Proposal of a Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion/PWR Fission Hybrid Reactor

This article proposes to associate a Deuterium-Deuterium (D-D) fusion reactor with a PWR (fission Pressurized Water Reactor) in a hybrid reactor. Even if the mechanical gain (Q factor) of the D-D fusion reactor is below the unity and consequently consumes more energy than it supplies, due to the high energy amplification factor of the PWR fission reactor, the global yield is widely superior to 1. As the energy supplied by the fusion reactor is relatively low and as the neutrons supplied are mainly issued from D-D fusions (at 2.45 MeV), the problems of heat flux and neutrons damage connected with materials, as with D-T fusion reactors are reduced. Of course, there is no need to produce Tritium with this D-D fusion reactor. This type of reactor is able to incinerate any mixture of natural Uranium, natural Thorium and depleted Uranium (waste issued from enrichment plants), with natural Thorium being the best choice. No enriched fuel is needed. So, this type of reactor could constitute a source of energy for several thousands of years because it is about 90 more efficient than a standard fission reactor, such as a PWR or a Candu one, by extracting almost completely the energy from the fertile materials U238 and Th232. For the fission part, PWR technology is mature. For the fusion part, it is based on a reasonable hypothesis done on present Stellarators projects. The working of this reactor is continuous, 24 hours a day. In this paper, it will be targeted a reactor able to provide net electric power of about 1400 MWe, as a big fission power plant.

Nanotechnology in Nuclear Reactors: Innovations in Fusion and Fission Power Generation

This article explores the transformative potential of nanotechnology and MMs(memory metals)in enhancing the design and operation of nuclear reactors,encompassing both fission and fusion technologies.Nanotechnology,with its ability to engineer materials at the atomic scale,offers significant improvements in reactor safety,efficiency,and longevity.In fission reactors,nanomaterials enhance fuel rod integrity,optimize thermal management,and improve in-core instrumentation.Fusion reactors benefit from nanostructured materials that bolster containment and heat dissipation,addressing critical challenges in sustaining fusion reactions.The integration of SMAs(shape memory alloys),or MMs,further amplifies these advancements.These materials,characterized by their ability to revert to a pre-defined shape under thermal conditions,provide self-healing capabilities,adaptive structural components,and enhanced magnetic confinement.The synergy between nanotechnology and MMs represents a paradigm shift in nuclear reactor technology,promising a future of cleaner,more efficient,and safer nuclear energy production.This innovative approach positions the nuclear industry to meet the growing global energy demand while addressing environmental and safety concerns.

Reaction rates in blanket assemblies of a fusion-fission hybrid reactor

To validate neutronics calculation for the blanket design of fusion-fission hybrid reactor,experiments for measuring reaction rates inside two simulating assemblies are performed.Two benchmark assemblies were developed for the neutronics experiments.A D-T fusion neutron source is placed at the center of the setup.One of them consists of three layers of depleted uranium shells and two layers of polyethylene shells,and these shells are arranged alternatively.The ^(238)U capture reaction rates are measured using depleted uranium foils and an HPGe gamma spectrometer.The fission reaction rates are measured using a fission chamber coated with depleted uranium.The other assembly consists of depleted uranium and LiH shells.The tritium production rates are measured using the lithium glass scintillation detector which is placed in the LiH region of the assembly.The measured reaction rates are compared with the calculated ones predicted using MCNP code,and C/E values are obtained.

Fusion and fission solitons for the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Breor-Kaup system

With a projective equation and a linear variable separation method, this paper derives new families of variable separation solutions （including solitory wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, and rational function solutions） with arbitrary functions for （2＋1）-dimensional generalized Breor-Kaup （GBK） system. Based on the derived solitary wave excitation, it obtains fusion and fission solitons.

Fission and Fusion of Localized Coherent Structures for a Higher-Order Broer-Kaup System

Starting from a Backlund transformation and taking a special ansatz for the function f, we can obtain a much more generalexpression of solution that includes some variable separated functions for the higher-order Broer-Kaup system. From this expression, we investigate the interactions of localized coherent structures such as the multi-solitonic excitations and find the novel phenomenon that their interactions have non-elastic behavior because the fission/fusion may occur after the interaction of each localized coherent structure.

