To provide clean energy at a lower cost to their citizens,all nations of the world are striving to increase their energy production in an environmentally friendly way.Benin has also joined this dynamic by considerably...To provide clean energy at a lower cost to their citizens,all nations of the world are striving to increase their energy production in an environmentally friendly way.Benin has also joined this dynamic by considerably increasing its green energy production efforts in recent years.The country has a huge undeveloped renewable-energy(RE)potential that can contribute considerably to its national energy production capacity.This paper summarizes the current RE situation in Benin and examines its future prospects.The current energy situation of the country is discussed,followed by an examination of its electricity demand-and-supply situation.The country has been found to depend heavily on natural gas and petroleum products from neighbouring countries and has~41%of national electricity access.However,the government is taking considerable steps to implement RE projects in the country.The study analyzes government targets in the energy sector with existing policies and institutional frameworks.Recommendations are made for the benefit of the government,the private sector and other actors in order to developing the RE potential of Benin.展开更多
在未来可再生电能传输和管理微网(future renewable electric energy delivery and management,FREEDM)中固态变压器间会因输出电压偏差及输出阻抗的不匹配而产生环流,孤岛模式下尤为严重,为此,在下垂控制器中引入固态变压器(solid stat...在未来可再生电能传输和管理微网(future renewable electric energy delivery and management,FREEDM)中固态变压器间会因输出电压偏差及输出阻抗的不匹配而产生环流,孤岛模式下尤为严重,为此,在下垂控制器中引入固态变压器(solid state transformer,SST)间输出电压偏差反馈调节,减小输出电压相角差和幅值差;采用基于模糊控制理论的瞬时环流反馈,进行动态虚拟阻抗调节,使得SST输出阻抗按额定功率精确匹配。仿真及分析表明,电压偏差反馈调节配合动态虚拟阻抗控制可以有效地抑制SST间环流,同时提高SST输出电压的稳定性。展开更多
Smart grid was proposed as a practical form of future power distribution system. Evaluating the reliability of smart grids was of great importance and significance. A revised fault tree model was proposed to distingui...Smart grid was proposed as a practical form of future power distribution system. Evaluating the reliability of smart grids was of great importance and significance. A revised fault tree model was proposed to distinguish and separate grid-connected operation mode and islanded operation mode of smart grids,focusing on the perspective of the consumers. A hierarchical Monte Carlo simulation method for reliability evaluation was also proposed based on the proposed fault tree model. A case of reliability evaluation for the future renewable electric energy delivery and management( FREEDM) system was carried out and analyzed. The proposed methods can be applicable to other forms of smart grids.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to show that the German way towards renewable energy production could become an example for successful energy transition in other countries.Based on the Renewable Energy Act(Erneuerbare ...The objective of this paper is to show that the German way towards renewable energy production could become an example for successful energy transition in other countries.Based on the Renewable Energy Act(Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz(EEG))in the year 2000 the most important steps for this transition seemed to be start-ups with relevant and reliable feed-in tariffs,the involvement of“many single”intelligently and digitally connected producers to form a kind of“swarm-energy.”In addition regional smart grids,a national grid structure with sufficient capacity,and,last but not least,implementation of energy efficiency tools in the building,construction and transport sector,are necessary driving sources.展开更多
文摘To provide clean energy at a lower cost to their citizens,all nations of the world are striving to increase their energy production in an environmentally friendly way.Benin has also joined this dynamic by considerably increasing its green energy production efforts in recent years.The country has a huge undeveloped renewable-energy(RE)potential that can contribute considerably to its national energy production capacity.This paper summarizes the current RE situation in Benin and examines its future prospects.The current energy situation of the country is discussed,followed by an examination of its electricity demand-and-supply situation.The country has been found to depend heavily on natural gas and petroleum products from neighbouring countries and has~41%of national electricity access.However,the government is taking considerable steps to implement RE projects in the country.The study analyzes government targets in the energy sector with existing policies and institutional frameworks.Recommendations are made for the benefit of the government,the private sector and other actors in order to developing the RE potential of Benin.
文摘在未来可再生电能传输和管理微网(future renewable electric energy delivery and management,FREEDM)中固态变压器间会因输出电压偏差及输出阻抗的不匹配而产生环流,孤岛模式下尤为严重,为此,在下垂控制器中引入固态变压器(solid state transformer,SST)间输出电压偏差反馈调节,减小输出电压相角差和幅值差;采用基于模糊控制理论的瞬时环流反馈,进行动态虚拟阻抗调节,使得SST输出阻抗按额定功率精确匹配。仿真及分析表明,电压偏差反馈调节配合动态虚拟阻抗控制可以有效地抑制SST间环流,同时提高SST输出电压的稳定性。
文摘Smart grid was proposed as a practical form of future power distribution system. Evaluating the reliability of smart grids was of great importance and significance. A revised fault tree model was proposed to distinguish and separate grid-connected operation mode and islanded operation mode of smart grids,focusing on the perspective of the consumers. A hierarchical Monte Carlo simulation method for reliability evaluation was also proposed based on the proposed fault tree model. A case of reliability evaluation for the future renewable electric energy delivery and management( FREEDM) system was carried out and analyzed. The proposed methods can be applicable to other forms of smart grids.
文摘The objective of this paper is to show that the German way towards renewable energy production could become an example for successful energy transition in other countries.Based on the Renewable Energy Act(Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz(EEG))in the year 2000 the most important steps for this transition seemed to be start-ups with relevant and reliable feed-in tariffs,the involvement of“many single”intelligently and digitally connected producers to form a kind of“swarm-energy.”In addition regional smart grids,a national grid structure with sufficient capacity,and,last but not least,implementation of energy efficiency tools in the building,construction and transport sector,are necessary driving sources.
