Influence of Fe Content on Tool Galling in Ironing Aluminum Beverage Cans

Insoluble constituents in 3104 alloy for beverage cans manufacturing play an important role in deep ironing process. This paper studies the effect of Fe content in the alloy on volume fraction of the constituents Al6(Fe, Mn)3 and Al12(Fe, Mn)3Si and its influence on ironing die pickup. It is shown that with Fe content increase, the amount of these constituents rises that helps prevent tool galling. Trials made at a can plant showed less ironing die changeovers at bodymakers. The optimum Fe content for aluminum can production can be considered between 0.47% and 0.53% that corresponds to 2.0% - 2.3% of insoluble constituent volume fraction. Greater amounts than this cause problems with excessive constituent particle formation and earing;smaller amounts result in increased ironing die galling.

Galling phenomena in metal forming

Galling phenomena in metal forming not only affect the quality of the engineered surfaces but also the success or failure of the manufacturing operation itself.This paper reviews the different galling conditions in sheet and bulk metal forming processes along with their evolution and the effects of temperature on galling.A group of anti-galling methods employed to prevent galling defects are also presented in detail.The techniques for quantitatively measuring galling are introduced,and the related prediction models,including friction,wear,and galling growth models,are presented to better understand the underlying phenomena.Galling phenomena in other processes similar to those occurring in metal forming are also examined to suggest different ways of further studying galling in metal forming.Finally,future research directions for the study of galling in metal forming are suggested.

执照更新中经验反馈对核电厂老化管理实践的影响

通用老化经验报告(GALL报告)是美国核管会(NRC)发布的用于指导核电厂运行执照更新审查的技术文件,是核电厂开展老化管理和运行许可证延续等工作的重要依据。2010年发布第2版GALL报告后,NRC于2011~2016年间先后发布了10份ISG文件,基于执照更新审查过程中新的经验反馈对GALL报告的内容进行更新和补充讨论。通过对10份ISG文件的深入调研,全面分析了其变更内容,对其涉及的老化管理新对象、新技术和新要求进行总结,并对GALL报告在执照更新中的经验反馈对我国核电厂老化管理实践的影响进行初步评价,为我国核电厂日常老化管理、定期安全审查和运行许可证延续申请等工作提供有力的技术支撑和经验参考。

Experimental and modelling study of interaction between friction and galling under contact load change conditions

The galling process remains one of the least understood phenomena in metal forming.The transfer of material from a work-piece onto the tool surface can cause an evolutionary increase in friction coefficient(COF)and thus the use of a constant COF in finite element(FE)simulations leads to progressively inaccurate results.For an aluminium work-piece,material transfer,which has history and pressure dependency,is determined by a dynamic balance between the generation and ejection of wear particles acting as a‘third body’abrasive element at the contact interface.To address this dynamic interactive phenomenon,pin-on-disc tests between AA6082 and G3500 were performed under step load change conditions.The COF evolutions,morphologies of the transfer layer and its cross-section were studied.It has been found that contact load change will disequilibrate and rebuild the dynamic balance and high load will increase the generation and ejection rate of third body and vice versa.Moreover,based on the experimental results,an interactive model was developed and presented to simulate the dynamic formation process of the aluminium third body layer under load change conditions,enabling multi-cycle simulations to model the galling distribution and friction variation.

Galling Failure Analysis in Sheet Metal Forming Process

Galling is a known failure mechanism in sheet metal forming operations,and it can lead to fracture of the products and jamming of the tool. The temperature field and normal contact pressure distributions of the tool and the blank were studied with a finite element analysis model under the action of different blank holder force and frictional coefficient. A series of forming tests of the high strength steel were conducted to validate the finite element model. The characteristics of galling failure,the damaged surface of the product and the adhesive wear of the tool,were analyzed during the forming process. The results demonstrate that die corner is the region where temperature and normal contact pressure are high and galling failure initiates. The blank surface passing through the die corner usually has the galling problem. The blank holder force and the tool surface topography have strong effects on the galling behavior in sheet metal forming processes. The methodology using finite element analysis to predict galling failure behavior can be used to perform parametric and material studies on the galling failure.