Fusion, fission, and annihilation of complex waves for the(2+1)-dimensional generalized Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff system

With the help of the symbolic computation system, Maple and Riccati equation （ξ＇ = ao ＋ a1ξ＋ a2ξ2）, expansion method, and a linear variable separation approach, a new family of exact solutions with q = lx ＋ my ＋ nt ＋ Г（x,y, t） for the （2＋1）-dimensional generalized Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff system （GCBS） are derived. Based on the derived solitary wave solution, some novel localized excitations such as fusion, fission, and annihilation of complex waves are investigated.

Interaction behaviours of solitoffs:fission, fusion, reconnection and annihilation

The interactions between solitoffs are extensively investigated. Besides the known solitoff fission and fusion interac- tions, two new types of solitoff interactions are discovered, named the solitoff reconnection and the solitoff annihilation. Taking the asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov Veselov equation as an illustrative system, five types of solitoff interactions are graphically revealed on the basis of the analytical solution obtained by the modified tanh function expansion method.

Systematic study of anomalous fragment anisotropies in subbarrier complete fusion-fission reactions

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Soliton Fission and Fusion in (2+l)-Dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli System

By means of a special Painleve—Baecklund transformation and a multilinearvariable separation approach, an exact solution with arbitrary functions of the (2+1)-dimensionalBoiti-Leon-Pempinelli system (BLP) is derived. Based on the derived variable separation solution, weobtain some special soliton fission and fusion solutions for the higher dimensional BLP system.

Fusionable and fissionable waves of (2 + 1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation

We investigate a(2 + 1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation and describe its nonlinear dynamical behaviors in physics. Based on the N-soliton solutions, the higher-order fissionable and fusionable waves, fissionable or fusionable waves mixed with soliton molecular and breather waves can be obtained by various constraints of special parameters. At the same time, by the long wave limit method, the interaction waves between fissionable or fusionable waves with higher-order lumps are acquired. Combined with the dynamic figures of the waves, the properties of the solution are deeply studied to reveal the physical significance of the waves.

Spins of Fission Nuclei in Incomplete Fusion Reactions Induced by Intermediate Energy Heavy Ions

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Fission Angular Distributions for the Incomplete Fusion Reactions

The fission angular distributions for the 16O+159Tb,16O+197Au and 16O+209Bi reac-tions are measured by the solid state nuclear track detectors.After subtraction of the contribu-tion of intermediate mass fragment（IMF）,the fission angular distributions are fitted by thetransitional state statistical model（TSM）and the single-spin standard theory is used to extractthe spins of the fissioning nuclei.The relation between spins and bombarding energy is dis-cussed.

Interplay Between Scission-Point Model and Experimental Data for Sub-Barrier Fusion-Fission

The fragment angular distributions of fusion-fission reactions for the systemsof 16O+232Th,19F+232Th and 16O+238U at near-and sub-barrier energies were measured.The measured fragment anisotropies obviously deviate from the predictions ofscission-point transition-state model.We also compared the excitation energy of tiltingmode with the statistical assumption.It was found that thermal equilibrium is not estab-lished at scission for the reactions studied.

