Experimental investigation of engineered geopolymer composite for structural strengthening against blast loads

The recent increase in blast/bombing incidents all over the world has pushed the development of effective strengthening approaches to enhance the blast resistance of existing civil infrastructures.Engineered geopolymer composite(EGC)is a promising material featured by eco-friendly,fast-setting and strain-hardening characteristics for emergent strengthening and construction.However,the fiber optimization for preparing EGC and its protective effect on structural elements under blast scenarios are uncertain.In this study,laboratory tests were firstly conducted to evaluate the effects of fiber types on the properties of EGC in terms of workability,dry shrinkage,and mechanical properties in compression,tension and flexure.The experimental results showed that EGC containing PE fiber exhibited suitable workability,acceptable dry shrinkage and superior mechanical properties compared with other types of fibers.After that,a series of field tests were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of EGC retrofitting layer on the enhancement of blast performance of typical elements.The tests include autoclaved aerated concrete(AAC)masonry walls subjected to vented gas explosion,reinforced AAC panels subjected to TNT explosion and plain concrete slabs subjected to contact explosion.It was found that EGC could effectively enhance the blast resistance of structural elements in different scenarios.For AAC masonry walls and panels,with the existence of EGC,the integrity of specimens could be maintained,and their deflections and damage were significantly reduced.For plain concrete slabs,the EGC overlay could reduce the diameter and depth of the crater and spallation of specimens.

Preparation, interfacial regulation and strengthening of Mg/Al bimetal fabricated by compound casting: A review

Mg/Al bimetal combines the advantages of both aluminum and magnesium and has broad application prospects in automotive, aerospace,weapons, digital products and so on. The compound casting has the characteristics of low cost, easy to achieve metallurgical combination and suitable for the preparation of complex bimetallic parts. However, bimetallic joint strength is low due to differences of physical properties between Al and Mg, oxide film on metallic surface and interfacial Al-Mg IMCs, which is closely related to the interfacial microstructure and properties. Therefore, how to control the interface of the bimetal to achieve performance enhancement is the focus and difficulty in this field. At present, there are mainly the following strengthening methods. First, the “zincate galvanizing” and “electrolytic polishing+anodic oxidation” technology were exert on the surface of Al alloy to remove and break the oxide film, which improved the wettability between Al and Mg. Second, the undesirable Al-Mg IMCs were reduce or elimination by adding the interlayers(Zn, Ni and Ni-Cu). Thirdly, the evolution process of interfacial microstructure was changed and fine strengthening phases were formed by adding Si element to Al alloy or rare earth element to Mg alloy. Fourthly, mechanical vibration and ultrasonic vibration were applied in the process of the filling and solidification to refine and homogenize the interfacial structure. Finally, some other methods, including secondary rolling, thermal modification, heat treatment and constructing exterior 3D morphology, also can be used to regulate the interfacial microstructure and compositions. The above strengthening methods can be used alone or in combination to achieve bimetallic strengthening. Finally, the future development direction of the Mg/Al bimetal is prospected, which provides some new ideas for the development and application of the Mg/Al bimetal.

Significant strengthening of copper-based composites using boron nitride nanotubes

Nanotubes, such as boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), exhibit excellent mechanical properties. In this work, high-quality BNNTs were synthesized by ball milling and annealing. Subsequently, well-dispersed 3vol%BNNTs/Cu and 3vol%CNTs/Cu composites were successfully prepared using ball milling, spark plasma sintering, and followed by hot-rolling. Moreover, the mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms of BNNTs/Cu and CNTs/Cu composites were compared and discussed in details. At 293 K,both BNNTs/Cu and CNTs/Cu composites exhibited similar ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of~404 MPa, which is approximately 170%higher than pure Cu. However, at 873 K, the UTS and yield strength of BNNTs/Cu are 27%and 29%higher than those of CNTs/Cu, respectively.This difference can be attributed to the stronger inter-walls shear resistance, higher thermomechanical stability of BNNTs, and stronger bonding at the BNNTs/Cu interface as compared to the CNTs/Cu interface. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of BNNTs as an excellent reinforcement for metal matrix composites, particularly at high temperature.

