Background:This study examines the access to credit,credit investment,and credit fungibility for small-holder farmers and medium-and large-scale farmers in the agricultural sector of the Shikarpur District of Sindh,Pa...Background:This study examines the access to credit,credit investment,and credit fungibility for small-holder farmers and medium-and large-scale farmers in the agricultural sector of the Shikarpur District of Sindh,Pakistan.Methods:A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data from 87 farmers in the Shikarpur District.We investigated the availability of credit and the use of credit fungibility by farmers with small-,medium-,and large-scale holdings by applying a credit fungibility ratio and an ANOVA technique.The factors that influence the farmers’access to agricultural credit were analyzed using a probit regression model.Results:The results revealed that farmers in both study groups used some amount of their agricultural credit for non-agricultural activities.Further,the results of the probit regression analysis showed that formal education,farming experience,household size,and farm size had a positive and significant influence on the farmers’access to agricultural credit.Conclusion:Based on these findings,our study suggests that a strong monitoring of farmers is needed in the study area.展开更多
Beginning with a few of Saussure’s ideas from Course of General Linguistics;the author tracks the development of money as signs fulfilling their pecuniary function.The principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic sig...Beginning with a few of Saussure’s ideas from Course of General Linguistics;the author tracks the development of money as signs fulfilling their pecuniary function.The principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic signs,postulated in Course,is the leading concept under which all forms of money are grouped for study.In its evolution from the primitive consumable forms such as salt,leather and grain to the last abstract forms of accountable digital writing,the money sign is increasing its level of arbitrariness between signifier and signified value and thus becomes “better for thinking” (Levy-Strauss) and communicating.The second part of the paper considers the main contributions to the field of semiotics pertaining to money and economic value,and thus highlights the originality of the model,in which the arbitrariness of monetary signs and the scarcity of money tokens in circulation form the model’s foundation.The author’s analysis,applying the dyadic sign,reveals the relationship between the value or meaning of a monetary sign and the temporal dimension of our experience.The article concludes with some hypotheses about the homology between the primordial finitude of human temporality (Heidegger) and the principle of scarcity/finitude of money in circulation as a condition of their value.展开更多
文摘Background:This study examines the access to credit,credit investment,and credit fungibility for small-holder farmers and medium-and large-scale farmers in the agricultural sector of the Shikarpur District of Sindh,Pakistan.Methods:A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data from 87 farmers in the Shikarpur District.We investigated the availability of credit and the use of credit fungibility by farmers with small-,medium-,and large-scale holdings by applying a credit fungibility ratio and an ANOVA technique.The factors that influence the farmers’access to agricultural credit were analyzed using a probit regression model.Results:The results revealed that farmers in both study groups used some amount of their agricultural credit for non-agricultural activities.Further,the results of the probit regression analysis showed that formal education,farming experience,household size,and farm size had a positive and significant influence on the farmers’access to agricultural credit.Conclusion:Based on these findings,our study suggests that a strong monitoring of farmers is needed in the study area.
文摘Beginning with a few of Saussure’s ideas from Course of General Linguistics;the author tracks the development of money as signs fulfilling their pecuniary function.The principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic signs,postulated in Course,is the leading concept under which all forms of money are grouped for study.In its evolution from the primitive consumable forms such as salt,leather and grain to the last abstract forms of accountable digital writing,the money sign is increasing its level of arbitrariness between signifier and signified value and thus becomes “better for thinking” (Levy-Strauss) and communicating.The second part of the paper considers the main contributions to the field of semiotics pertaining to money and economic value,and thus highlights the originality of the model,in which the arbitrariness of monetary signs and the scarcity of money tokens in circulation form the model’s foundation.The author’s analysis,applying the dyadic sign,reveals the relationship between the value or meaning of a monetary sign and the temporal dimension of our experience.The article concludes with some hypotheses about the homology between the primordial finitude of human temporality (Heidegger) and the principle of scarcity/finitude of money in circulation as a condition of their value.
