目的探讨桥尾蛋白(gephyrin)丝氨酸S270位点磷酸化在水杨酸钠(sodium salicylate,SS)介导的GABA_(A)受体(GABA type A receptors,GABA_(A)Rs)内化的作用。方法将12只SD大鼠分成4组,分别为SS处理组、LiCl处理组、SS+LiCl处理组和对照组,...目的探讨桥尾蛋白(gephyrin)丝氨酸S270位点磷酸化在水杨酸钠(sodium salicylate,SS)介导的GABA_(A)受体(GABA type A receptors,GABA_(A)Rs)内化的作用。方法将12只SD大鼠分成4组,分别为SS处理组、LiCl处理组、SS+LiCl处理组和对照组,每组3只,急性分离各组耳蜗螺旋神经节神经元(spiral ganglion neurons,SGNs),SGNs原代培养48 h后分别用5 mM SS、1 mM LiCl、5 mM SS联合1 mM LiCl处理1 h,对照组不予处理;采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测GABA_(A)Rsα2亚基、桥尾蛋白基因表达的改变;采用Western blot技术检测各组GABA_(A)Rsα2膜蛋白和总蛋白表达的改变、桥尾蛋白及其S270位点磷酸化的改变。结果RT-qPCR结果显示,各组GABA_(A)Rsα2亚基mRNA、桥尾蛋白mRNA与对照组比较均无明显变化(P>0.05),Western blot结果显示,SS处理组GABA_(A)Rsα2亚基膜蛋白(0.08±0.02)较对照组(0.18±0.04)表达显著下调(P<0.01),LiCl处理组(0.14±0.03)有效逆转SS诱导的GABA_(A)Rsα2亚基膜蛋白下调(SS组为0.08±0.02)(P<0.05),LiCL组膜蛋白、各组总蛋白与对照组比较无明显变化(P>0.05);SS处理组桥尾蛋白S270磷酸化(0.84±0.02)较对照组(0.35±0.14)显著增强(P<0.001)。LiCl处理组(0.66±0.10)有效逆转SS诱导的桥尾蛋白S270磷酸化增强(SS组为0.84±0.02,P<0.05),LiCl处理组桥尾蛋白磷酸化、各处理组桥尾蛋白与对照组比较无明显变化。结论桥尾蛋白S270位点磷酸化可增强参与SS诱导的SGNs GABA_(A)Rs内化。展开更多
Rearing is an exploratory behavior induced by novelty, such as exposure to an open field. Stimulation of certain brain regions, including the hippocampus, induces both rearing and clonic convulsions. Brain excitabilit...Rearing is an exploratory behavior induced by novelty, such as exposure to an open field. Stimulation of certain brain regions, including the hippocampus, induces both rearing and clonic convulsions. Brain excitability is controlled by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory neurotransmission through its ionotropic GABAA/allosteric benzodiazepine site. Drugs that decrease GABAA receptor fast inhibitory neurotransmission induce clonic convulsions and rearing when injected into the hippocampus. Therefore, individual differences in rearing behavior may be related to the susceptibility to clonic convulsions, which could involve differences in brain excitability controlled by GABAA/allosteric benzodiazepine site receptors. Adult, male Wistar rats were divided into high- (HR) and low-rearing (LR) groups based on the number of rearings in the open field test. Groups of HR and LR rats were challenged with convulsant drugs that antagonize GABA neurotransmission via different mechanisms of action (3-mercaptopropionic acid, a glutamate decarboxilase inhibitor;bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist;pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin, both GABAA receptor chloride channel blockers and DMCM, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist). The convulsant doses that induced 50% of clonic convulsions were determined for each drug. The LR rats had a higher susceptibility (a lower convulsant dose 50%) to clonic convulsions induced by DMCM than the HR rats, but there were no differences between the groups in the susceptibility to tonic convulsions induced by the same drug. There were no significant differences in the convulsant dose 50% for clonic convulsions between the groups for all other drugs injected. In another experiment, additional HR and LR rats were injected with a sedative-hypnotic dose of diazepam, which caused a significantly higher hypnotic effect (sleeping-time) in the LR rats than in the HR rats. The LR group was also shown to have a significantly lower density of [3H]-Flunitrazepam bound to the GABAA receptor in hippocampal membranes. Our data suggest that inter-individual differences in rearing are related, at least in part, to the GABA inhibitory neurotransmission controlled by the benzodiazepine allosteric site in the GABAA receptor.展开更多
