It is shown that the process of conventional functional differentiation does not apply to functionals whose domain (and possibly range) is subject to the condition of integral normalization, as is the case with respec...It is shown that the process of conventional functional differentiation does not apply to functionals whose domain (and possibly range) is subject to the condition of integral normalization, as is the case with respect to a domain defined by wave functions or densities, in which there exists no neighborhood about a given element in the domain defined by arbitrary variations that also lie in the domain. This is remedied through the generalization of the domain of a functional to include distributions in the form of , where ?is the Dirac delta function and is a real number. This allows the determination of the rate of change of a functional with respect to changes of the independent variable determined at each point of the domain, with no reference needed to the values of the functional at different functions in its domain. One feature of the formalism is the determination of rates of change of general expectation values (that may not necessarily be functionals of the density) with respect to the wave functions or the densities determined by the wave functions forming the expectation value. It is also shown that ignoring the conditions of conventional functional differentiation can lead to false proofs, illustrated through a flaw in the proof that all densities defined on a lattice are -representable. In a companion paper, the mathematical integrity of a number of long-standing concepts in density functional theory are studied in terms of the formalism developed here.展开更多
We search for analytical wave solutions of an electronically and biologically important model named as the Fitzhugh–Nagumo model with truncated M-fractional derivative, in which the expafunction and extended sinh-Gor...We search for analytical wave solutions of an electronically and biologically important model named as the Fitzhugh–Nagumo model with truncated M-fractional derivative, in which the expafunction and extended sinh-Gordon equation expansion(ESh GEE) schemes are utilized. The solutions obtained include dark, bright, dark-bright, periodic and other kinds of solitons. These analytical wave solutions are gained and verified with the use of Mathematica software. These solutions do not exist in literature. Some of the solutions are demonstrated by 2D, 3D and contour graphs. This model is mostly used in circuit theory, transmission of nerve impulses, and population genetics. Finally, both the schemes are more applicable, reliable and significant to deal with the fractional nonlinear partial differential equations.展开更多
We develop the discrete derivatives representation method (DDR) to find the physical structures of the Schr?dinger equation in which the interpolation polynomial of Bernstein has been used. In this paper the particle ...We develop the discrete derivatives representation method (DDR) to find the physical structures of the Schr?dinger equation in which the interpolation polynomial of Bernstein has been used. In this paper the particle swarm optimization (PSO for short) has been suggested as a means to improve qualitatively the solu-tions. This approach is carefully handled and tested with a numerical example.展开更多
This paper deals with the closed-form solutions to the family of Boussinesq-like equations with the effect of spatio-temporal dispersion.The sine-Gordon expansion and the hyperbolic function approaches are efficiently...This paper deals with the closed-form solutions to the family of Boussinesq-like equations with the effect of spatio-temporal dispersion.The sine-Gordon expansion and the hyperbolic function approaches are efficiently applied to the family of Boussinesq-like equations to explore novel solitary,kink,anti-kink,combo,and singular-periodic wave solutions.The attained solutions are expressed by the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions including tan,sec,cot,csc,tanh,sech,coth,csch,and of their combination.In addition,the mentioned two approaches are applied to the aforesaid models in the sense of Atangana conformable derivative or Beta derivative to attain new wave solutions.Three-dimensional and two-dimensional graphs of some of the obtained novel solutions satisfying the corresponding equations of interest are provided to understand the underlying mechanisms of the stated family.For the bright wave solutions in terms of Atangana’s conformable derivative,the amplitudes of the bright wave gradually decrease,but the smoothness increases when the fractional parametersαandβincrease.On the other hand,the periodicities of periodic waves increase.The attained new wave solutions can motivate applied scientists for engineering their ideas to an optimal level and they can be used for the validation of numerical simulation results in the propagation of waves in shallow water and other nonlinear cases.The performed approaches are found to be simple and efficient enough to estimate the solutions attained in the study and can be used to solve various classes of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in mathematical physics and engineering.展开更多
文摘It is shown that the process of conventional functional differentiation does not apply to functionals whose domain (and possibly range) is subject to the condition of integral normalization, as is the case with respect to a domain defined by wave functions or densities, in which there exists no neighborhood about a given element in the domain defined by arbitrary variations that also lie in the domain. This is remedied through the generalization of the domain of a functional to include distributions in the form of , where ?is the Dirac delta function and is a real number. This allows the determination of the rate of change of a functional with respect to changes of the independent variable determined at each point of the domain, with no reference needed to the values of the functional at different functions in its domain. One feature of the formalism is the determination of rates of change of general expectation values (that may not necessarily be functionals of the density) with respect to the wave functions or the densities determined by the wave functions forming the expectation value. It is also shown that ignoring the conditions of conventional functional differentiation can lead to false proofs, illustrated through a flaw in the proof that all densities defined on a lattice are -representable. In a companion paper, the mathematical integrity of a number of long-standing concepts in density functional theory are studied in terms of the formalism developed here.
文摘We search for analytical wave solutions of an electronically and biologically important model named as the Fitzhugh–Nagumo model with truncated M-fractional derivative, in which the expafunction and extended sinh-Gordon equation expansion(ESh GEE) schemes are utilized. The solutions obtained include dark, bright, dark-bright, periodic and other kinds of solitons. These analytical wave solutions are gained and verified with the use of Mathematica software. These solutions do not exist in literature. Some of the solutions are demonstrated by 2D, 3D and contour graphs. This model is mostly used in circuit theory, transmission of nerve impulses, and population genetics. Finally, both the schemes are more applicable, reliable and significant to deal with the fractional nonlinear partial differential equations.
文摘We develop the discrete derivatives representation method (DDR) to find the physical structures of the Schr?dinger equation in which the interpolation polynomial of Bernstein has been used. In this paper the particle swarm optimization (PSO for short) has been suggested as a means to improve qualitatively the solu-tions. This approach is carefully handled and tested with a numerical example.
文摘This paper deals with the closed-form solutions to the family of Boussinesq-like equations with the effect of spatio-temporal dispersion.The sine-Gordon expansion and the hyperbolic function approaches are efficiently applied to the family of Boussinesq-like equations to explore novel solitary,kink,anti-kink,combo,and singular-periodic wave solutions.The attained solutions are expressed by the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions including tan,sec,cot,csc,tanh,sech,coth,csch,and of their combination.In addition,the mentioned two approaches are applied to the aforesaid models in the sense of Atangana conformable derivative or Beta derivative to attain new wave solutions.Three-dimensional and two-dimensional graphs of some of the obtained novel solutions satisfying the corresponding equations of interest are provided to understand the underlying mechanisms of the stated family.For the bright wave solutions in terms of Atangana’s conformable derivative,the amplitudes of the bright wave gradually decrease,but the smoothness increases when the fractional parametersαandβincrease.On the other hand,the periodicities of periodic waves increase.The attained new wave solutions can motivate applied scientists for engineering their ideas to an optimal level and they can be used for the validation of numerical simulation results in the propagation of waves in shallow water and other nonlinear cases.The performed approaches are found to be simple and efficient enough to estimate the solutions attained in the study and can be used to solve various classes of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in mathematical physics and engineering.