运动调控线粒体动力学变化的研究进展

背景:线粒体质量控制是一个复杂的过程,该过程涉及到线粒体生物发生、线粒体动力学变化、线粒体自噬三个方面,其中线粒体动力学变化是线粒体生物发生和线粒体自噬的中间环节,线粒体通过动力学变化改善自身质量控制,进而维持线粒体稳定状态。目的:探究运动影响线粒体动力学变化的分子机制,为运动改善线粒体网络稳态,进而促进功能健康提供理论依据。方法:利用文献资料法,以“运动,线粒体稳态,线粒体质量控制,线粒体动力学,线粒体融合,线粒体分裂”等为中文关键词检索中国知网(CNKI),百链云图书馆等中文数据库;以“Exercise,Mitochondrial homeostasis,Mitochondrial quality control,Mitochondrial dynamics,Mitochondrial fusion,Mitochondrial fission”等为英文关键词检索PubMed、Web of Science、EBCSO等英文数据库,对最终获取的文献进行筛选、阅读、归纳和总结。结果与结论:线粒体动力相关蛋白1/2(Drp1/2)负责线粒体分裂过程,线粒体融合蛋白1/2(Mfn1/2)以及视神经萎缩1(Opa1)分别介导线粒体外膜和内膜的融合。运动训练可以通过上调Mfn1/2和Opa1的蛋白表达,同时下调Drp1蛋白表达水平,促进线粒体融合过程,并抑制线粒体分裂来改善线粒体功能状态;一次急性运动影响线粒体动力学变化的研究结论存在争议;另外,运动介导线粒体动力学变化存在组织差异性。

去氢骆驼蓬碱诱发PC12细胞凋亡时对线粒体融合分裂的影响

目的探讨去氢骆驼蓬碱(HM)对PC12细胞线粒体功能损伤和线粒体融合分裂相关蛋白表达水平的影响。方法PC12细胞分为细胞对照组、HM组、线粒体分裂抑制剂Mdivi-1组、HM+Mdivi-1组、线粒体裂变激动剂WY14643组、HM+WY14643组,药物浓度均为1、10、25、50、100μmol·L^(-1),处理24 h,噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞存活率,显微镜观察细胞形态;MitoTracker Red探针染色观察线粒体形态和纵横轴长度比值,JC-1染色检测线粒体膜电位,试剂盒检测ROS、ATP水平和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,免疫荧光染色法和Western blotting检测胱天蛋白酶3(caspase-3)、促凋亡蛋白(Bax)、细胞色素C(cyt-c)和线粒体融合蛋白(Mfn2)、线粒体分裂蛋白(Drp-1)的表达水平;电穿孔法转染Drp1的干扰序列,筛选转染效果好的siRNA序列,协同药物干预,通过荧光法、MTT法、免疫印迹法检测相关指标。结果MTT结果显示,与细胞对照组比较,HM组、Mdivi-1组、HM+Mdivi-1组、WY14643组和HM+WY14643组存活率显著下降(P<0.01),EC 50分别为(11.48±2.32)、(12.35±1.67)、(14.88±2.07)、(39.14±3.25)、(20.09±1.97)μmol·L^(-1),依此后续实验选择20μmol·L^(-1)浓度的HM、Mdivi-1和HM+Mdivi-1作为构建PC12细胞模型的工作浓度;显微镜和MitoTracker Red探针染色观察发现,药物组细胞密度呈不同程度减少,树枝状突起减少变圆;线粒体形态趋向圆形,纵横轴长度比值分别为细胞对照组(3.33±0.72)、HM组(2.19±0.58)、Mdivi-1组(2.45±0.44)、HM+Mdivi-1组(1.43±0.62)。JC-1染色检测结果显示,与细胞对照组相比,HM组线粒体模电位显著下降(P<0.01);ROS显著升高(P<0.01)、ATP水平下降(P<0.01),LDH酶活性上升(P<0.01);免疫荧光染色法和Western blotting结果显示,与细胞对照组比较,HM组促凋亡蛋白Bax、细胞色素C、胱天蛋白酶3表达水平均显著上升(均P<0.01);与细胞对照组比较,HM组细胞线粒体分裂相关蛋白Drp1表达水平显著上升(P<0.01),而线粒体融合相关蛋白Mfn2的表达水平显著下降(P<0.01);特异性干扰Drp1并协同HM干预后,各干扰组较各单独药物干预组PC12细胞存活率下降,Drp1和Mfn2表达下调,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论HM可通过ROS累积降低PC12细胞膜电位及ATP,进而激活caspase-3凋亡途径促使细胞凋亡,线粒体融合分裂可能参与HM造成PC12细胞的损伤,启动细胞线粒体途径凋亡。

