This short review examines the most recent functional studies of the topographic organization of the human corpus callosum, the main interhemispheric commissure. After a brief description of its anatomy, development, ...This short review examines the most recent functional studies of the topographic organization of the human corpus callosum, the main interhemispheric commissure. After a brief description of its anatomy, development, microstructure, and function, it examines and discusses the latest findings obtained using diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) and tractography(DTT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI), three recently developed imaging techniques that have significantly expanded and refined our knowledge of the commissure. While DTI and DTT have been providing insights into its microstructure, integrity and level of myelination, f MRI has been the key technique in documenting the activation of white matter fibers, particularly in the corpus callosum. By combining DTT and f MRI it has been possible to describe the trajectory of the callosal fibers interconnecting the primary olfactory, gustatory, motor, somatic sensory, auditory and visual cortices at sites where the activation elicited by peripheral stimulation was detected by fMRI. These studies have demonstrated the presence of callosal fiber tracts that cross the commissure at the level of the genu, body, and splenium, at sites showing f MRI activation. Altogether such findings lend further support to the notion that the corpus callosum displays a functional topographic organization that can be explored with f MRI.展开更多
In recent decades, brain science has been enriched from both empirical and computational approaches. Interesting emerging neural features include power-law distribution, chaotic behavior, self-organized criticality, v...In recent decades, brain science has been enriched from both empirical and computational approaches. Interesting emerging neural features include power-law distribution, chaotic behavior, self-organized criticality, variance approach, neuronal avalanches, difference-based and sparse coding, optimized information transfer, maximized dynamic range for information processing, and reproducibility of evoked spatio-temporal motifs in spontaneous activities, and so on. These intriguing findings can be largely categorized into two classes: complexity and regularity. This article would like to highlight that the above-mentioned properties although look diverse and unrelated, but actually may be rooted in a common foundation—excitatory and inhibitory balance (EIB) and ongoing activities (OA). To be clear, description and observation of neural features are phenomena or epiphenomena, while EIB-OA is the underlying mechanism. The EIB is maintained in a dynamic manner and may possess regional specificity, and importantly, EIB is organized along the boundary of phase transition which has been called criticality, bifurcation or edge of chaos. OA is composed of spontaneous organized activity, physiological noise, non-physiological noise and the interacting effect between OA and evoked activities. Based on EIB-OA, the brain may accommodate the property of chaos and regularity. We propose “virtual brain space” to bridge brain dynamics and mental space, and “code driving complexity hypothesis” to integrate regularity and complexity. The functional implication of oscillation and energy consumption of the brain are discussed.展开更多
背景左心房大小是心血管事件发生的预测因子,左心房结构和功能对心血管疾病的诊疗和预后具有重要意义。既往临床对多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)患者心功能的研究主要关注左、右心室的结构和功能,而...背景左心房大小是心血管事件发生的预测因子,左心房结构和功能对心血管疾病的诊疗和预后具有重要意义。既往临床对多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)患者心功能的研究主要关注左、右心室的结构和功能,而对左心房的研究相对较少。目的探讨应用斑点追踪成像(speckle tracking imaging,STI)相关指标评价创伤性MODS患者左心房功能的可行性。方法选取2019年1月-2022年4月在解放军总医院第一医学中心及战略支援部队特色医学中心确诊的创伤性MODS患者57例,其中男性41例,女性16例,年龄19~82岁。在确诊MODS的24 h内完成超声心动图检查。采用双平面Simpson法获得左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心房总排空分数(left atrial total emptying fraction,LATEF)、左心房主动排空分数(left atrial active emptying fraction,LAAEF)和左心房被动排空分数(left atrial passive emptying fraction,LAPEF)。应用STI软件分析获得左心房储器纵向应变(longitudinal strain of left atrial reservoir,LASr)、左心房管道纵向应变(longitudinal strain of left atrial duct,LAScd)和左心房辅泵纵向应变(longitudinal strain of left atrial accessory pump,LASct)。利用ROC曲线评估相关参数对左心房功能的诊断价值,计算曲线下面积。另选取年龄、性别、心血管危险因素与创伤性MODS组相匹配的45例普通创伤患者作为对照组,对比两组左心房收缩功能相关参数的变化。结果创伤性MODS组LVEF、LATEF、LAAEF、LASr、LAScd和LASct均较对照组降低(P均<0.01);ROC曲线分析显示,评价创伤性MODS患者左心房收缩功能时,LATEF、LAAEF、LAPEF、LASr、LAScd、LASct曲线下面积分别为0.789、0.801、0.496、0.943、0.890、0.766,最佳分界值分别为48.07%、26.58%、25.88%、43.15%、-24.86%、-10.25%,敏感度分别为0.80、0.79、0.62、0.89、0.96、0.85,特异度分别为0.53、0.61、0.65、0.74、0.63、0.59。结论在创伤性MODS早期,左心房储器功能、管道功能和辅泵功能均已受损,LASr对左心房功能的预测价值最高。STI定量评估左心房纵向应变能够发现患者左心房功能障碍,可为临床综合评估心脏功能提供依据。展开更多