On the strengthening and slip activity of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy with pre-induced{1012¯}twins

{1012¯}twins were introduced into the magnesium(Mg)plate AZ31 via pre-rolling along its transverse direction.The plates,both with and without the pre-induced{1012¯}twins,were subjected to uniaxial tension along different directions.Using crystal plasticity modeling,we found that the strengthening effect of the pre-induced{1012¯}twins on the macroscopic flow stress primarily arised from the increased slip resistance caused by the boundaries,rather than the orientation hardening due to the twinning reorientation(although the latter did make its contribution in some specific loading directions).Besides,the pre-existing{1012¯}twins were found,by both experiments and simulation,to promote the activity of prismatic and pyramidal<c+a>in the parent matrix of the material.Further analysis showed that the enhanced non-basal slip activity is related to the{1012¯}twin boundaries’low micro Hall-Petch slope ratios of non-basal slips to basal slip.With the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS)obtained from crystal plasticity modeling and the orientation data from EBSD,a probability-based slip transfer model was proposed.The model predicts higher slip transfer probabilities and thus lower strain concentration tendencies at{1012¯}twin boundaries than that at grain boundaries,which agrees with the experimental observation that the strain localization was primarily associated with the latter.The present findings are helpful scientifically,in deepening our understanding of how the pre-induced{1012¯}twins affect the strength and slip activity of Mg alloys,and technologically,in guiding the design of the pre-strain protocol of Mg alloys.

Quantifying Solid Solution Strengthening in Nickel-Based Superalloys via High-Throughput Experiment and Machine Learning

Solid solution strengthening(SSS)is one of the main contributions to the desired tensile properties of nickel-based superalloys for turbine blades and disks.The value of SSS can be calculated by using Fleischer’s and Labusch’s theories,while the model parameters are incorporated without fitting to experimental data of complex alloys.In thiswork,four diffusionmultiples consisting of multicomponent alloys and pure Niare prepared and characterized.The composition and microhardness of singleγphase regions in samples are used to quantify the SSS.Then,Fleischer’s and Labusch’s theories are examined based on high-throughput experiments,respectively.The fitted solid solution coefficients are obtained based on Labusch’s theory and experimental data,indicating higher accuracy.Furthermore,six machine learning algorithms are established,providing a more accurate prediction compared with traditional physical models and fitted physical models.The results show that the coupling of highthroughput experiments and machine learning has great potential in the field of performance prediction and alloy design.

Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete (RC) with FRP Sheets Using Different Guidelines

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of fiber reinforcement polymer (FRP) on shear behavior of reinforcement concrete (RC) beams with various guidelines. The FRP thickness, beam depth and concrete strength at ultimate load are considered as main strength parameters. A finite element (FE) by using ANSYS computer program was used to analyze the reinforced concrete beams. The numerical models were used to investigate the effect of beam depth, concrete strength, CFRP sheet configuration, and CFRP sheet thickness on the behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP sheets compared with different guidelines. The results from ACI guideline show little difference compared with FE, which make it suitable for RC beams strengthened with FRP sheets.

Research on Practical Pathways of Strengthening Labor Education for College and University Students in the New Era

Labor education is an essential component of college and university education that can help students to develop a strong work ethic,acquire practical skills,and better understand the value of work.Strengthening labor education for college and university students is an urgent need of the high-quality development of the society and the internal requirement of promoting the all-round development of individuals.This study analyzes the importance of strengthening labor education for college and university students in the new era and proposes four practical pathways which draw on labor courses and campus activities,social practices,scientific research projects,and internships.After implementing these pathways,a survey of 967 students showed that students’understanding and awareness of labor was deepened,their hands-on skills and interests in science and labor practices were improved,and they became more cordially respectful to the working class.Taken together,the exploration and practice of these pathways helps college and university students to recognize their abilities,strengths,and interests,and guides them to form good labor habits that permeate all aspects of their studies and lives.

Assessing the predictive capabilities of precipitation strengthening models for deformation twinning in Mg alloys using phase-field simulations

