Changes in demand and supply of ecosystem services under scenarios of future land use in Vorarlberg, Austria

Ecosystem services(ES)are highly impacted by human-induced land-use change.Progressive urbanization and agricultural land abandonment in Western Europe necessitate assessments of future land-change impacts on ES to ensure sustainable service management.The present study aims at evaluating future demand and supply of three key services(flood protection,nearby recreation and biodiversity)in the mountainous region of Vorarlberg,Austria.We mapped the ES for the referenced time step 2016 and two scenarios for 2050,assuming the continuation of current land-change trends and pressure on landscape development.Results for the referenced landscape in 2016 show the highest ES supply for intermediate levels,while ES supply was low in the lowlands and valley bottoms and in high-elevation areas.We found a high positive correlation of ES with the distribution of forested areas.In contrast,service demand was highest in lowelevation areas and decreased with increasing elevation.This indicates that densely settled and intensively used agricultural areas currently suffer from ES undersupply.The projected future development of land use showed an increase in both supply and demand of the selected ES.The overall service supply increased more than the respective demand due to some reforestation of open land.As forests were found to be important synergistic areas for overall service provision,we expect decreasing demand on related services.Locally,demand was found to exceed the supply of ES,especially in the densely populated Rhine valley-requiring further policy interventions.Such ES-related information may contribute to regional policy making and ensure the long-term provision of ESs for future generations.

Land Use Dynamics and Ecosystem Service Value Changes in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration Under Different Scenarios

Urban agglomerations,serving as pivotal centers of human activity,undergo swift alterations in ecosystem services prompted by shifts in land utilization.Strengthening the monitoring of ecosystem services in present and future urban agglomerations contributes to the rational planning of these areas and enhances the well-being of their inhabitants.Here,we analyzed land use conversion in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)urban agglomeration during 1990-2020 and discussed the spatiotemporal response and main drivers of changes in ecosystem service value(ESV).By considering the different development strategic directions described in land use planning policies,we predicted land use conversion and its impact on ESV using the Future Land Use Simulation(FLUS)model in three scenari-os in 2025 and 2030.Results show that:1)from 1990 to 2020,land use change is mainly manifested as the continuous expansion of con-struction land to cultivated land.Among the reduced cultivated land,82.2%were occupied by construction land.2)The land use types conversion caused a loss of 21.85 billion yuan(RMB)in ESV during 1990-2020.Moreover,the large reduction of cultivated land area led to the continuous decline of food production value,accounting for 13%of the total ESV loss.3)From 2020 to 2030,land use change will mainly focus on Yangzhou and Zhenjiang in central Jiangsu Province and Taizhou in southern Zhejiang Province.Under the BAU(natural development)and ED(cultivated land protection)scenarios,construction land expansion remains dominant.In contrast,under the EP(ecological protection)scenario,the areas of water bodies and forest land increase significantly.Among the different scenarios,ESV is highest in the EP scenario,making it the optimal solution for sustainable land use.It can be seen that the space use conflict among urban,agriculture and ecology is a key factor leading to ESV change in the urban agglomeration of Yangtze River Delta.There-fore,it is crucial to maintain spatial land use coordination.Our findings provide suggestions for scientific and rational land use planning for the urban agglomeration.

conomic losses from reduced freshwater under future climate scenarios: An example from the Urumqi River,Tianshan Mountains

As important freshwater resources in alpine basins,glaciers and snow cover tend to decline due to climate warming,thus affecting the amount of water available downstream and even regional economic development.However,impact assessments of the economic losses caused by reductions in freshwater supply are quite limited.This study aims to project changes in glacier meltwater and snowmelt of the Urumqi River in the Tianshan Mountains under future climate change scenarios(RCP2.6(RCP,Representative Concentration Pathway),RCP4.5,and RCP8.5)by applying a hydrological model and estimate the economic losses from future meltwater reduction for industrial,agricultural,service,and domestic water uses combined with the present value method for the 2030 s,2050 s,2070 s,and 2090 s.The results indicate that total annual glacier meltwater and snowmelt will decrease by 65.6%and 74.5%under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios by the 2090 s relative to the baseline period(1980-2010),respectively.Compared to the RCP2.6 scenario,the projected economic loss values of total water use from reduced glacier meltwater and snowmelt under the RCP8.5 scenario will increase by 435.10×10^(6) and 537.20×10^(6) CNY in the 2050 s and 2090 s,respectively,and the cumulative economic loss value for 2099 is approximately 2124.00×10^(6) CNY.We also find that the industrial and agricultural sectors would likely face the largest and smallest economic losses,respectively.The economic loss value of snowmelt in different sectorial sectors is greater than that of glacier meltwater.These findings highlight the need for climate mitigation actions,industrial transformation,and rational water allocation to be considered in decision-making in the Tianshan Mountains in the future.