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has revealed disrupted brain network connectivity in adults and teenagers with cerebral palsy. However, the specific brain networks implicated in neonatal cases rema...Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has revealed disrupted brain network connectivity in adults and teenagers with cerebral palsy. However, the specific brain networks implicated in neonatal cases remain poorly understood. In this study, we recruited 14 termborn infants with mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and 14 term-born infants with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy from Changzhou Children's Hospital, China. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data showed efficient small-world organization in whole-brain networks in both the mild and severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy groups. However, compared with the mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group, the severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group exhibited decreased local efficiency and a low clustering coefficient. The distribution of hub regions in the functional networks had fewer nodes in the severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group compared with the mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group. Moreover, nodal efficiency was reduced in the left rolandic operculum, left supramarginal gyrus, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, and right middle temporal gyrus. These results suggest that the topological structure of the resting state functional network in children with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is clearly distinct from that in children with mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and may be associated with impaired language, motion, and cognition. These data indicate that it may be possible to make early predictions regarding brain development in children with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, enabling early interventions targeting brain function. This study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Boards of the Changzhou Children's Hospital(approval No. 2013-001) on January 31, 2013. Informed consent was obtained from the family members of the children. The trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration number: ChiCTR1800016409) and the protocol version is 1.0.展开更多
基金Supported by Ministero Istruzione,Universitàe Ricerca(MIURPRIN 2007,2009)
文摘This short review examines the most recent functional studies of the topographic organization of the human corpus callosum, the main interhemispheric commissure. After a brief description of its anatomy, development, microstructure, and function, it examines and discusses the latest findings obtained using diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) and tractography(DTT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI), three recently developed imaging techniques that have significantly expanded and refined our knowledge of the commissure. While DTI and DTT have been providing insights into its microstructure, integrity and level of myelination, f MRI has been the key technique in documenting the activation of white matter fibers, particularly in the corpus callosum. By combining DTT and f MRI it has been possible to describe the trajectory of the callosal fibers interconnecting the primary olfactory, gustatory, motor, somatic sensory, auditory and visual cortices at sites where the activation elicited by peripheral stimulation was detected by fMRI. These studies have demonstrated the presence of callosal fiber tracts that cross the commissure at the level of the genu, body, and splenium, at sites showing f MRI activation. Altogether such findings lend further support to the notion that the corpus callosum displays a functional topographic organization that can be explored with f MRI.
文摘In recent decades, brain science has been enriched from both empirical and computational approaches. Interesting emerging neural features include power-law distribution, chaotic behavior, self-organized criticality, variance approach, neuronal avalanches, difference-based and sparse coding, optimized information transfer, maximized dynamic range for information processing, and reproducibility of evoked spatio-temporal motifs in spontaneous activities, and so on. These intriguing findings can be largely categorized into two classes: complexity and regularity. This article would like to highlight that the above-mentioned properties although look diverse and unrelated, but actually may be rooted in a common foundation—excitatory and inhibitory balance (EIB) and ongoing activities (OA). To be clear, description and observation of neural features are phenomena or epiphenomena, while EIB-OA is the underlying mechanism. The EIB is maintained in a dynamic manner and may possess regional specificity, and importantly, EIB is organized along the boundary of phase transition which has been called criticality, bifurcation or edge of chaos. OA is composed of spontaneous organized activity, physiological noise, non-physiological noise and the interacting effect between OA and evoked activities. Based on EIB-OA, the brain may accommodate the property of chaos and regularity. We propose “virtual brain space” to bridge brain dynamics and mental space, and “code driving complexity hypothesis” to integrate regularity and complexity. The functional implication of oscillation and energy consumption of the brain are discussed.