Precipitation strengthening is a key strategy for improving the overall mechanical properties of Mg alloys. In Mg-Al alloys, basal precipitates are known to strengthen against twinning, resulting in an increase in the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS) necessary for continued deformation. Although several models have been proposed to quantify the influence of precipitate shape, size, and distribution on the CRSS, the accuracy, scope, and applicability of these models has not been fully assessed. Accordingly, the objectives of this study are:(i)to analyze the accuracy of analytical models proposed in the literature for precipitation strengthening against twin thickening and propagation(in Mg-Al alloys) using phase-field(PF) simulations,(ii) to propose modifications to these model forms to better capture the observed trends in the PF data, and(iii) to subsequently test the predictiveness of the extended models in extrapolating to experimental strengthening data.First, using an atomistically-informed phase-field method, the interactions between migrating twin boundaries(during the propagation and thickening stages) and basal plates are simulated for different precipitate sizes and arrangements. In general, comparison of the increase in CRSS determined from the PF simulations and the predictions from four precipitation strengthening models reveals that modifications are necessary to the model forms to extend their applicability to precipitation strengthening against both twin thickening and propagation. A subsequent comparison between predictions from the extended models and experimental strengthening data for peak age-hardened samples reveals that the(extended) single dislocation and dislocation wall models provide reasonably accurate values of the increase in CRSS.Ultimately, the results presented here help elucidate the fidelity and applicability of the various hardening models in predicting precipitation strenghtening effects in technologically important alloys.

椰壳纤维加筋土遗址生态注浆材料的性能

为提升土遗址注浆料的力学性能,以椰壳纤维掺和糯米浆、烧料礓石以及黄土改性注浆料为研究对象,研究了椰壳纤维长度和掺量(质量分数)对土遗址注浆料流动性、收缩性、抗压强度和抗折强度的影响.结果表明:椰壳纤维的掺量和长度越大,浆体的流动性越低,而椰壳纤维的长度与浆体的收缩率无明显相关性;椰壳纤维良好的桥接能力可以有效提高浆体固化后的抗压强度、抗折强度和延性;椰壳纤维的长度和掺量均存在最优值,建议最优配比为纤维长度6 mm、掺量0.5%~0.6%,此时浆体固化后的抗压强度、抗折强度分别提升49.09%和32.08%;过多、过长的椰壳纤维易发生弯折、团聚,导致浆体的流动性和强度大幅降低.

Al-Mg系合金中合金化元素作用及其对力学性能的影响

铝镁合金是轻量化材料应用领域中一种重要的金属材料,属于中高强度铝合金,具有较高的塑性、良好的耐蚀性以及优良的焊接性等优势,目前在航空航天、交通运输和军工制造等领域具有广阔的应用前景。笔者综述了铝镁合金力学性能特点以及用途,介绍了Al-Mg系合金中的强化机制,重点阐述了Al-Mg系合金中主合金化元素Mg及其含量对合金微观组织和力学性能的影响规律及机理,详细论述了Mn、Zr、Ti、Sc、Er、Y等微合金化元素的作用以及对Al-Mg系合金微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。最后,结合Al-Mg系合金当前研究现状,提出了今后值得研究的方向。

不同界面下梁端直剪型锚栓钢板剪切承载力试验研究

开展梁端直剪型锚栓钢板剪切承载力加固试验研究。试验序列包含1个对比试验段、5个剪切承载力加固试验段。试验参数包括界面条件和钢板高度。结果表明:受力过程中钢板与混凝土之间的黏结界面终会剥离,不同黏结界面不影响剪切承载力;增加钢板高度和配套的直剪型锚栓数量能有效提高混凝土梁的剪切承载力。直剪型锚栓钢板剪切承载力加固存在2种机制,约束机制通过限制斜裂缝宽度提高剪切承载力,而组合受力机制通过钢板将一部分剪力直接传入支座。加固钢板高度较小时以约束机制为主,加固钢板高度较大时,2种加固机制联合发挥作用。

“职业教育的强国”与“职业教育来强国”:耦合逻辑与实现路径

职业教育强国是教育强国的重要有机组成部分。在新时代背景下,“职业教育强国”包含“职业教育的强国”与“职业教育来强国”双重意蕴。“职业教育的强国”意为强职业教育自身,“职业教育来强国”意为强国家、强民族,二者相互依存、相互促进,共同坚持以促进民族复兴为旨趣、以培养技术技能人才为载体、以实现高质量发展为支撑。现实中,建设职业教育强国仍面临职普融通失序、产教融合失能、科教融汇失位等困境。为此,应着力绘制新图景、孕育新希望、打造新动能,促进教育强国、人才强国、科技强国建设,实现教育、人才、科技三位一体协同发展,为全面建成社会主义现代化强国提供有力支撑。