Potential global distribution of the guava root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii under different climate change scenarios using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

In recent years,Meloidogyne enterolobii has emerged as a major parasitic nematode infesting many plants in tropical or subtropical areas.However,the regions of potential distribution and the main contributing environmental variables for this nematode are unclear.Under the current climate scenario,we predicted the potential geographic distributions of M.enterolobii worldwide and in China using a Maximum Entropy(MaxEnt)model with the occurrence data of this species.Furthermore,the potential distributions of M.enterolobii were projected under three future climate scenarios(BCC-CSM2-MR,CanESM5 and CNRM-CM6-1)for the periods 2050s and 2090s.Changes in the potential distribution were also predicted under different climate conditions.The results showed that highly suitable regions for M.enterolobii were concentrated in Africa,South America,Asia,and North America between latitudes 30°S to 30°N.Bio16(precipitation of the wettest quarter),bio10(mean temperature of the warmest quarter),and bio11(mean temperature of the coldest quarter)were the variables contributing most in predicting potential distributions of M.enterolobii.In addition,the potential suitable areas for M.enterolobii will shift toward higher latitudes under future climate scenarios.This study provides a theoretical basis for controlling and managing this nematode.

Historical Changes and Multi-scenario Prediction of Land Use and Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Storage in China

Terrestrial carbon storage(CS)plays a crucial role in achieving carbon balance and mitigating global climate change.This study employs the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways(SSPs-RCPs)published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)and incorporates the Policy Control Scenario(PCS)regulated by China’s land management policies.The Future Land Use Simulation(FLUS)model is employed to generate a 1 km resolution land use/cover change(LUCC)dataset for China in 2030 and 2060.Based on the carbon density dataset of China’s terrestrial ecosystems,the study analyses CS changes and their relationship with land use changes spanning from 1990 to 2060.The findings indicate that the quantitative changes in land use in China from 1990 to 2020 are characterised by a reduction in the area proportion of cropland and grassland,along with an increase in the impervious surface and forest area.This changing trend is projected to continue under the PCS from 2020 to 2060.Under the SSPs-RCPs scenario,the proportion of cropland and impervious surface predominantly increases,while the proportions of forest and grassland continuously decrease.Carbon loss in China’s carbon storage from 1990 to 2020 amounted to 0.53×10^(12)kg,primarily due to the reduced area of cropland and grassland.In the SSPs-RCPs scenario,more significant carbon loss occurs,reaching a peak of8.07×10^(12)kg in the SSP4-RCP3.4 scenario.Carbon loss is mainly concentrated in the southeastern coastal area and the Beijing-TianjinHebei(BTH)region of China,with urbanisation and deforestation identified as the primary drivers.In the future,it is advisable to enhance the protection of forests and grassland while stabilising cropland areas and improving the intensity of urban land.These research findings offer valuable data support for China’s land management policy,land space optimisation,and the achievement of dual-carbon targets.

Climate Suitability of Schima superba in Subtropical Zone of China under Future Climate Scenario

