Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

Physical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials Based on Raw Earth and Crushed Palm Leaf Fibers (Borassus aethiopum)

The objective of this study is to seek solutions to reduce the impact of buildings on climate change and to promote the use of local bio-sourced or geo-sourced materials for sustainable construction. Different samples of raw earth from 3 sites were taken in the commune of Mlomp. Geotechnical tests showed that the raw earth samples from sites 2 and 3 have more clay fraction while site 1 contains more sand. The fact of integrating fibers from crushed palm leaves (Borassus aethiopum) (2%, 4% and 6%) into the 3 raw earth samples reduced the mechanical resistance to compression and traction of the 3 raw earths. The experimental results of thermal tests on samples of earth mixtures with crushed Palma leaf fibers show a decrease in thermal conductivity as well as thermal effusivity as the percentages increase (2%, 4% and 6%) of fibers in raw earth for the 3 sites. This shows that this renewable composite material can help improve the thermal insulation of building envelopes.

Basic Notions of Classical Physics

Classical Physics is a branch of Physics that should be described by classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. Physically, simple interactions occur at a microscopic level, and the collective result can be observed at a macroscopic level. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) introduces classical notions, when the very first ensemble of particles was created at the cosmological time πM ≅ 10-18 and become possible to introduce the notion “Medium of the World”. We emphasize that Classical Physics is principally different from Quantum Physics that describes quantum objects, which have four-momenta only. Classical Physics is dealing with ensembles of quantum objects! The present paper discusses the Basic Notions of Classical Physics considering a principally different cosmological model WUM, which is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology. WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics, and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac in 1937.

The Association of the Neutron, and the Quantum Properties of Hydrogen, with the Prime Numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11

The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants are associated with quantum integers, n, within a classic integer and partial harmonic fraction system, and follow a known two-dimensional, 2D, power law geometry. These are exponents of a fundamental frequency, vF, the basis of which is the annhilation frequency of the neutron, vn0. Our goal to a first approximation is to derive the frequency equivalents of the Rydberg constant, vR, the Bohr radius, va0, the electron, ve-, and the reciprocal fine structure constant, 1/α all from vn0, π, and a small set of prime integers only. The primes used in the derivations are respectively 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11. This is possible since it is known that the number 3 is associated with R, 5 with a0, 7 with e-, and 11 with 1/α. In addition, the interrelationships of the frequency ratio equivalents of these natural units with 2 and π are known, thus allowing for the derivation of any one from the others. Also the integer and partial fractions of a0, e-, and n0 define Planck time squared, tP2. An accurate estimate of tP2 from vF alone is also related to the integer 2 since gravity is a kinetic force. Planck time squared, tP2 scales the Y-axis, and vF scales the X-axis. In conclusion the quantum properties of hydrogen are derived from only the natural unit physical data of the neutron, to a relative precision ranging from 2.6 × 10-3 to 6.7 × 10-4. This supports the hypothesis that many of the fundamental constants are related to vn0.

原版教材Funda mentals of Physics使用体会

Halliday Resnick的基础物理学Fundamentals ofPhysics至2001年已经出了第六版.

Estimation of Resilient Modulus of Unbound Granular Materials from Senegal (West Africa)

The resilient modulus (Mr) is an important parameter which describes the mechanical behavior of unbound granular materials. However, this parameter can be determined from physical properties. This paper presents the relationship between resilient modulus and physical properties of Quartzite from Bakel (GB), Basalt from Diack and Bargny and Bandia limestones. Simple and multiple regression method by stepwise are used to establish linear and nonlinear relations to predict the resilient modulus. The results showed no significant correlation for Basalt, a weak estimation of the modulus for GB and good prediction of resilient modulus for limestone. These results also showed that the model of Uzan is more suitable to predict the resilient modulus than NCHRP model and the resilient modulus is better predicted in nonlinear relationship.