粘铝合金板加固RC梁抗弯性能试验及正截面承载力

为了探讨铝合金板厚度与端部U形铝合金箍板构造对RC梁破坏机理及抗弯性能的影响,对16根铝合金板加固RC梁进行了4点弯曲静力加载试验。在试验梁底铝合金板的表面以及试验梁跨中截面的顶面、侧面粘贴应变片,在试验梁底跨中、梁顶两端支座布置百分表。为了推导铝合金板加固RC梁的正截面承载力计算式,基于试验得到的破坏机理,通过引入6个基本假定,分析了5种不同破坏模式的相对受压区高度。建立了各破坏模式下铝合金板加固RC梁的正截面承载力计算式,并将其与引入文献中的试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:试件破坏形态包括适筋破坏、端部铝合金板与结构胶剥离、端部铝合金板与梁剥离及中部铝合金板剥离4种情况;当端部设置U形铝合金箍板时,可有效抑制端部铝合金板发生剥离,使钢筋与铝合金板的材料性能得到充分发挥,试件承载力与延性明显提升;当铝合金板厚度分别为2~6 mm时,试件承载力随铝合金板厚度的增加而提高;端部设置U形铝合金箍板可有效防止端部铝合金板发生剥离,但试件仍可能会出现中部铝合金板剥离现象;当试件出现适筋破坏特征时,试件抗弯承载力的计算值与试验值比值均在1以下。本研究所提计算式具有明显的规律性和适用性,可为工程实际设计提供参考。

中国成为世界重要教育中心:何以必要、何以可能与何以可为

纵观文艺复兴以来的世界历史,世界教育中心的形成与转移皆有迹可循——意大利、英国、法国、德国、美国先后成为世界教育中心。成为世界重要教育中心,既是我国教育发展的宏伟目标与重要归宿,又是以中国式教育现代化助推中华民族伟大复兴的需要,更是世界各国人民利益所系。回首历史、立足现在、展望未来,中国教育凤凰涅槃势不可挡。当前,全球创新格局发生明显变化,呈现由欧美地区向亚太地区、由大西洋区域向太平洋区域转移的趋势。我们要抓住历史机遇,在借鉴世界教育中心成功经验的基础上,结合中国本土教育实践,不断提升中国教育的支撑力、贡献力、国际影响力和全球引领力,使中国早日成为世界重要教育中心。

原位合成TiB_(2)颗粒增强铝基复合材料研究进展

原位合成技术制备的铝基复合材料,权衡了强度和塑性间的矛盾,有望实现铝基复合材料的结构功能一体化。原位合成TiB_(2)颗粒增强铝基复合材料比刚度,比模量高,具有优异的力学性能、耐腐蚀性能、耐磨性能和抗疲劳性能,是近年来金属基复合材料的研究热点之一,在汽车制造、高铁动车、航空航天和国防军事等领域具有广阔的应用前景。归纳了三种原位合成TiB_(2)颗粒增强铝基复合材料反应体系(Al-K_(2)TiF_(6)-KBF_(4)体系、Al-TiO_(2)-B_(2)O_(3)体系和Al-Ti-B体系)的特点和优势,概述了原位合成TiB_(2)颗粒对铝基体晶粒尺寸、界面结合和润湿性产生影响的研究现状,对TiB_(2)颗粒强化铝复合材料力学性能的作用机制展开了讨论,梳理总结现阶段在此领域研究过程中仍未解决的问题,展望TiB_(2)颗粒增强铝基复合材料的潜在发展空间,以期为研究和开发原位合成颗粒增强铝基复合材料提供参考。

W元素在新型镍基粉末高温合金中的强化作用

通过真空感应熔炼(VIM)棒料+电极感应熔炼氩气雾化(EIGA)制粉+热等静压(HIP)成形+热处理(HT)工艺制备三种W含量(质量分数4.1%、6.1%和8.1%)的新型镍基粉末高温合金实验锭坯。以此锭坯为对象,结合金属材料相图计算及材料性能模拟软件JMatPro 6.5计算,利用SEM、EBSD和XRD分析W含量对热处理态锭坯显微组织(如晶粒尺寸、退火孪晶、γ′强化相及错配度)的影响,测试分析不同温度下合金的拉伸性能,通过经验公式量化分析各强化机制对合金室温屈服强度的贡献情况。结果表明,随着W含量增加,γ基体层错能明显降低,热处理态退火孪晶界Σ3数量增多;W促使晶内一次γ′强化相由立方状加速粗化为固态枝晶状,对γ′总量和二次、三次γ′的影响不大;W进入γ基体产生晶格畸变的程度大于γ′强化相,使得γ′/γ错配度呈下降趋势;W有助于提高室温和650~800℃拉伸强度,但略微降低塑性;W主要起固溶强化、γ/γ′共格应变强化和晶界强化作用,其中固溶强化贡献相对最低,固溶强化时以强化γ基体为主,γ基体固溶强化和γ/γ′共格应变强化效果随W含量增加而减弱,W含量为6.1%时晶界强化效果最大;固溶强化、γ/γ′共格应变强化和晶界强化贡献值总和不足室温屈服强度实测值的50%,合金以γ′相沉淀强化为主,测试值和计算值较为吻合。