[ Objective] The research aimed to study climate suitability of S. superba in subtropical zone of China under future climate scenario and response of its regional distribution on climate change. [ Metbed] Based on climate- vegetation related Kira model, Holdridge model and ecological suitability theory, climate suitability model of S. superba was established by using fuzzy mathematics. Based on the daily meteorological data at 246 stations of the subtropical zone from 1960 to 2005, by using spatial interpolation method, suitability of S. superba on temperature, precipitation, po- tential evapotranspiration rate was analyzed. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） Special Report on Emissions Sce- nario （SRES）, future scenario simulation result was used. Under IPCC A2 scenario, climate suitability of S. superba and its change were studied in subtropical zone of China under future climate scenario. Climate suitability of S. superba in future was classified. [ Result] Under future climate scenario, climate suitability of S. superba was stronger in most of areas in Hunan, north Guangdong, northeast Guangxi and east coast of Zhe- jiang. It was suitable for growth of S. superba in central Guangxi, east Guizhou, central Jiangxi and Fuzhou. Growth suitability of S. superba was still lower in the north of Gongshan - Weixi - Lijiang - Yuanjiang - Huize - Leibo - Emei - Neijiang - Nanchong - Bazhong - Zhongxiang - zaoyang - Xinyang -Lu＇an -Chuzhou -Gaoyou -Taitong. Climate suitability in west Yunnan and Sichuan had big change. Future climate suitability change of S. superba was greatly affected by temperature and potential evapotranspiration rate. [ Conclusion] Future climate suitability decreased toward west and north from Hunan. The climate suitability had a decline trend as time went by under future climate scenario. The research provided theoretical basis for studying geographic distribution of the vegetation population.

Modelling the Effects of Land-use Change on Runoff and Sediment Yield in the Weicheng River Watershed, Southwest China

As a major sediment area in the upper Yangtze River, Jialing River basin experienced substantial land-use changes, many water conservancy projects were constructed from the 1980 s onward to promote water and soil conservation. The water and sediment yield at the watershed outlet was strongly affected by these water conservation works, including ponds and reservoirs, which should be considered in the modelling. In this study, based on the observed data of the Weicheng River catchment, the relationships between precipitation, runoff, vegetation, topography and sediment yield were analyzed, a distributed runoff and sediment yield model(WSTD-SED) was developed, and the hydrological processes of different land-use scenarios were simulated by using the model. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) there is an alternating characteristic in river channels and reservoirs in the Jialing River hilly area, with scour occurring in wet years and deposit occurring in dry years. 2) Most of the sediment deposited in river channels and reservoirs is carried off by the largest flood in the year. 3) The model yielded plausible results for runoff and sediment yield dynamics without the need of calibration, and the WSTD-SED model could be usedto obtain qualitative estimates on the effects of land use change scenarios. 4) The modelling results suggest that a 10% increase in cropland(dry land) reforestation results in a 0.7% decrease in runoff and 1.5% decrease in sediment yield.

The energy-chemistry nexus: A vision of the future from sustainability perspective

The changing energy-chemistry nexus is discussed in this perspective paper about the future of sustainable energy and chemical production to identify the priorities and open issues on which focus research and development. Topics discussed regard （i） the new sustainable energy scenario, （ii） the role of energy storage （from smart grids to chemical storage of energy）, （iii） the outlooks and role of solar （bio）refineries and solar fuels, （iv） how to integrate hio- and solar-refineries to move to new economy, （v） the role of methanol at the crossover of new energy-chemistry nexus, （vi） the role of chemistry in this new scenario, （vii） the role of nanomaterials for a sustainable energy, （viii） the use of nanocarbons to design advanced energy conversion and storage devices, and （ix） possibilities and routes to exploit solar energy and methane （shale gas）. The contribution provides a glimpse of the emerging directions and routes with some elements about their possible role in the future scenario, but does not orovide a detailed analysis of the state of the art in these directions

Projection of Future Climate over the Koshi River Basin Based on CMIP5 GCMs

This paper analyses the climate projections over the Koshi river basin obtained by applying the delta method to eight CMIP5 GCMs for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The GCMs were selected to cover the full envelope of possible future ranges from dry and cold to wet and warm projections. The selected coarse resolution GCM outputs were statistically downscaled to the resolution of the historical climate datasets. The scenarios were developed based on the anomaly between the present reference period (1961-1990) and the future period (2021-2050) to generate transient climate change scenarios for the eight GCMs. The analyses were carried out for the whole basin and three physiographic zones: the trans-Himalaya, high-Himalaya and middle mountains, and southern plains. Future projections show a 14% increase in rainfall during the summer monsoon season by 2050. The increase in rainfall is higher over the mountains than the plains. The meagre amount of rainfall in the winter season is projected to further decrease over both the mountain and southern plains areas of the basin for both RCPs. The basin is likely to experience warming throughout the year, although the increase in winter is likely to be higher. The highest increase in temperature is projected to be over the high Himalayan and middle mountain area, with lower increases over the trans-Himalayan and southern plains areas.

