A thermodynamics-consistent spatiotemporally-nonlocal model for microstructure-dependent heat conduction

The spatiotemporally-nonlocal phenomena in heat conduction become significant but challenging for metamaterials with artificial microstructures.However,the microstructure-dependent heat conduction phenomena are captured under the hypothesis of spatiotemporally local equilibrium.To capture the microstructure-dependent heat conduction phenomena,a generalized nonlocal irreversible thermodynamics is proposed by removing both the temporally-local and spatially-local equilibrium hypotheses from the classical irreversible thermodynamics.The generalized nonlocal irreversible thermodynamics has intrinsic length and time parameters and thus can provide a thermodynamics basis for the spatiotemporally-nonlocal law of heat conduction.To remove the temporallylocal equilibrium hypothesis,the generalized entropy is assumed to depend not only on the internal energy but also on its first-order and high-order time derivatives.To remove the spatially local equilibrium hypothesis,the thermodynamics flux field in the dissipation function is assumed to relate not only to the thermodynamics force at the reference point but also to the thermodynamics force of the neighboring points.With the developed theoretical framework,the thermodynamics-consistent spatiotemporally-nonlocal models can then be developed for heat transfer problems.Two examples are provided to illustrate the applications of steady-state and transient heat conduction problems.

Non-equilibrium thermodynamic analysis of coupled heat and moisture transfer across a membrane

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory is used to analyze the transmembrane heat and moisture transfer process,which can be observed in a membrane-type total heat exchanger(THX).A theoretical model is developed to simulate the coupled heat and mass transfer across a membrane,total coupling equations and the expressions for the four characteristic parameters including the heat transfer coefficient,molardriven heat transfer coefficient,thermal-driven mass transfer coefficient,and mass transfer coefficient are derived and provided,with the Onsager’s reciprocal relation being confirmed to verify the rationality of the model.Calculations are conducted to investigate the effects of the membrane property and air state on the coupling transport process.The results show that the four characteristic parameters directly affect the transmembrane heat and mass fluxes:the heat and mass transfer coefficients are both positive,meaning that the temperature difference has a positive contribution to the heat transfer and the humidity ratio difference has a positive contribution to the mass transfer.The molar-driven heat transfer and thermal-driven mass transfer coefficients are both negative,implying that the humidity ratio difference acts to reduce the heat transfer and the temperature difference works to diminish the mass transfer.The mass transfer affects the heat transfer by 1%–2%while the heat transfer influences the mass transfer by7%–14%.The entropy generation caused by the temperature difference-induced heat transfer is much larger than that by the humidity difference-induced mass transfer.

ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER OF GLASS TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

The enhancement of convective heat transfer in a glass tube heat exchanger was researched.A simple and efficient method using spiral wire turbulence promotors in the glass tube isrecommended.A series of experiments were conducted,and thetlon have been obtained.Performance evaluations Nr the enhanced heattrans比r In this heatexchanger are su门niii ed up and discussed Based on the vlewp01nt Of止berinodynaffi1CS,止he avaHableenergy lossof the heat transfer swtern Inside the tube Is analwed to determine and evaluate the over-all趴ct oQthe enhanced heat transfer,The mechanism ofenhanced heat transfer]n the glass tubeand the Influence of turbutlvlty In the fough tube are also analysed and discussed.

Heat Transfer Process of Bubble during the Occurrence of Cavitation in Hydraulic System

Thermal characteristic of cavitation has great influence on the process of occurrence,development and collapse of bubble in hydraulic system. By choosing the stage of bubble growth as the research object,combining with the characteristic of the process of bubble occurrence and development in hydraulic system, and ignoring the impact of thermal radiation,the heat transfer situation of bubble growth was analyzed under appropriate assumptions of thermodynamic conditions in the bubble generation and development process. The mathematical expression of the temperature change of bubble was deduced using thermodynamic principle. Through combining the expression with classic Rayleigh-Plesset Equation,numerical calculation was carried out and the temperature variation over time( or bubble radius) was obtained. The influences of convective heat transfer coefficient of bubble and polytropic exponent on the thermodynamic process of bubble were analyzed. Finally,the thermal characteristic of bubble growth after cavitation occurrence was summarized.