3-Arylisothiazolo[5,4-b]quinolin-4(9H)-ones and 3-arylisoxazolo[5,4-b]quinolin-4(9H)-ones were synthesized and assayed for affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptors. While the 3-arylisothiazo...3-Arylisothiazolo[5,4-b]quinolin-4(9H)-ones and 3-arylisoxazolo[5,4-b]quinolin-4(9H)-ones were synthesized and assayed for affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptors. While the 3-arylisothiazoloquinolin-4-ones were found to be potent ligands, with affinities (expressed as the affinity Ki value) down to 1 nM, the 3-arylisoxazoloquinolin-4-ones are less potent. This is suggested to depend on sterical repulsive interaction of the 3-arylisoxazoloquinolin-4-ones with the receptor essential volume of the binding site, and a higher electron density at the nitrogen in the azole ring (N-2) as well as the carbonyl oxygen in the isothiazoloquinolin-4-ones enabling them to interact stronger with hydrogen bond donor sites at the binding site.展开更多
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(hUC-MSCs)are a promising candidate for spinal cord injury(SCI)repair owing to their advantages of low immunogenicity and easy accessibility over other MSC sources.However,mo...Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(hUC-MSCs)are a promising candidate for spinal cord injury(SCI)repair owing to their advantages of low immunogenicity and easy accessibility over other MSC sources.However,modest clinical efficacy hampered the progression of these cells to clinical translation.This discrepancy may be due to many variables,such as cell source,timing of implantation,route of administration,and relevant efficacious cell dose,which are critical factors that affect the efficacy of treatment of patients with SCI.Previously,we have evaluated the safety and efficacy of 4×10^(6) hUC-MSCs/kg in the treatment of subacute SCI by intrathecal implantation in rat models.To search for a more accurate dose range for clinical translation,we compared the effects of three different doses of hUC-MSCs-low(0.25×10^(6) cells/kg),medium(1×10^(6) cells/kg)and high(4×10^(6) cells/kg)-on subacute SCI repair through an elaborate combination of behavioral analyses,anatomical analyses,magnetic resonance imaging-diffusion tensor imaging(MRI-DTI),biotinylated dextran amine(BDA)tracing,electrophysiology,and quantification of mRNA levels of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors.Our study demonstrated that the medium dose,but not the low dose,is as efficient as the high dose in producing the desired therapeutic outcomes.Furthermore,partial restoration of theγ-aminobutyric acid type A(GABAA)receptor expression by the effective doses indicates that GABAA receptors are possible candidates for therapeutic targeting of dormant relay pathways in injured spinal cord.Overall,this study revealed that intrathecal implantation of 1×10^(6) hUC-MSCs/kg is an alternative approach for treating subacute SCI.展开更多
Excitatory-inhibitory(E/I)balance is essential for normal neural development,behavior and cognition.E/I imbalance leads to a variety of neurological disorders,such as autism and schizophrenia.NMDA receptors(NMDARs)reg...Excitatory-inhibitory(E/I)balance is essential for normal neural development,behavior and cognition.E/I imbalance leads to a variety of neurological disorders,such as autism and schizophrenia.NMDA receptors(NMDARs)regulate AMPAR-mediated excitatory and GABAAR-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission,suggesting that NMDARs play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the E/I balance.In this review,we briefly introduced NMDARs,AMPARs and GABAARs,summarized the current studies on E/I balance mediated by NMDARs,and discussed the current advances in NMDAR-mediated AMPAR and GABAAR development.Specifically,we analyzed the role of NMDAR subunits in the establishment and maintenance of E/I balance,which may provide new therapeutic strategies for the recovery of E/I imbalance in neurological disorders.展开更多
Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.As one of several types of endogenous receptors,GABA_(A)receptors have been shown to be essential in most,if not all,aspects of brain ...Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.As one of several types of endogenous receptors,GABA_(A)receptors have been shown to be essential in most,if not all,aspects of brain functioning,including neural development and information processing.Mutations in genes encoding GABA_(A)receptors and alterations in the function of GABA_(A)receptors are associated with many neurologic diseases,and GABA_(A)receptors have been clinically targeted by many drugs,such as benzodiazepines and general anesthetics.Extensive studies have revealed a number of intracellular chaperons/interactions for GABA_(A)receptors,providing a protein-protein network in regulating the trafficking and location of GABA_(A)receptors in the brain.Recently,neurexins and neuroligins,two families of transmembrane proteins present at neurological synapses,are implicated as new partners to GABA_(A)receptors.These works shed new light on the synaptic regulation of GABA_(A)receptor activity.Here,we summarized the proteins that were implicated in the function of GABA_(A)receptors,including neurexins and neuroligins.展开更多
文摘目的探讨桥尾蛋白(gephyrin)丝氨酸S270位点磷酸化在水杨酸钠(sodium salicylate,SS)介导的GABA_(A)受体(GABA type A receptors,GABA_(A)Rs)内化的作用。方法将12只SD大鼠分成4组,分别为SS处理组、LiCl处理组、SS+LiCl处理组和对照组,每组3只,急性分离各组耳蜗螺旋神经节神经元(spiral ganglion neurons,SGNs),SGNs原代培养48 h后分别用5 mM SS、1 mM LiCl、5 mM SS联合1 mM LiCl处理1 h,对照组不予处理;采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测GABA_(A)Rsα2亚基、桥尾蛋白基因表达的改变;采用Western blot技术检测各组GABA_(A)Rsα2膜蛋白和总蛋白表达的改变、桥尾蛋白及其S270位点磷酸化的改变。结果RT-qPCR结果显示,各组GABA_(A)Rsα2亚基mRNA、桥尾蛋白mRNA与对照组比较均无明显变化(P>0.05),Western blot结果显示,SS处理组GABA_(A)Rsα2亚基膜蛋白(0.08±0.02)较对照组(0.18±0.04)表达显著下调(P<0.01),LiCl处理组(0.14±0.03)有效逆转SS诱导的GABA_(A)Rsα2亚基膜蛋白下调(SS组为0.08±0.02)(P<0.05),LiCL组膜蛋白、各组总蛋白与对照组比较无明显变化(P>0.05);SS处理组桥尾蛋白S270磷酸化(0.84±0.02)较对照组(0.35±0.14)显著增强(P<0.001)。LiCl处理组(0.66±0.10)有效逆转SS诱导的桥尾蛋白S270磷酸化增强(SS组为0.84±0.02,P<0.05),LiCl处理组桥尾蛋白磷酸化、各处理组桥尾蛋白与对照组比较无明显变化。结论桥尾蛋白S270位点磷酸化可增强参与SS诱导的SGNs GABA_(A)Rs内化。
基金Associacao Fundo de In- centivo a Psicofarmacologia (AFIP)
文摘Rearing is an exploratory behavior induced by novelty, such as exposure to an open field. Stimulation of certain brain regions, including the hippocampus, induces both rearing and clonic convulsions. Brain excitability is controlled by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory neurotransmission through its ionotropic GABAA/allosteric benzodiazepine site. Drugs that decrease GABAA receptor fast inhibitory neurotransmission induce clonic convulsions and rearing when injected into the hippocampus. Therefore, individual differences in rearing behavior may be related to the susceptibility to clonic convulsions, which could involve differences in brain excitability controlled by GABAA/allosteric benzodiazepine site receptors. Adult, male Wistar rats were divided into high- (HR) and low-rearing (LR) groups based on the number of rearings in the open field test. Groups of HR and LR rats were challenged with convulsant drugs that antagonize GABA neurotransmission via different mechanisms of action (3-mercaptopropionic acid, a glutamate decarboxilase inhibitor;bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist;pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin, both GABAA receptor chloride channel blockers and DMCM, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist). The convulsant doses that induced 50% of clonic convulsions were determined for each drug. The LR rats had a higher susceptibility (a lower convulsant dose 50%) to clonic convulsions induced by DMCM than the HR rats, but there were no differences between the groups in the susceptibility to tonic convulsions induced by the same drug. There were no significant differences in the convulsant dose 50% for clonic convulsions between the groups for all other drugs injected. In another experiment, additional HR and LR rats were injected with a sedative-hypnotic dose of diazepam, which caused a significantly higher hypnotic effect (sleeping-time) in the LR rats than in the HR rats. The LR group was also shown to have a significantly lower density of [3H]-Flunitrazepam bound to the GABAA receptor in hippocampal membranes. Our data suggest that inter-individual differences in rearing are related, at least in part, to the GABA inhibitory neurotransmission controlled by the benzodiazepine allosteric site in the GABAA receptor.