Strategic Prospective Methodology to Explore Sustainable Futures

This paper shows prospective methodology as a tool to generate strategic knowledge for designing sustainable futures. The strategic prospective is a social science discipline dedicated to explore the future. Based on qualitative methods with participative experts and stakeholders, the strategic prospective allows designing different future scenarios and planning the transformation of a current situation into a desired future. To design sustainable futures, this paper proposes a four-stage methodology： understanding the context; strategy visualization; design of alternative scenarios and definition of desired future; and planning its construction. This methodology makes evident the possibility of seeking alternative scenarios for a sustainable future in different scopes, particularly, in two prospective applications： biodiversity conservation and water treatment. The outcomes of the application have allowed proposing strategies and policies for the management of environmental goods, such as environmental services and water reuse, with a long-time outlook based on a collective desired future.

Skills for future university librarians

The purpose of this paper is to examine present librarian skills in academic libraries and to propose possible directions of future libraries on skill requirements. This study provides a valuable methodology to understand the current demands of employers for library staff. It also begins to highlight trends in how the skill set and outlook for future employees are currently being viewed. There has been a combination of these understandings with the scenario planning technique to draw threads anticipating skill requirements in three to five years. These approaches create a powerful analysis. An examination of recent library position advertisements and job descriptions in five countries and regions showed broad communication and technology skills required in academic libraries. The key terms of skills were ranked according to the frequencies used in the advertisements and descriptions. Original research based on data from the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Hong Kong, SAR, China. The results are harmonized with predicted future trends from scenario planning exercises.

基于SD-PLUS耦合模型的陕西省土地利用变化及碳储量多情景预测

[目的]为探讨不同土地利用方式对区域生态系统碳储量的影响。[方法]以陕西省为研究对象,利用SD-PLUS耦合模型,采用国际耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(CMIP6)提出的耦合共享社会经济路线和代表性浓度路线(SSP-RCP)情景,对2030年陕西省的土地利用变化进行预测,然后利用InVEST模型模拟未来不同情景下陕西省碳储量及其空间分布。[结果](1)对构建的SD模型进行历史检验,其误差<5%,PLUS模型模拟的2020年土地利用Kappa指数为0.86,模型精度和可靠性总体符合要求;(2)3种情景下,未来建设用地面积均增加,增长速率从低到高的情景分别为SSP126、SSP245、SSP585;在所有情景下,林地面积均增加,水域面积均保持稳定;草地面积在SSP126情景下有小幅度增加,其他情景下减少;耕地面积3种情景下均减少;(3)3种情景下,陕西省碳储量均减少,关中平原建设用地的扩张占用大量的耕地是造成陕西省碳储量下降的主要原因。[结论]在SSP126情景下,建设用地扩张所占用的生态用地面积最小,碳储量损失最少,该情景同时考虑社会经济发展及生态保护的需要,可为未来陕西省国土资源保护和高质量发展提供参考模式。

CMIP6气候变化情景下青海三江源区雪灵芝潜在适宜分布预测

青海省三江源区是我国重要的生态安全屏障,气候变化严重影响区域植被的生长与分布。雪灵芝(Arenaria kansuensis)作为三江源区典型高山植物,其分布动态变化对高山生态系统稳定具有重要指示意义。基于物种分布数据和WorldClim气候环境因子,采用刀切法与相关分析确定影响雪灵芝分布的主导环境因子并构建MaxEnt模型,结合第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6,CMIP6)中的4种共享社会经济路径(SSPs)预测未来中期(2041-2060年)和远期(2061-2080年)雪灵芝潜在适宜分布区域,探求雪灵芝气候变化响应的空间格局。结果表明:1)当前气候条件下,中部地区更适合雪灵芝生存。在未来中、远期区域竞争路径(SSP370)气候情景下适宜区面积扩张,而其他情景下适宜区面积均下降,适宜区质心整体向东南迁移。2)大部分地区在中间路径(SSP245)气候情景下不适宜生存,尤其是西部治多县、格尔木市南部(唐古拉山乡)、曲麻莱县及东部的兴海县和共和县。3)影响其空间分布的主要气候因子为年降水量和最冷季降水量。最适宜生长的地区条件是年降水量500~750 mm和最冷季降水>15 mm。研究结果为预测未来气候变化情景下高寒地区指示植物物种的空间分布及其生态系统变化提供了方法参考,也为青海省濒危植物物种保护政策提供了理论依据。