Thermodynamic Head Loss in a Channel with Combined Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer

Losses in channel flows are usually determined using a frictional head loss parameter. Fluid friction is however not the only source of loss in channel flows with heat transfer. For such flow problems, thermal energy degradation, in addition to mechanical energy degradation, add to the total loss in thermodynamic head. To assess the total loss in a channel with combined convection and radiation heat transfer, the conventional frictional head loss parameter is extended in this study. The analysis is applied to a 3D turbulent channel flow and identifies the critical locations in the flow domain where the losses are concentrated. The influence of Boltzmann number is discussed, and the best channel geometry for flows with combined heat transfer modes is also determined.

Study on the Irreversible Thermodynamics of a Marine Engine Exhaust-powered Adsorption Refrigerating System

This study investigates the heat and mass transfer mechanism of a marine engifie exhaust-powered adsorption refrigerating system by using irreversible thermodynamics. The equations of entropy-production rate and the linear phenomenological equations of thermodynamic flux and force are established. The conventional experimental facilities of unit tube are developed and the phenomenological coefficients are obtained by fitting the experimental data. It is concluded that the thermodynamic process in the adsorbent bed is determined by the coupling effect of the heat and mass transfer; furthermore, the mass transfer is determined by the heat transfer. Taking some measures to increase heat transfer can improve the performance of the adsorption refrigerating system. The conclusions presented in this paper may be of value to the engineering applications of the system.

Thermodynamics of a Shallow Solar Still

A detailed summary of the most relevant aspects of the thermodynamics of a shallow solar still is presented, including historical features not often found in the literature. Solar distillation has grown from applying empirical knowledge to advanced modeling and simulation. Geometrical, environmental and operational parameters of the solar still to heat transfer phenomena including evaporation and condensation, are taken into account in this overview, giving a comprehensive structure and classification to the study of solar stills from the thermodynamic point of view. The article describes global parameters, such as solar radiation, wind speed and thermal insulation among others and how they have been taken into account in the literature. Also, a distinction between internal and external heat transfer phenomena is proposed for clarification. Exergy balance is included to account for thermodynamic imperfections in the several processes inside the solar still.

A Novel Method for Heat Exchange Evaluation in EV

With the growing global energy and environmental problems,electric vehicles that are both environmentally friendly and cost effective have seen rapid growth.An electrified vehicle’s effective thermal management must include all of the vehicle’s systems.However,optimizing the thermal behavior of each component is insufficient.A lithium-ion battery’s operating temperature has a significant impact on its performance.When working at low temperatures,the internal resistance of lithium-ion batteries increases,the available energy and power of the system decreases,and lithium precipitation caused by low-temperature charging may cause safety issues;high-temperature operation and temperature inconsistency between battery cells will cause accelerated ageing of the battery,which may result in safety issues such as thermal runaway.As a result,to keep the temperature of the battery module under control,electric cars require a strong thermal management system.Thermal management must be handled at the system level to maximize the vehicle’s overall performance.The integrated thermal manage-ment system for electric vehicles has the potential to significantly increase vehicle energy efficiency.However,it’s construction is complicated due to the thermal requirements of the battery and cabin.In this research,a multi-channel liquid cooling system with a serpentine wavy structure was used to conduct an experimental thermal investigation of a lithium-ion battery pack.The suggested cooling system’s capabilities was examined under various charge/discharge scenarios using varied coolantflow rates and pumping power.Thefindings revealed that the suggested cooling system was successful across a variety of charging and discharging settings,with most of the tested scenarios achieving a maximum temperature difference.

线上线下双模式教育的应用——以机械电子工程专业必修课《热力学与传热学基础》为例

后疫情时代,为适应教学要求,逐渐衍生出线上线下双模式的教学方式。本文以机械电子工程专业的必修课《热力学与传热学基础》为例介绍了线上线下双模式教育在教学中的应用。首先介绍了《热力学与传热学基础》这门专业必修课的主要授课内容、学习目标和考核标准,其次以理想气体基本热力学过程的p-v图和T-s图为例,说明了双模式教育的应用为教学带来的好处。

翅形扰流片作用下的微通道换热特性

基于有限体积(FVM)离散方法和动网格技术,模拟三维矩形微通道内的翅形扰流片的主动扰流换热情况。模拟条件为层流Reynolds数50~250,扰流片的运动频率(f)10~50 Hz。结果表明,不同运动频率下的Nusselt数、摩阻系数(fr)及综合评价因子(PEC)均在一定范围内呈现类正弦变化,其周期与扰流片运动周期相同。在Re=50、f=10~50工况下,扰流片作用下的微通道PEC为0.75~1.52,并随频率的增加而上升。特别是在低频范围内,PEC表现出一定的单调性。通过引入翅形扰流片,微通道的传热效率得到了显著的提高,相较于光滑矩形微通道(PEC=1),在Re=50、f=10 Hz工况下PEC提高了5%,在Re=50、f=50 Hz的条件下PEC提高了30%。