聚变能源研究态势及展望

聚变能源开发有望重塑未来能源发展格局,正处于突破工程能量“得失相当”的关键阶段,机遇与挑战并存。本文总结了聚变能源研究的主要进展,凝练了能量平衡尚未实现、氚自持尚未得到验证、实现高可利用率难度极高、耐辐照材料开发进展缓慢、使用经济性普遍较差等发展挑战。在梳理国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)计划的共性基础技术突破、成员国配套研究的基础上,归纳了我国磁约束聚变研究的整体规划、自主项目部署、技术路线跟踪等方面的进展。进一步,围绕我国自主提出的Z箍缩聚变裂变混合堆(Z-FFR)概念,阐述了基本原理、应用优势、系列进展,提出了面向2040年实现商业化供能目标的发展规划,涵盖关键技术攻关、工程演示、商业发电推广等阶段的任务目标。为了全面推进我国聚变能源开发进程,建议在磁约束聚变方面深入参与ITER计划和相关国际合作,攻克商用聚变堆关键物理与工程技术,开展中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)主机关键部件研发并适时建设和运营CFETR;在Z-FFR方面,加快“电磁驱动大科学装置”建设,开展聚变能源关键技术攻关,推进Z-FFR工程演示和商业应用。

有氧运动调控线粒体质量控制系统逆转衰老大鼠心脏的病理性重塑

背景:衰老与心血管疾病易感性增加有关,而线粒体功能障碍在各种原因所致心血管疾病的发病机制中起关键作用。规律体力活动有益心血管健康并能够防治慢性心脏疾病,然而线粒体在运动对衰老心脏发挥保护作用中的具体机制尚未明确。目的:观察有氧运动对衰老大鼠心脏病理性重塑的影响,并探讨线粒体质量控制系统在其间的可能作用机制。方法:取60只Wistar大鼠,采用随机数字表法分3组,每组20只:青年安静组(6月龄)和老年安静组(20月龄)大鼠在鼠笼内饲养12周,老年运动组(20月龄)大鼠进行12周中等强度的有氧跑台运动(60%最高跑速,坡度0°,60 min/d,5 d/周)。12周后,取大鼠心脏进行相关指标检测。结果与结论:①组织学检测:与青年安静组比较,老年安静组大鼠出现心脏向心性肥大、心肌纤维化及心肌细胞凋亡和缺失、心脏舒张功能障碍(P<0.05);与老年安静组比较,老年运动组大鼠心肌纤维化和细胞凋亡率减轻、细胞数量增加、心功能改善(P<0.05),心脏表型由病理性肥大向生理性肥大转变;②心肌线粒体功能:与青年安静组比较,老年安静组大鼠心肌线粒体过氧化氢生成速率增加(P<0.05),态3、态4呼吸速率和呼吸控制比下降(P<0.05),呼吸链复合体Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ活性下降(P<0.05),线粒体钙保留能力下降(P<0.05)、线粒体通透性转换孔开放程度增加(P<0.05);与老年安静组比较,老年运动组大鼠上述指标均有明显改善(P<0.05);③心肌线粒体质量控制:与青年安静组比较,老年安静组大鼠心肌线粒体生物合成下降(P<0.05),线粒体自噬活性增加(P<0.05),线粒体融合减少(P<0.05)、分裂增加(P<0.05);与老年安静组比较,老年运动组线粒体生物合成和线粒体自噬活性升高(P<0.05),线粒体融合增加(P<0.05)、分裂减少(P<0.05);④结果表明:规律有氧运动通过调控线粒体质量控制系统发挥对衰老大鼠的心脏保护效应,进而逆转病理性心脏重塑并提升心功能。

Mitochondrial dysfunction and quality control lie at the heart of subarachnoid hemorrhage