高校图书馆未来学习中心多元学习场景构建

文章指出高校图书馆未来学习中心多元学习场景构建要遵循以学习者需求为中心、以资源适配为保障、以多模态混合数据为支撑、以多场景延续为生态的原则,从人本服务、资源沉浸、技术适宜、空间多元4个维度进行多元学习场景设计。在此基础上提出高校图书馆未来学习中心多元学习场景构建策略,即凝聚共识,促进多方协同;整合资源,提升服务效能;创新技术应用,延伸学习场景;系统升级,提高数据质量;多措并举,培养专业服务团队。

基于人工智能应用场景的高校图书馆未来学习中心建设

随着信息技术的快速发展,高校图书馆正面临着巨大变革,人工智能(AI)技术成为关键驱动力。探讨基于人工智能的高校图书馆未来学习中心建设,以适应高校图书馆智慧化转型的发展需求。通过深入研究AI在高校图书馆未来学习中心的目前应用场景,包括智能问答服务、个性化推荐、AI视觉自动化盘点系统、数据分析处理和可视化、虚拟现实学习空间等,提出未来的应用趋势:智能知识管理、情境性学习支持、智能化教学支持和智慧化服务创新,从而促进智能时代高校图书馆未来学习中心的创新发展。

基于应用场景的未来技术识别

[研究目的]未来技术作为传统产业的转型动力及未来产业的形成基础,从技术的应用及其产业化视角出发,进行未来技术的识别与预测,对我国布局未来产业、增强发展优势具有重要意义。[研究方法]从技术单元与技术方案出发,构建基于应用场景的未来技术识别模型。首先,利用LDA主题模型对专利的用途进行主题聚类,识别技术的主要应用场景;其次,利用KeyBERT算法从专利的标题和新颖性文本中提取技术方案关键词,从技术方案的新颖性、关联性和重要性出发,筛选前沿技术方案;最后,定义产生前沿技术方案的技术单元为潜在未来技术,构建“技术影响力-技术生长力”坐标图,进行未来技术识别。[研究结论]以固体氧化物燃料电池领域为例进行实证研究,识别出13项未来技术,主要为SOFC批量化制造、可控性运行和实际化应用的技术,揭示了识别方法的有效性。

未来气候情景下青藏高原草地净初级生产力时空演变特征

[目的]揭示SSP126和SSP585两种气候情景下,不同气候因素(气温和降水)对青藏高原草地净初级生产力的影响,阐明青藏高原地区影响草地净初级生产力时空分布特征的主控气候因素,为未来青藏高原地区植被生态系统的综合治理提供理论依据。[方法]基于青藏高原48个气象站点基准期(1971—2020年)的日值气象数据、土壤类型数据以及模型所需要的站点管理数据,利用DAILY CENTURY(DAYCENT)模型,结合文献中对应站点的NPP实测值和MOD17A3遥感数据,对模型参数进行了校准,利用均方根误差、可决系数、效率系数等统计指标对模型模拟结果进行了评价。其次单向嵌套BCC-CSM1.1气候模式,对未来气候SSP126和SSP585情景下的青藏高原草地净初级生产力进行预测,并对预测结果进行了时空统计分析。[结果](1)在SSP126和SSP585情景下青藏高原草地NPP均呈现出由东南向西北递减的分布特征,且NPP值较高的区域主要位于青藏高原的东南部,NPP值较低的区域则位于青藏高原以西的区域;(2)在SSP126情景下,青藏高原草地净初级生产力总体呈现出下降趋势,波动范围最大的是长远期(2081—2100年),减小幅度为12.1%;在SSP585情景下,NPP总体呈现出平稳的上升趋势,其中近期(2021—2040年)的增长速率最高为12%;(3)与基准期(1971—2021年)相比,在SSP126和SSP585情景下,青藏高原85%以上的草地NPP呈现下降趋势,其中SSP126和SSP585与基准期(1971—2020)相比NPP值分别相对减少28%,23%。[结论]两种不同气候情景下,温度与NPP的相关性均高于降水。低温少雨是造成青藏高原西北地区草地NPP减少的主要原因。