Research on thermal insulation materials properties under HTHP conditions for deep oil and gas reservoir rock ITP-Coring

Deep oil and gas reservoirs are under high-temperature conditions,but traditional coring methods do not consider temperature-preserved measures and ignore the influence of temperature on rock porosity and permeability,resulting in distorted resource assessments.The development of in situ temperaturepreserved coring(ITP-Coring)technology for deep reservoir rock is urgent,and thermal insulation materials are key.Therefore,hollow glass microsphere/epoxy resin thermal insulation materials(HGM/EP materials)were proposed as thermal insulation materials.The materials properties under coupled hightemperature and high-pressure(HTHP)conditions were tested.The results indicated that high pressures led to HGM destruction and that the materials water absorption significantly increased;additionally,increasing temperature accelerated the process.High temperatures directly caused the thermal conductivity of the materials to increase;additionally,the thermal conduction and convection of water caused by high pressures led to an exponential increase in the thermal conductivity.High temperatures weakened the matrix,and high pressures destroyed the HGM,which resulted in a decrease in the tensile mechanical properties of the materials.The materials entered the high elastic state at 150℃,and the mechanical properties were weakened more obviously,while the pressure led to a significant effect when the water absorption was above 10%.Meanwhile,the tensile strength/strain were 13.62 MPa/1.3%and 6.09 MPa/0.86%at 100℃ and 100 MPa,respectively,which meet the application requirements of the self-designed coring device.Finally,K46-f40 and K46-f50 HGM/EP materials were proven to be suitable for ITP-Coring under coupled conditions below 100℃ and 100 MPa.To further improve the materials properties,the interface layer and EP matrix should be optimized.The results can provide references for the optimization and engineering application of materials and thus technical support for deep oil and gas resource development.

Einstein’s Gravitational Field Approach to Dark Matter and Dark Energy—Geometric Particle Decay into the Vacuum Energy Generating Higgs Boson and Heavy Quark Mass

During an interview at the Niels Bohr Institute David Bohm stated, “according to Einstein, particles should eventually emerge … as singularities, or very strong regions of stable pulses of (the gravitational) field” [1]. Starting from this premise, we show spacetime, indeed, manifests stable pulses (n-valued gravitons) that decay into the vacuum energy to generate all three boson masses (including Higgs), as well as heavy-quark mass;and all in precise agreement with the 2010 CODATA report on fundamental constants. Furthermore, our relativized quantum physics approach (RQP) answers to the mystery surrounding dark energy, dark matter, accelerated spacetime, and why ordinary matter dominates over antimatter.

The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis: Prime Number Factor Patterns and Their Relationship to the Hierarchy of the Fundamental Particles and Bosons

The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, has demonstrated that many of the fundamental physical constants including particles and bosons are associated with specific quantum integers, n. These integers define partial harmonic fractional exponents, 1 ± (1/n), of a fundamental frequency, Vf. The goal is to evaluate the prime and composite factors associated with the neutron n0, the quarks, the kinetic energy of neutron beta decay, the Rydberg constant, R, e, a0, H0, h, α, W, Z, the muon, and the neutron gluon. Their pure number characteristics correspond and explain the hierarchy of the particles and bosons. The elements and black body radiation represent consecutive integer series. The relative scale of the constants cluster in a partial harmonic fraction pattern around the neutron. The global numerical organization is related to the only possible prime factor partial fractions of 2/3, or 3/2, as pairs of 3 physical entities with a total of 6 in each group. Many other progressively resonant prime number factor patterns are identified with increasing numbers of smaller factors, higher primes, or larger partial fractions associated with higher order particles or bosons.

光的真实本性与未来科技飞跃发展预测

物理学史上,有三大主宰着物理学发展的跨世纪大论战,其中前两次论战的主题是光的概念,第三次论战的主题关系整个现代物理,但整个第三次论战被光的概念所主宰。错误的光子概念与第三次论战占了上风的超距心灵作用结合形成物理学最严重的百年大错。研究发现了三大跨世纪论战中造成真理失败的根源。关于光的本性,论文提供了九项证据证明光只是波而不是光子。当人们一旦认识真相,光学、物理学乃至整个自然科学将出现一次突飞猛进的飞跃发展。论文只重点介绍前两次论战的根源和本质,并预测光学、物理学和各相关自然科学将出现的飞跃发展。

Introduction to Unity of Physics and Biology, Inorganic Life Materials

The unity between physics and biology refers to that the inorganic systems： the Solar System, galaxies and artificial systems have the same structures and functions as the organisms. The development of science and technology is demonstrating the intense unification trends of physics and biology and a holistic science and technology era is about to start. The physics and biology unify on the basis of the four seasons＇ law, which is the most important rule of the universe. Life is defined as the four seasons＇ whole with the structure and process of four seasons. The organism is basically structured into a dual four-season body by state-varying, state-stabilizing and control organizations. Animals, the Solar System and the earth are all the dual four-season bodies. In the unity between physics and biology, the inorganic life materials and inorganic life body can be manufactured artificially.