文摘背景左心房大小是心血管事件发生的预测因子,左心房结构和功能对心血管疾病的诊疗和预后具有重要意义。既往临床对多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)患者心功能的研究主要关注左、右心室的结构和功能,而对左心房的研究相对较少。目的探讨应用斑点追踪成像(speckle tracking imaging,STI)相关指标评价创伤性MODS患者左心房功能的可行性。方法选取2019年1月-2022年4月在解放军总医院第一医学中心及战略支援部队特色医学中心确诊的创伤性MODS患者57例,其中男性41例,女性16例,年龄19~82岁。在确诊MODS的24 h内完成超声心动图检查。采用双平面Simpson法获得左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心房总排空分数(left atrial total emptying fraction,LATEF)、左心房主动排空分数(left atrial active emptying fraction,LAAEF)和左心房被动排空分数(left atrial passive emptying fraction,LAPEF)。应用STI软件分析获得左心房储器纵向应变(longitudinal strain of left atrial reservoir,LASr)、左心房管道纵向应变(longitudinal strain of left atrial duct,LAScd)和左心房辅泵纵向应变(longitudinal strain of left atrial accessory pump,LASct)。利用ROC曲线评估相关参数对左心房功能的诊断价值,计算曲线下面积。另选取年龄、性别、心血管危险因素与创伤性MODS组相匹配的45例普通创伤患者作为对照组,对比两组左心房收缩功能相关参数的变化。结果创伤性MODS组LVEF、LATEF、LAAEF、LASr、LAScd和LASct均较对照组降低(P均<0.01);ROC曲线分析显示,评价创伤性MODS患者左心房收缩功能时,LATEF、LAAEF、LAPEF、LASr、LAScd、LASct曲线下面积分别为0.789、0.801、0.496、0.943、0.890、0.766,最佳分界值分别为48.07%、26.58%、25.88%、43.15%、-24.86%、-10.25%,敏感度分别为0.80、0.79、0.62、0.89、0.96、0.85,特异度分别为0.53、0.61、0.65、0.74、0.63、0.59。结论在创伤性MODS早期,左心房储器功能、管道功能和辅泵功能均已受损,LASr对左心房功能的预测价值最高。STI定量评估左心房纵向应变能够发现患者左心房功能障碍,可为临床综合评估心脏功能提供依据。
基金supported by the Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Research Project of China,No.F201612(to HXL)Changzhou Science and Technology Support Plan of China,No.CE20165027(to HXL)+1 种基金Changzhou City Planning Commission Major Science and Technology Projects of China,No.ZD201515(to HXL)Changzhou High Level Training Fund for Health Professionals of China,No.2016CZBJ028(to HXL)
文摘Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has revealed disrupted brain network connectivity in adults and teenagers with cerebral palsy. However, the specific brain networks implicated in neonatal cases remain poorly understood. In this study, we recruited 14 termborn infants with mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and 14 term-born infants with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy from Changzhou Children's Hospital, China. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data showed efficient small-world organization in whole-brain networks in both the mild and severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy groups. However, compared with the mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group, the severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group exhibited decreased local efficiency and a low clustering coefficient. The distribution of hub regions in the functional networks had fewer nodes in the severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group compared with the mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy group. Moreover, nodal efficiency was reduced in the left rolandic operculum, left supramarginal gyrus, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, and right middle temporal gyrus. These results suggest that the topological structure of the resting state functional network in children with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is clearly distinct from that in children with mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and may be associated with impaired language, motion, and cognition. These data indicate that it may be possible to make early predictions regarding brain development in children with severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, enabling early interventions targeting brain function. This study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Boards of the Changzhou Children's Hospital(approval No. 2013-001) on January 31, 2013. Informed consent was obtained from the family members of the children. The trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration number: ChiCTR1800016409) and the protocol version is 1.0.