陆表自然和人文要素相互作用——“全球变化及应对”重点专项研究进展

在国家重点研发计划支持下,项目提出了陆表不均一性检测和订正的新方法,解决了渐变型不均一性检测和订正的难题,构建了中国地表太阳辐射、气温、地温、风速和降水等参数均一化站点和格点数据集,修订了关于中国地表风速变化趋势、增温格局及其形成机制的结论。融合多源数据,构建并验证了千米级、流域级或县域级的电厂、人口、生物质能、取水量、氮排放、二氧化碳排放等影响自然系统的关键人文要素历史和未来预估数据集。构建了未来关键人文要素情景,研制了碳中和目标下甲烷和氧化亚氮排放情景和用于驱动全球模式的未来情景,预估了中国碳中和战略的实施对全球变暖的减缓作用,发现中国碳中和对远期和中期全球变暖的减缓作用显著。给出了中国各省份水体氮排放安全阈值及超越时间,阐明了中国粮食产量与氮施肥的关系,提出了在保障粮食安全的前提下减少水体氮排放的有效途径,指出重构城乡养分循环体系是同时保障粮食安全和恢复水质的必要途径。发现全球饱和水汽压差的年际变化与大气二氧化碳浓度上升速率的年际变化显著相关,阐明了饱和水汽压差变化在调控生态系统生产力中的重要角色以及多因素耦合作用在生态系统生产力变化中的复杂影响。建议更全面细致地评估中国各种碳中和实现路径的社会经济和自然生态影响,以保证碳中和目标与其他可持续发展目标的协同实现。

未来气候情景下生态系统服务价值空间异质性分析——以柯柯牙为例

基于CMIP6未来情景下的气候变化通过耦合FLUS模型,运用InVEST模型、CASA模型分析研究区的水源涵养、固碳释氧、土壤保持价值时空变化趋势,并利用R语言、GeoDa模型对研究区生态系统服务价值进行空间异质性分析。结果表明:在SSP245、SSP585情景下单位面积水源涵养价值分别为17.34万元/km^(2)、14.28万元/km^(2);单位面积固碳释氧价值分别为107.13万元/km^(2)、101.75万元/km^(2);单位面积土壤保持价值分别为40.18万元/km^(2)、44.61万元/km^(2)。本研究结论:在未来情景下,生态系统服务价值总体呈增加趋势,SSP245情景下生态系统服务价值增加幅度更大;全局Moran s I指数整体呈波动增加趋势,其中土壤保持、水源涵养功能在空间上具有较高聚集性,固碳释氧功能聚集性相对较差,研究区北部生态系统服务价值聚集性更高;研究区内生态系统服务价值均呈协同关系,未来情景下整体协同值呈增加趋势。厘清生态子系统之间的依赖关系,形成更完善的代谢循环,对于生态系统的稳定性以及可持续发展具有重要意义。

基于CMIP6多模式的黄土高原气温变化模拟评估及情景预估

[目的]明晰黄土高原未来气温增加趋势和幅度,以期为黄土高原未来气温变化决策事件和防洪减灾等提供参考。[方法]基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中的22个地球-气候系统模式的模拟结果,通过观测数据系统评估了各模式历史时期(1961—2014年)模拟能力后,选用较好的10个模式的集合平均,对不同共享社会经济路径(SSPs)下黄土高原2015—2100年气温的时空变化特征进行了分析。[结果]在SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5情景下,2015—2100年黄土高原增温速率分别达到了0.09℃/10 a,0.28℃/10 a,0.48℃/10 a,0.66℃/10 a,且相对于1995—2014年,2081—2100年增温分别达1.53℃,2.69℃,3.83℃,5.25℃。除SSP1-2.6情景外,其余情景增温已远远超过《巴黎协定》全球2℃升温的目标,而且在SSP5-8.5情景下,2041—2060年增温已达2.44℃。SSP5-8.5情景下,2081—2100年黄土高原春、夏、秋和冬季气温相对于1995—2014年增温幅度变化范围为3.83~4.75℃,4.75~5.67℃,4.98~5.67℃,4.29~5.67℃。[结论]未来黄土高原将面临强大的增温压力,排放情景越高增温越显著,未来应加强对黄土高原气温的观测研究。