轴向柱塞泵热特性及热力学建模实验研究

针对轴向柱塞泵在高压和高速工况下发热过快的问题,对柱塞泵热特性和热力学建模进行了仿真分析与实验研究。首先,在摩擦副发热理论基础上,考虑了泵内油液搅动摩擦与轴承摩擦发热源,研究了柱塞泵内发热机理和传热分析的热特性理论;然后,根据柱塞泵部件复杂和固流态域区分度高的特点,阐述了所采用的控制体积法原理,将泵划分为5个控制体积后,建立了以各个控制体温度变化为导向的热力学模型;最后,采用光纤光栅温度传感器和蓝牙无线温度传感器,针对不同的控制体节点设计了传感器封装结构和布置方法,共同组成了轴向柱塞泵在线热监测系统,并进行了在不同压力条件下的对照实验,对理论模型进行了有效性验证与分析。研究结果表明:对比实验和仿真结果,模型温度变化与实际误差值在5%左右,验证了该模型能准确地反映和预测泵热力学变化过程。该结果为柱塞泵热力学状态监测提供了故障诊断基础,并为液压系统热管理系统设计提供了理论基础和设计依据。

压缩空气储能地下储气库热力学改进模型研究

【目的】明晰地下储气库的热力学过程是压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)电站安全设计与运行调度的重要基础。【方法】现有地下储气库热力学模型在计算热量交换时,存在高压储气阶段热损失偏大和低压储气库阶段补热过多的不足。本文在全面分析地下储气库热力学模型理论基础合理性的前提下,先分析储气库热量计算偏差的形成根源;再提出改进模型。【结果】研究结果表明:现有的热力学计算解析模型忽略了CAES地下储气库在运行过程中温度分布的不均匀性,这种温度分布的不均匀导致储气室洞壁与压缩空气之间的对流换热模型失真,导致温度计算结果偏差大。考虑混合对流换热的改进模型二可以较好地解决储气阶段温度计算结果与真实结果之间偏差过大的问题。算例分析证明了改进模型二的合理性。【结论】本文的改进模型二可为CAES地下储气库容积优化设计与效率分析提供计算依据。

基于电池冷却用新型脉动热管性能的实验研究

提出一种电池冷却用C形脉动热管(pulsating heat pipe,PHP),具有较好的散热性和包裹特性。选择甲醇、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇和甲醇-丙酮混合物为PHP工质,实验研究了不同加热功率和充液率(filling rate,FR)工况下PHP的性能。结果表明,FR过高或过低均不利于C形PHP稳定运行,实际应用中需综合考虑热阻、传热极限等指标,选取合适的FR。实验研究范围内,C形PHP最佳FR在45%左右。综合考虑蒸发温度与热阻,甲醇-丙酮混合物C形PHP具备更好的性能,能够满足第二代Mirai电池冷却需求,可将其表面温度控制在84℃以下,允许的电池最大体积功率密度为6 kW/L。依据应用场合选择工质和布置方式后,PHP能保证受控对象的安全运行。相关结论为电池热控制系统设计提供了重要的参考和借鉴。

新工科背景下热质交换原理与设备的课程思政建设与探索

热质交换原理与设备作为讲述热量与质量传递的一门课程,具有较强的工程实践属性。目前一些工科专业课程的思政内容讲授时仍然存在思政元素的授课方式单一、评价体系不完善等问题。文章通过详细分析热质课程特点,结合新工科人才培养要求,确定具体课程思政融入元素,改进思政融入方式进行思政元素契合,深入剖析课程的思政内涵并结合课程特点建立完善的课程思政评价体系,重点突出学生实践创新能力的培养达到新工科人才培养目标。

热质交换原理与设备课程教学反思与实践

热质交换原理与设备是建筑环境与能源应用工程专业重要的学科基础课程之一,具有联系基础课程与专业课程的桥梁与纽带作用,该课程教学具有知识面宽、受众广、引领示范性强等特点。对课程教学过程中存在的问题进行认真反思、分析,总结存在的问题,不断进行教学改革,创新教学设计,改进教学方法,以激发学生的学习兴趣,提高学生的创新及工程实践能力。另外,对热质交换原理与设备教学实施过程及教学效果评价进行总结,形成该课程教学新特色,以期为其他课程教学方式方法的改革和教学水平的提高提供参考。

