This paper applies Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems to the evolution and development of human social systems.Although Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems originated in the field of mathematics,their influence h...This paper applies Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems to the evolution and development of human social systems.Although Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems originated in the field of mathematics,their influence has long extended beyond mathematics,making an impact on philosophy,systems science,and the humanities and social sciences.The paper analyzes the autonomy and completeness of human social systems,arguing that evolving human societies are generally self-consistent.However,if the completeness of a human social system is compromised,the system either maintains self-consistency,ceases to evolve forward,enters a death spiral,and eventually decays and disintegrates.Or the system addresses the completeness issue,enters a state of non-self-consistency,introduces new axioms,becomes self-governing again,and enters a new form.From the sociological perspective,this is articulated as social revolution-the system continues to evolve forward;the absence of social revolution-the system does not evolve forward(Jin,1988).展开更多
People normally believe that Arithmetic is not complete because GÖdel launched this idea a long time ago, and it looks as if nobody has presented sound evidence on the contrary. We here intend to do that perh...People normally believe that Arithmetic is not complete because GÖdel launched this idea a long time ago, and it looks as if nobody has presented sound evidence on the contrary. We here intend to do that perhaps for the first time in history. We prove that what Stanford Encyclopedia has referred to as Theorem 3 cannot be true, and, therefore, if nothing else is presented in favour of GÖdel’s thesis, we actually do not have evidence on the incompleteness of Arithmetic: All available evidence seems to point at the extremely opposite direction.展开更多
文摘This paper applies Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems to the evolution and development of human social systems.Although Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems originated in the field of mathematics,their influence has long extended beyond mathematics,making an impact on philosophy,systems science,and the humanities and social sciences.The paper analyzes the autonomy and completeness of human social systems,arguing that evolving human societies are generally self-consistent.However,if the completeness of a human social system is compromised,the system either maintains self-consistency,ceases to evolve forward,enters a death spiral,and eventually decays and disintegrates.Or the system addresses the completeness issue,enters a state of non-self-consistency,introduces new axioms,becomes self-governing again,and enters a new form.From the sociological perspective,this is articulated as social revolution-the system continues to evolve forward;the absence of social revolution-the system does not evolve forward(Jin,1988).
文摘People normally believe that Arithmetic is not complete because GÖdel launched this idea a long time ago, and it looks as if nobody has presented sound evidence on the contrary. We here intend to do that perhaps for the first time in history. We prove that what Stanford Encyclopedia has referred to as Theorem 3 cannot be true, and, therefore, if nothing else is presented in favour of GÖdel’s thesis, we actually do not have evidence on the incompleteness of Arithmetic: All available evidence seems to point at the extremely opposite direction.