested that the C-terminal domain of prosaposin may be critical for the Rhox5-prosaposin interaction. Given the important roles played by both Rhox5 and prosaposin in maintaining the differentiation of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis, and fertilization, the interaction between Rhox5 and prosaposin might regulate the development of male reproductive organs dynamically.

Transcription's bubble under the influence of long-range interactions and helicoidal coupling

The influence of power-low long-range interactions （LRI） and helicoidal coupling （HC） on the properties of localized solitons in a DNA molecule when a ribonucleic acid polymerase （RNAP） binds to it at the physiological temperature is analytically and numerically investigated in this paper. We have made an analogy with the Heisenberg model Hamiltonian of an anisotropic spin ladder with ferromagnetic legs and anti-ferromagnetic rung coupling. When we limit ourselves to the second-order terms in the Taylor expansion, the DNA dynamics is found to be governed by a completely integrable nonlinear Schr？dinger （NLS） equation. In this case, results show that increasing the value of HC force or LRI parameter enhances the bubble height and reduces the number of base pairs which form the bubble. For the fourth-order terms in a Taylor expansion, results are closely resembling those of second-order terms, and are confirmed by numerical investigation. These results match with some experimental data and thus provide a better representation of the base pairs opening in DNA which is essential for the transcription process.

Age-related connectivity differences between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder patients and typically developing subjects：a resting-state functional MRI study

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） is a disorder characterized by behavioral symptoms including hyperactivity/impulsivity among children,adolescents,and adults.These ADHD related symptoms are influenced by the complex interaction of brain networks which were under explored.We explored age-related brain network differences between ADHD patients and typically developing（TD） subjects using resting state f MRI（rs-f MRI） for three age groups of children,adolescents,and adults.We collected rs-f MRI data from 184 individuals（27 ADHD children and 31 TD children;32 ADHD adolescents and 32 TD adolescents;and 31 ADHD adults and 31 TD adults）.The Brainnetome Atlas was used to define nodes in the network analysis.We compared three age groups of ADHD and TD subjects to identify the distinct regions that could explain age-related brain network differences based on degree centrality,a well-known measure of nodal centrality.The left middle temporal gyrus showed significant interaction effects between disease status（i.e.,ADHD or TD） and age（i.e.,child,adolescent,or adult）（P 0.001）.Additional regions were identified at a relaxed threshold（P 0.05）.Many of the identified regions（the left inferior frontal gyrus,the left middle temporal gyrus,and the left insular gyrus） were related to cognitive function.The results of our study suggest that aberrant development in cognitive brain regions might be associated with age-related brain network changes in ADHD patients.These findings contribute to better understand how brain function influences the symptoms of ADHD.

社会学与体育社会学:视域开启与理论溯源

在收集整理文献资料的基础上,从体育运动现象的早期社会学研究、体育社会学作为独立学科的建立、体育社会学研究的代表人物等3个方面回顾和探讨了社会学对体育运动现象的关注和体育社会学的发端与发展;论述了功能主义、马克思主义、女性主义、过程社会学、符号互动论等社会学理论对体育社会学的研究和发展的影响。

社会学视域中的大学文化

大学文化是大学主体在长期的办学实践中,不断探索、总结、传承和创造出来的包括大学理念、大学精神、大学使命、大学制度、大学环境、大学氛围,以及在此基础上形成的精神形态与物质形态的各种成果的总和。从功能论视角分析,大学文化是社会文化的核心构成;大学文化的主要功能是促进大学主体的和谐发展以实现社会的和谐与稳定;大学文化建设的目标是构建和谐的大学文化。从冲突论的视角认识,大学文化冲突是不可避免的;大学文化冲突具有复杂性;大学文化冲突是大学文化建设的内在动力。互动论的思想对加强大学文化建设有着多方面的启迪作用:构建良好的大学符号系统是加强大学文化建设的基础;建立平等的对话机制是促进大学文化主体良性互动的前提;重视大学的精神交往过程是加强大学文化建设的关键。

Transcranial magnetic stimulation probes the excitability of the primary motor cortex:A framework to account for the facilitating effects of acute whole-body exercise on motor processes

The effects of exercise on decision-making performance have been studied using a wide variety of cognitive tasks and exercise interventions. Although the current literature supports a beneficial influence of acute exercise on cognitive performance, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been elucidated. We review studies that used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation （TMS） to probe the excitability of motor structures during whole-body exercise and present a framework to account for the facilitating effects of acute exercise on motor processes. Recent results suggest that, even in the absence of fatigue, the increase in corticospinal excitability classically reported during submaximal and exhausting exercises may be accompanied by a reduction in intracortical inhibition. We propose that reduced intracortical inhibition elicits an adaptive central mechanism that counteracts the progressive reduction in muscle responsiveness caused by peripheral fatigue. Such a reduction would render the motor cortex more sensitive to upstream influences, thus causing increased corticospinal excitability. Furthermore, reduction of intracortical inhibition may account for the more efficient descending drive and for the improvement of reaction time performance during exercise. The adaptive modulation in intracortical inhibition could be implemented through a general increase in reticular activation that would further account for enhanced sensory sensitivity.