Effect of sintering temperature on the physical properties and electrical contact properties of doped AgSnO_2 contact materials

AgSnO_ 2 electrical contact materials doped with Bi_2O_3,La_2O_3,and TiO_2 were successfully fabricated by the powder metallurgy method under different initial sintering temperatures.The electrical conductivity,density,hardness,and contact resistance of the Ag Sn O_2/Bi_2O_3,AgSnO_2/La_2O_3,and AgSnO_2/Ti O_2 contact materials were measured and analyzed.The arc-eroded surface morphologies of the doped AgSnO_2 contact materials were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The effects of the initial sintering temperature on the physical properties and electrical contact properties of the doped AgSnO_2 contact materials were discussed.The results indicate that the physical properties can be improved and the contact resistance of the AgSnO_2 contact materials can be substantially reduced when the materials are sintered under their optimal initial sintering temperatures.

Effects of silver powder particle size on the microstructure and properties of Ag-Yb_2O_3 electrical contact materials prepared by spark plasma sintering

mg-Yb203 electrical contact materials were fabricated by spark plasma sintefing （SPS）. The effects of silver powder particle size on the microstructure and properties of the samples were investigated. The surface morphologies of the sintered samples were examined by optical microscope （OM）, and the fracture morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The physical and mechanical properties such as density, electrical resistivity, microhardness, and tensile strength were also tested. The results show that the silver powder particle size has evident effects on the sintered materials. Comparing with coarse silver powder （5 ktm）, homogeneous and fme microstmcture was obtained by fine silver powder （_〈0.5-1am）. At the same time, the electrical conductivity, microhardness, and tensile strength of the sin- tered samples with fine silver powder were higher than those of the samples with coarse silver powder. However, silver powder particle size has little influence on the relative densities, which of all samples （both by free and coarse silver powders） is more than 95%. The fracture characteristics are ductile.

Decisive Role of Gravitational Parameter G in Cosmology

In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”, and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that Gravitational parameter G that can be measured directly makes measurable all Cosmological parameters, which cannot be measured directly.

Completely New Gravitational Physics: The Ingenious Outside-Inside Centrifuge Mechanism of Gravity Clarified

The present work implements the idea that gravity is not a fundamental force and that the observed gravitational dynamics is the result of inertial motions within a Keplerian velocity field of the Higgs Quantum Space (HQS), giving mass and ruling the inertial motions of matter-energy. The Higgs theory introduces profound changes in the current view about the nature of empty space. It introduces the idea that a real quantum fluid medium, filling up the whole of space, gives mass to the elementary particles by the Higgs mechanism, an effect analogous to the Meissner effect, giving mass to the photons within superconductors. This HQS necessarily governs the inertial motion of matter-energy and is the locally ultimate reference for rest and for motions. The HQS materializes the local Lorentz frames (LFs), turning them into local proper LFs, intrinsically stationary with respect to the local moving HQS. This HQS also necessarily is responsible for the gravitational dynamics;because it is mass that creates the gravitational fields. The observed absence of the gravitational slowing of the GPS clocks by the solar field and the absence of light anisotropy with respect to the moving earth are both obvious signatures of the true physical mechanism of gravity. These observations demonstrate that the HQS is circulating round the sun and round earth according to Keplerian velocity fields (GM/r)1/2, closely consistent respectively with the planetary motions and the orbital motion of the Moon. In this Keplerian velocity field the planets are closely stationary with respect to the local HQS and carried by the moving HQS round the sun without the need of a central force field. The Keplerian velocity field of the HQS is the only possible imaginable mechanism able to give rise to the ingenious outside-inside centrifuge mechanism of gravity that creates a central field of centrifugal forces toward the gravitational center on all matter bodies not moving strictly along direct circular equatorial orbits. The Keplerian velocity field of the HQS is shown to appropriately create all the observed effects of the gravitational fields on matter, on light and on clocks.