基金Financial support from the Swedish Board for Scientific Research(VR),the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation,the Research School for Pharmaceutical Sciences at Lund University,Carlsberg Foundation,Denmark,and the NeuroScience PharmaBiotec Research Center,Den-mark,is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘3-Arylisothiazolo[5,4-b]quinolin-4(9H)-ones and 3-arylisoxazolo[5,4-b]quinolin-4(9H)-ones were synthesized and assayed for affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptors. While the 3-arylisothiazoloquinolin-4-ones were found to be potent ligands, with affinities (expressed as the affinity Ki value) down to 1 nM, the 3-arylisoxazoloquinolin-4-ones are less potent. This is suggested to depend on sterical repulsive interaction of the 3-arylisoxazoloquinolin-4-ones with the receptor essential volume of the binding site, and a higher electron density at the nitrogen in the azole ring (N-2) as well as the carbonyl oxygen in the isothiazoloquinolin-4-ones enabling them to interact stronger with hydrogen bond donor sites at the binding site.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2017YFA0105401(to LMR)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.31671420 and 81602482(to MML)a grant from the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases.
文摘Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(hUC-MSCs)are a promising candidate for spinal cord injury(SCI)repair owing to their advantages of low immunogenicity and easy accessibility over other MSC sources.However,modest clinical efficacy hampered the progression of these cells to clinical translation.This discrepancy may be due to many variables,such as cell source,timing of implantation,route of administration,and relevant efficacious cell dose,which are critical factors that affect the efficacy of treatment of patients with SCI.Previously,we have evaluated the safety and efficacy of 4×10^(6) hUC-MSCs/kg in the treatment of subacute SCI by intrathecal implantation in rat models.To search for a more accurate dose range for clinical translation,we compared the effects of three different doses of hUC-MSCs-low(0.25×10^(6) cells/kg),medium(1×10^(6) cells/kg)and high(4×10^(6) cells/kg)-on subacute SCI repair through an elaborate combination of behavioral analyses,anatomical analyses,magnetic resonance imaging-diffusion tensor imaging(MRI-DTI),biotinylated dextran amine(BDA)tracing,electrophysiology,and quantification of mRNA levels of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors.Our study demonstrated that the medium dose,but not the low dose,is as efficient as the high dose in producing the desired therapeutic outcomes.Furthermore,partial restoration of theγ-aminobutyric acid type A(GABAA)receptor expression by the effective doses indicates that GABAA receptors are possible candidates for therapeutic targeting of dormant relay pathways in injured spinal cord.Overall,this study revealed that intrathecal implantation of 1×10^(6) hUC-MSCs/kg is an alternative approach for treating subacute SCI.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32170975)Guangdong Nature Science Foundation(Grant No.2019A1515011309).
文摘Excitatory-inhibitory(E/I)balance is essential for normal neural development,behavior and cognition.E/I imbalance leads to a variety of neurological disorders,such as autism and schizophrenia.NMDA receptors(NMDARs)regulate AMPAR-mediated excitatory and GABAAR-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission,suggesting that NMDARs play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the E/I balance.In this review,we briefly introduced NMDARs,AMPARs and GABAARs,summarized the current studies on E/I balance mediated by NMDARs,and discussed the current advances in NMDAR-mediated AMPAR and GABAAR development.Specifically,we analyzed the role of NMDAR subunits in the establishment and maintenance of E/I balance,which may provide new therapeutic strategies for the recovery of E/I imbalance in neurological disorders.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 program No.2011CB809102 to C.Z.)“985”Research Foundation of Peking University(to C.Z.).
文摘Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.As one of several types of endogenous receptors,GABA_(A)receptors have been shown to be essential in most,if not all,aspects of brain functioning,including neural development and information processing.Mutations in genes encoding GABA_(A)receptors and alterations in the function of GABA_(A)receptors are associated with many neurologic diseases,and GABA_(A)receptors have been clinically targeted by many drugs,such as benzodiazepines and general anesthetics.Extensive studies have revealed a number of intracellular chaperons/interactions for GABA_(A)receptors,providing a protein-protein network in regulating the trafficking and location of GABA_(A)receptors in the brain.Recently,neurexins and neuroligins,two families of transmembrane proteins present at neurological synapses,are implicated as new partners to GABA_(A)receptors.These works shed new light on the synaptic regulation of GABA_(A)receptor activity.Here,we summarized the proteins that were implicated in the function of GABA_(A)receptors,including neurexins and neuroligins.