从经典到后经典的西方社会科学方法论的范式转换及其启发意义

19世纪后半叶堪称西方社会科学方法论的“经典时代”。那时涌现出马克思、孔德、穆勒、涂尔干、韦伯等杰出的社会理论家,他们开创了诸如历史唯物论、实证主义、诠释学、理解社会学等丰富多彩的方法论,用于社会研究。20世纪,帕森斯、舒茨、布鲁默等人接着上述经典的社会理论建立他们各自的学说,因此被称为“后经典”的社会理论家。他们分别建立了结构功能论、现象学、符号互动论等社会研究的方法论。阐明西方社会科学方法论从经典到后经典的范式转换需要将它们串联起来看,在它们的互相辩难和理论实践的成败中加以考察。厘清这些内涵对于构建中国特色哲学社会科学具有启发意义。

学生情感不平等:一种社会学分析

学生情感公平是教育公平的重要内容,而学生情感不平等是学生在教育过程中情感社会化的后果。从功能论视角分析,学生情感不平等是社会选择分配的结果;从冲突论视角分析,学生情感不平等是社会经济地位再生产在教育中的体现;从互动论视角分析,学生情感不平等是学生社会互动的结果。这要求我们采取加强学生情感评估,开设情感课程,增加学生情感体验,进行家校合作互动等教育治理对策。

教师教育观念形成的社会学解读

教师教育观念作为教师个体成长的"伴生物",是教师文化的核心构成元素,具有稳定性和可塑性。依据结构功能理论,教师身处和谐社会体系之中,其行为不可避免地受到体系结构的规约,教师教育观念是在角色扮演过程中逐渐形成的,来自学校或其他专业团体的外部支持对教师教育观念的形成具有重要作用。社会冲突理论则认为,教师作为教育实践活动的主体,其教育观念的形成是教师进行主动社会建构的结果,教师应该担负起建构个人教育观念的主要责任。而符号互动理论则强调,个体不能无视和脱离社会结构与情境的影响,教师教育观念的形成过程就是教师在特定的社会环境中,不断地与他人互动、对话、沟通的动态发展历程。

A DFT+U study of the structures and reactivities of polar CeO_2(100) surfaces

Density functional theory calculations corrected by on-site Coulomb interactions were carried out o study the structures of polar CeO2 （100） surfaces as well as activities during catalytic CO oxidation. The stabilities of various CeO2 （100） termination structures are discussed, and calculated energetics are presented. The most stable Ce〇2 （100） surface was obtained by removing half the outermost full layer of oxygen and the surface stability was found to decrease as the exposed oxygen concentration was increased. Assessing the reaction pathways leading to different final products during CO oxidation over the most stable CeO2 （100） surface, we determined that the formation of carbonate species competed with CO2 desorption. However, during CO oxidation on the less stable CeO2 （100） surfaces having more exposed oxygen, the CO is evidently able to react with surface oxygen, leading to CO2 formation and desorption. The calculation results and electronic analyses reported herein also indicate that the characteristic Ce 4/ orbitals are directly involved in deter-mining the surface stabilities and reactivities.

Strengthening the functional research on the interaction between host genes and microbiota

In recent years,many studies have focused on the interaction between host genes and microbiota and their mutual influence(Bonder et al.,2016;Goodrich et al.,2014;Rothschild et al.,2018;Wang et al.,2016;Zhang et al.,2019).Host genetic variation influences the composition of the microbial community,for instance in inflammatory bowel disease,host genetic susceptibilities induce pathological shifts in microbiome composition.

社会学理论视角下兴奋剂现象的解读及启示

借助社会学的结构功能主义理论、冲突理论和符号互动论,对当前层出不穷的兴奋剂现象进行解读。研究得出:在结构功能主义视野下,兴奋剂现象发生原因在于其满足了社会成员的需求,其负功能是违背了社会正常的竞技秩序;在冲突理论视野下,兴奋剂现象产生的本质原因在于不同群体利益的分配不均;在符号互动论视野下,兴奋剂现象的产生在于人们认为兴奋剂的体验和感受是积极有效的。建议:结合社会学的多种理论,更多地了解体育运动中的兴奋剂现象和社会之间的关系,这对反兴奋剂将起到积极作用。

Potential energy curve study on the ^3Π electronic states of GaX （X=F, Cl, and Br） molecules

The potential energy curves （PECs） of the 3Π states of GaX （X=F, Cl, and Br） molecules are calculated using the multireference configuration interaction method with a large contracted basis set aug-cc-pV5Z. The PECs are accurately fitted to analytical potential energy functions （APEFs） using the Murrell–Sorbie potential function. The spectroscopic parameters for the states are determined using the obtained APEFs, and compared with the theoretical and experimental data available presently in the literature.