Einstein’s Theory of Relativity in the Scenario of the Higgs Quantum Space Dynamics

This work is concerned about the true physical mechanism of gravity. The Higgs theory introduces important changes in Einstein’s view about the nature of empty space, about the meaning of motions and about the nature of the gravitational physics. The Higgs Quantum Space (HQS) is a real quantum fluid spatial medium, giving inertial mass to the elementary particles by the Higgs mechanism. Therefore, the HQS rules the inertial motion of matter-energy and is the local ultimate reference for rest and for motions. In this new scenario, velocity with respect to the local HQS and not relative velocity is the origin of all the effects of motion. The HQS also necessarily is responsible for the gravitational fields because it is mass that creates the gravitational fields. The observed absence of the gravitational slowing of the GPS clocks by the solar field and the absence of light anisotropy with respect to earth are both the obvious signature of the true physical mechanism of gravity in action. These observations show that the HQS is moving itself round the sun according to a Keplerian velocity field, consistent with the planetary motions, which will be shown to accurately create, besides the observed gravitational dynamics, all the observed effects of the gravitational fields on light and on clocks. Current theories explain the absence of the solar gravitational slowing of the GPS clocks with base in the principle of equivalence. In the language of the present work, the HQS materializes the local Lorentz frames (LFs), turning them into local proper LFs, intrinsically stationary with respect to the local moving HQS. In its motions, the HQS carries these local proper LFs with it round the sun, so that the planets of the solar system are stationary with respect to them, which directly predicts the absence of the gravitational slowing of the GPS clocks by the solar field, the absence of light anisotropy with respect to earth and all the other effects of the gravitational fields observed on earth.

APPLICATION OF THE POSITRON ANNIHILATION TECHNIQUE

The principles of positron annihilation and four positron experimental techniques are described. The application of positron annihilation technique in material science. atomic physics and other related fields are discussed.

Optimized design and preparation of Ti/TiAl laminated composite

Laminated composite is a new type of composite structure which is used to improve the fracture toughness and flexure strength and is good for optimizing the mechanical properties of intermetallics. On the basis of bionic principle, the optimized design (via establishing the mathematical model, stress intensity factor K_Ⅰ was computed by the finite element method) of Ti/TiAl laminated composite was studied by varying the thickness ratio and layer amounts, then the raw materials of Ti and TiAl were evaporated and deposited alternatively to form laminated metal/intermetallic composites in vacuum chamber by electron beam physical vapor deposition method. The results show that the toughness of TiAl is improved and agrees well with theoretical analysis.

Experimental study on the movement law of overlying rock non-pillar coal overhead mining

Pillarless coal mining technology is a new practical technology.Based on the compensating mechanical behavior of the Negative Poisson’s Ratio(NPR)anchor cable on the roof,the roadway was successfully retained by the top cutting and pressure relief technology.This study utilizes the Digital Speckle Monitoring(DIC monitoring),stress-strain monitoring,and infrared thermal imaging systems to conduct physical model experiment of similar materials from the displacement,stress-strain,and temperature fields to investigate in depth the fracture change law of the overlying rock.In addition,it uses FLAC3D numerical simulation to invert the surface displacement settlement.The results show that the non-pillar overhead mining under the 110 mining method has little influence on the rock crack in the middle of the coal seam,and the crack development area is mainly concentrated in the overlying rock mass of the upward coal seam.The compensatory mechanical behavior of NPR anchor cable and the dilatation characteristics of rock mass have a good effect of retaining roadway along goaf,and can also reduce surface settlement.The 110 mining method provides a scientific basis for ecological environment protection and the development of other kilometer deep soft rock high ground stress underground projects.

A Frequency-Equivalent Scale-Free Derivation of the Neutron, Hydrogen Quanta, Planck Time, and a Black Hole from 2 and π;and Harmonic Fraction Power Laws

We find that π represents dual attributes. One is within the purely mathematical domain and can be derived for example, from infinite series, among several other methods. The other is within a 2D geometric-physical domain. This paper analyzes several physical constants from an analogous perspective where they are defined solely by mathematical and 2D geometric properties independent of any actual physical scaling data. The constants are evaluated as natural unit frequency equivalents of the neutron, electron, Bohr radius, Rydberg constant, Planck’s constant, Planck time, a Black hole with a Schwarzschild radius, the distance light travels in one time unit;and the fine structure constant. These constants are defined within two inter-related harmonic domains. In the linear domain, the ratios of the frequency equivalents of the Rydberg constant, Bohr radius, electron;and the fine structure constant are related to products of 2 and π. In the power law domain, their partial harmonic fraction powers, and the integer fraction powers of the fundamental frequency for Planck time are known. All of the constants are then derived at the point where a single fundamental frequency simultaneously fulfills both domains independent of any direct physical scale data. The derived values relative errors from the known values range from 10-3 to 10-1 supporting the concept and method.