工程热力学与传热学课程中实验教学的问题及改进路径

实验教学是工程热力学与传热学教学体系中至关重要的一部分,推动其教学改革可以加深学生对重难点知识的理解与领悟,提高学生的创新意识与科研精神。当下,高校在开展工程热力学与传热学实验教学时,存在实验教学内容设置不科学、实验设施不完善与实验教学方式固定等问题,为此,高校要优化实验教学内容,明确教学重难点、健全实验设施、创新实验教学方法,不断提高实验教学效果。

Maximum power output of a class of irreversible non-regeneration heat engines with a non-uniform working fluid and linear phenomenological heat transfer law

Maximum power output of a class of irreversible non-regeneration heat engines with non-uniform working fluid,in which heat transfers between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs obey the linear phenomenological heat transfer law [q ∝Δ(T-1)],are studied in this paper. Optimal control theory is used to determine the upper bounds of power of the heat engine for the lumped-parameter model and the distributed-parameter model,respectively. The results show that the maximum power output of the heat engine in the distributed-parameter model is less than or equal to that in the lumped-parameter model,which could provide more realistic guidelines for real heat engines. Analytical solutions of the maximum power output are obtained for the irreversible heat engines working between constant temperature reservoirs. For the irreversible heat engine operating between variable temperature reservoirs,a numerical example for the lumped-parameter model is provided by numerical calculation. The effects of changes of reservoir's temperature on the maximum power of the heat engine are analyzed. The obtained results are,in addition,compared with those obtained with Newtonian heat transfer law [q ∝Δ(T)].

Energy conserving effects of dividing wall column

The energy-conserving performance of dividing wall column(DWC) is discussed in this paper. The heat transfer through the dividing wall is considered and the results are compared with that of common heat insulation dividing wall column(HIDWC). Based on the thermodynamic analysis of heat transfer dividing wall column(HTDWC) and HIDWC, both computer simulation and experiments are employed to analyze the energyconserving situation. Mixtures of n-hexane, n-heptane and n-octane are chosen as the example for separation.The results show that the energy consumption of HTDWC is 50.3% less than that of conventional distillation column, while it is 46.4% less than that of HIDWC. It indicates that DWC is efficient on separating threecomponent mixtures and HTDWC can save more energy than HIDWC. Thus it is necessary to consider the heat transfer while applying DWC to industry.

Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation Analysis of an Intermediate Heat Exchanger in ADS

The intermediate heat exchanger for enhancement heat transfer is the important equipment in the usage of nuclear energy. In the present work, heat transfer and entropy generation of an intermediate heat exchanger(IHX) in the accelerator driven subcritical system(ADS) are investigated experimentally. The variation of entropy generation number with performance parameters of the IHX is analyzed, and effects of inlet conditions of the IHX on entropy generation number and heat transfer are discussed. Compared with the results at two working conditions of the constant mass flow rates of liquid lead-bismuth eutectic(LBE) and helium gas, the total pumping power all tends to reduce with the decreasing entropy generation number, but the variations of the effectiveness, number of transfer units and thermal capacity rate ratio are inconsistent, and need to analyze respectively. With the increasing inlet mass flow rate or LBE inlet temperature, the entropy generation number increases and the heat transfer is enhanced, while the opposite trend occurs with the increasing helium gas inlet temperature. The further study is necessary for obtaining the optimized operation parameters of the IHX to minimize entropy generation and enhance heat transfer.

Analysis of Entropy Generation of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer in Internal and External Flows with the Assumption of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium

In this paper, the control volume method is used to establish the general expression of entropy generation due to combined convective heat and mass transfer in internal and external fluid streams. Theexpression accounts for irreversibilities due to the presence of heat transfer across a finite temperaturedifference, mass transfer across a finite difference in the chemical potential of a species, and due toflow friction. Based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, the generalized form ofthe Gibbs equation is used in this analysis. The results are applied to two fundamental problems offorced convection heat and mass transfer in internal and external flows. After minimizing the entropygeneration, useful conclusions are derived that are typical of the second law viewpoint for the definitionof the optimum operation conditions for the specified applications, which is a' valuable criterion foroptimum design of heat and fluid flow devices.