BEM for wave interaction with structures and low storage accelerated methods for large scale computation

The boundary element method（BEM） is a main method for analyzing the interactions between the waves and the marine structures. As with the BEM, a set of linear equations are generated with a full matrix, the required calculations and storage increase rapidly with the increase of the structure scale. Thus, an accelerated method with a low storage is desirable for the wave interaction with a very large structure. A systematic review is given in this paper for the BEM for solving the problem of the wave interaction with a large scale structure. Various integral equations are derived based on different Green functions, the advantages and disadvantages of different discretization schemes of the integral equations by the constant panels, the higher order elements, and the spline functions are discussed. For the higher order element discretization method, the special concerns are given to the numerical calculations of the single-layer potential, the double layer potential and the solid angle coefficients. For a large scale computation problem such as the wave interaction with a very large structure or a large number of bodies, the BEMs with the FMM and p FFT accelerations are discussed, respectively, including the principles of the FMM and the p FFT, and their implementations in various integral equations with different Green functions. Finally, some potential applications of the acceleration methods for problems with large scale computations in the ocean and coastal engineering are introduced.

ON THE INTERACTIVE FUNCTIONS OF TAG QUESTIONS

Tag questions are a distinctive feature in spokenEnglish,but seldom used by the non-native speakers.Studies show that tags are employed by native speakersmainly to express their interactive and interpersonalmeaning.In this paper,the writer explores the natureof tag questions,mainly their interactive and inter-personal functions in daily coversation.Suggestionsare made with regard to the teaching of tags in theclassroom.

Numerical Simulation of Atmosphere-Ocean-Sea Ice Interaction During Interannual Cycle in High Northern Latitudes

The interannual atmosphere-ocean-sea ice interaction （AOSI） in high northern latitudes is studied with a global atmosphere-ocean-sea ice coupled model system, in which the model components of atmosphere and land surface are from China National Climate Center and that of ocean and sea ice are from LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. A daily flux anomaly correction scheme is employed to couple the atmosphere model and the ocean model with the effect of inhomogenity of sea ice in high latitudes is considered. The coupled model system has been run for 50 yr and the results of the last 30 years are analyzed. After the sea level pressure （SLP）, surface air temperature （SAT）, sea surface temperature （SST）, sea ice concentration （SIC）, and sea surface sensible heat flux （SHF） are filtered with a digital filter firstly, their normalized anomalies are used to perform the decomposition of combined complex empirical orthogonal function （CCEOF） and then they are reconstructed with the leading mode. The atmosphere-ocean-sea ice interactions in high northern latitudes during a periodical cycle （approximately 4 yr） are analyzed. It is shown that： （1） When the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） is in its positive phase, the southerly anomaly appears in the Greenland Sea, SAT increases, the sea loses less SHF, SST increases and SIC decreases accordingly; when the NAO is in its negative phase, the northerly anomaly appears in the Greenland Sea, SAT decreases, the sea loses more SHF, SST decreases and SIC increases accordingly. There are similar features in the Barents Sea, but the phase of evolution in the Barents Sea is different from that in the Greenland Sea. （2） For an average of multi-years, there is a cold center in the inner part of the Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. When there is an anomaly of low pressure, which is closer to the Pacific Ocean, in the inner part of the Arctic Ocean, anomalies of warm advection appear in the region near the Pacific Ocean and anomalies of cold advection appear in the region near the Atlantic Ocean. Accompanying with these anomalies of warm and cold advection in these two regions~ warm and cold anomalies appear respectively. Accordingly, SHF sent to the atmosphere from the sea surface decreases and increases, and SST increases and decreases~ SIC decreases and increases in these two regions. When there is an anomaly of high pressure in the inner part of the Arctic Ocean, the former relationships reverse. From these results~ it can be deduced that, during the interannual cycle of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system, the variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation plays a dominant role and variations of SST and SIC are mainly responding to that of atmospheric circulation.

Efects of amine, amine salt and amide on the behaviour of carbon dioxide absorption into calcium hydroxide suspension to precipitate calcium carbonate

The amount of carbon dioxide （CO2） absorption and calcium ion （Ca^2＋） concentration besides the pH of aqueous solution were observed during the COz absorption to precipitate calcium carbonate （CaCO3） from calcium hydroxide （Ca（OH）2）. A reaction rate-limiting effect of an amount of CO2 absorption without any organic additives in the early stage of the precipitation was observed, which was attributed to an interruption effect of bicarbonate ion （HCO3） on the precipitation of CaCO3. The improvement for the reaction rate was achieved not only by amine additives but also by neutral additives such as ε-caprolactam or amine salt. When the hexamethylene diamine was dissolved in the solution, successive change of crystal forms of CaCO3 aragonite to calcite in aqueous suspensions, confirmed by Ca^2＋ concentration change and X-ray diffraction, was concluded that a local environment around the amine group in aqueous solution and an interaction of the diamine with precipitated CaCO3 particles were important factors for these reactions.

Combining IFS and VQ in Fractal Image Coding

A novel paradigm for fractal coding selectively corrects the fractal code for selected domain blocks with an image-adaptive VQ codebook. The codebook is generated from the initial uncorrected fractal code and is, therefore, available at the decoder. An efficient trade-off is generated between incremental performance and bit rate.