钢筋混凝土拱桥主拱圈加固方式及效果研究

目的 寻求钢筋混凝土拱桥主拱圈最佳加固方式,以改善加固效果,给同类危旧拱桥加固提供参考。方法 基于某实际加固桥例提出3种不同卸载方式的加固改造方案,采用Midas civil软件建立有限元模型,分析不同加固方式的影响规律;对原拱圈初始应力水平、施工阶段内力、成桥状态下应力、内力及挠度进行分析;利用加固层最大应力比、荷载置换率和挠度变化率对加固效果进行评价。结果 方案三的加固层最大应力比分别比方案一、二大45.12%与52.74%,荷载置换效果最显著,最大值达3.82,挠度变化率最大。结论 选择拱上建筑拆除得越多的方式进行加固,加固效果越好;对钢筋混凝土拱桥进行加固时,应基于加固方式制定加固施工方案,同时需考虑施工工期与加固成本。

不同预时效挤压态Mg−Gd−Y−Zn−Zr合金的再结晶行为和强化机制

通过控制预时效时间制备3种不同状态的试样,研究不同预时效状态对挤压态Mg−9.5Gd−4Y−2.2Zn−0.5Zr(质量分数,%)合金的动态再结晶行为(DRX)和性能的影响。结果表明,欠时效挤压(UAE)样品的细晶体积分数为17.4%,而峰时效挤压(PAE)和过时效挤压(OAE)样品的细晶体积分数分别达到89.7%和50.4%。在晶粒内部和晶界处分布的致密、细小的β颗粒相通过粒子激发形核机制显著提高了形核位点和位错密度。然而,致密针状γ'相抑制位错滑移,延迟DRX形核。PEA和OAE样品中细小晶粒的差异归因于原始颗粒相的数量和尺寸的不同,而其拉伸性能的差异归因于不同的显微组织。由于晶界强化和析出强化机制的贡献更大,PAE样品具有更优异的拉伸性能。

纤维织物增强高延性混凝土加固RC短柱抗剪性能试验研究

为研究纤维织物增强高延性混凝土(TR-HDC)加固钢筋混凝土短柱的抗剪性能,设计了6根钢筋混凝土柱,包括2个对比柱和4个TR-HDC加固柱.通过低周反复荷载试验,对比分析剪跨比、纤维织物层数对试件破坏形态、变形、承载力和耗能能力的影响.结果表明:采用TR-HDC加固钢筋混凝土短柱,可显著提高其抗剪承载力;TR-HDC与原混凝土柱协同工作性能良好,加固后的混凝土柱的变形、承载力和耗能能力明显提高;增加纤维织物的层数对钢筋混凝土短柱的抗剪承载力提高幅度较小,但可大幅增强柱的耗能和变形能力;剪跨比较大时,更有利于发挥TR-HDC加固材料的力学性能.基于桁架-拱模型,提出TR-HDC加固钢筋混凝土短柱的抗剪承载力计算方法,计算结果较准确.

添加氧化镧对钼铼合金组织性能的影响

采用粉末冶金技术在钼铼合金中添加氧化镧制备了ODS-Mo-14Re,通过EBSD、XRD、维氏硬度计、电子万能试验机对氧化镧添加前后钼合金管材的显微结构、室温与高温力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,适量氧化镧的添加可以对钼铼合金起到很好的细晶强化与弥散强化作用;添加0.3%(质量分数)氧化镧使得钼铼合金的平均晶粒尺寸由22.6μm降低至7μm;氧化镧作为细小弥散的第二相添加在钼铼合金中,使晶粒内部位错密度增多,位错相互缠结,运动被阻碍,从而使钼铼合金的强度及塑性明显提升,弥散强化效果显著。室温和高温(1 300℃)拉伸时,Mo-14Re的抗拉强度为725.8、195.3 MPa,而ODS-Mo-14Re的抗拉强度达780.9、226.4 MPa,分别提升了7.6%和15.9%,表明氧化镧的添加使钼铼合金的室温以及高温力学性能得到明显提高。