The dramatic increase in intracranial pressure after subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure and a reduction in cerebral blood flow.Mitochondria are directly affected by direct factors such as ischemia,hypoxia,excitotoxicity,and toxicity of free hemoglobin and its degradation products,which trigger mitochondrial dysfunction.Dysfunctional mitochondria release large amounts of reactive oxygen species,inflammatory mediators,and apoptotic proteins that activate apoptotic pathways,further damaging cells.In response to this array of damage,cells have adopted multiple mitochondrial quality control mechanisms through evolution,including mitochondrial protein quality control,mitochondrial dynamics,mitophagy,mitochondrial biogenesis,and intercellular mitochondrial transfer,to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis under pathological conditions.Specific interventions targeting mitochondrial quality control mechanisms have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for subarachnoid hemorrhage.This review provides an overview of recent research advances in mitochondrial pathophysiological processes after subarachnoid hemorrhage,particularly mitochondrial quality control mechanisms.It also presents potential therapeutic strategies to target mitochondrial quality control in subarachnoid hemorrhage.

黄葵浸膏粉对高糖诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞纤维化的影响

目的:研究黄葵浸膏粉对高糖诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞(HK2)纤维化影响,探讨其改善肾纤维化的可能机制。方法:不同浓度黄葵浸膏粉干预24 h、48 h、72 h,CCK8检测细胞增殖,最佳干预浓度1 g/L、时间48 h。分组:正常组(葡萄糖5.5 mmol/L)、甘露醇组(葡萄糖5.5 mmol/L+甘露醇24.5 mmol/L)、高糖组(葡萄糖30 mmol/L)及黄葵组(葡萄糖30 mmol/L+黄葵浸膏粉1 g/L),干预48 h,qPCR及Western Blot检测纤维化相关蛋白α-SMA、FN、TGF-β_(1),线粒体分裂蛋白Drp1及线粒体融合蛋白mfn2表达,透射电镜观察线粒体形态。结果:(1)与正常组比,高糖组α-SMA、FN、TGF-β_(1)、Drp1的mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.001);Mfn2的mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.001)。(2)与正常组比,甘露醇组指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),即高浓度渗透压对HK2无作用。(3)与高糖组比,黄葵组α-SMA、FN、TGF-β_(1)、Drp1的mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01),Mfn2的mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01)。(4)透射电镜:正常组及甘露醇组线粒体数量较多,形态正常;高糖组可见肿胀的线粒体,线粒体碎片较多,线粒体基质及线粒体嵴断裂;黄葵浸膏粉干预后可减轻线粒体损伤。结论:黄葵浸膏粉可减少α-SMA、FN、TGF-β_(1)的产生,抑制高糖诱导的HK2纤维化;同时可促进线粒体融合蛋白Mfn2表达,减少线粒体分裂蛋白Drp1表达,从而逆转肾纤维化,延缓糖尿病肾病进展。

天地演化导论

为了探寻地球与宇宙未知奥秘,将天文学、地理(地质)学、物理学及高能化学紧密结合在一起,运用辩证统一的思想和正演、反演和举证的方法,对这一重大课题开展了研究。指出:地球及其他各大行星,以及所有恒星都各自拥有一个由高能粒子组成的引力、能量巨大的能量核(引力核);“万有”引力不是存在于任何物体之间;聚变与裂变、合并与分裂是宇宙及其星系永恒的主题,宇宙是永恒存在的,宇宙之外还有宇宙,碰撞与爆炸只是发生在星系内部或星系之间,不存在宇宙大爆炸,各星系也不是大爆炸后的星云凝结而成。研究指出了暗物质及其暗能量的藏身之处。对地理演化的内外动力及其过程提出了新认识。研究创立了星际碰撞(撞击)地理学说,指出大陆和深海是星际碰撞产生的,青藏高原是由于星际碰撞的液压隆升效应叠加隆起形成的。指出地球不存在大规模板块飘移、板块俯冲地壳运动型式。提出液压隆升效应之叠加隆起构造对热液型金属非金属矿床的控矿机制。指出了大地构造型式的复杂多样性。丰富了人与自然生命共同体理论的科学内涵。