Laparoscopic management of remnant gall bladder with stones: Lessons from a tertiary care centre's experience

Objective:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently the gold standard for treating symptomatic gallstone disease.Despite its success,approximately 10%of patients may experience persistent biliary symptoms,leading to the post-cholecystectomy syndrome.A remnant gallbladder with cystic duct or bile duct stones is one of the causes of this syndrome.The objective of this study was to shed light on the clinical manifestations,evaluation,therapeutic strategies,and outcomes associated with laparoscopic management of symptomatic remnant gallbladders.Methods:This was a retrospective study,conducted over a five-year period(January 2017 to December 2022)at Apollo Hospitals in South India.All patients who underwent laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy for a remnant gall bladder were included.The following data were collected:patient demographics,symptoms,preoperative investigations,intraoperative details and post operative outcomes.Results:In total,36 patients were included and analysed.The majority of patients were male(25,69.4%),with a mean age of 50.7±12.1 years.The most common presentation was pain in the upper abdomen or right upper quadrant region(24,66.7%).The laparoscopic approach was attempted in all patients,with a success rate of 94.4%.Two patients required conversion to open surgery.Cholecystoenteric fistula to the colon was observed in one patient.Choledocholithiasis was observed in 7 patients(19.4%),and stone clearance was successfully achieved using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in all patients preoperatively.Conclusion:Incomplete gall bladder removal either intentionally or unintentionally leaves a remnant gall bladder that is at risk for stone formation and infection.Patients who have this clinical entity with symptoms require a redo or complete cholecystectomy,a complex procedure associated with certain risks.This study highlights the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy for the management of remnant gallbladder with cystic duct or bile duct stones.

Evolutionary timescale of chalcidoid wasps inferred from over one hundred mitochondrial genomes

Chalcidoidea is one of the most biologically diverse groups among Hymenoptera.Members are characterized by extraordinary parasitic lifestyles and extensive host ranges,among which several species attack plants or serve as pollinators.However,higher-level chalcidoid relationships remain controversial.Here,we performed mitochondrial phylogenomic analyses for major clades(18out of 25 families)of Chalcidoidea based on 139 mitochondrial genomes.The compositional heterogeneity and conflicting backbone relationships in Chalcidoidea were assessed using various datasets and tree inferences.Our phylogenetic results supported the monophyly of 16families and polyphyly of Aphelinidae and Pteromalidae.Our preferred topology recovered the relationship(Mymaridae+(Signiphoridae+Leucospidae)+(Chalcididae+((Perilampidae+Eucharitidae)+remaining Chalcidoidea))).The monophyly of Agaonidae and Sycophaginae was rejected,while the gall-associated((Megastigmidae+Ormyridae)+(Ormocerinae+Eurytomidae))relationship was supported in most results.A six-gene inversion may be a synapomorphy for most families,whereas other derived gene orders may introduce confusion in phylogenetic signals at deeper nodes.Dating estimates suggested that Chalcidoidea arose near the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary and that two dynamic shifts in diversification occurred during the evolution of Chalcidoidea.We hypothesized that the potential codiversification between chalcidoids and their hosts may be crucial for accelerating the diversification of Chalcidoidea.Ancestral state reconstruction analyses supported the hypothesis that gallinducers were mainly derived from parasitoids of gallinducers,while other gall-inducers were derived from phytophagous groups.Taken together,these findings advance our understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution in the major interfamilial phylogeny of Chalcidoidea.

Identification of genes associated with gall bladder cell carcinogenesis:Implications in targeted therapy of gall bladder cancer

Gall bladder cancer(GBC)is becoming a very devastating form of hepatobiliary cancer in India.Every year new cases of GBC are quite high in India.Despite recent advanced multimodality treatment options,the survival of GBC patients is very low.If the disease is diagnosed at the advanced stage(with local nodal metastasis or distant metastasis)or surgical resection is inoperable,the prognosis of those patients is very poor.So,perspectives of targeted therapy are being taken.Targeted therapy includes hormone therapy,proteasome inhibitors,signal transduction and apoptosis inhibitors,angiogenesis inhibitors,and immunotherapeutic agents.One such signal transduction inhibitor is the specific short interfering RNA(siRNA)or short hairpin RNA(shRNA).For developing siRNAmediated therapy shRNA,although several preclinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of these key molecules have been performed using gall bladder cells,many more clinical trials are required.To date,many such genes have been identified.This review will discuss the recently identified genes associated with GBC and those that have implications in its treatment by siRNA or shRNA.

Isolated traumatic gallbladder injury: A case report

BACKGROUND Isolated gallbladder injury(GI)(IGI)directly induced by abdominal trauma is rare.Symptoms,indications,and imaging examinations of IGI are frequently non-specific,posing tremendous diagnostic challenges,which are simple to overlook and may have severe implications.Improving doctors'understanding of gallbladder injury(GI)facilitates early detection and decreases the likelihood of severe consequences,including death.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of IGI caused by blunt violence(after falling from three meters with the umbilicus as the stress point)and performed laparoscopic repair of the gallbladder rupture,which helps clinicians understand IGI and reduce the severe consequences of delayed diagnosis.Through extensive medical history and dynamic abdominal ultrasound evaluation,doctors can identify GI early and begin surgery,thereby decreasing the devastating repercussions of delayed diagnosis.CONCLUSION This article aims to improve clinicians'understanding of IGI and propose a method for the diagnosis and treatment of GI.

WMSN图像节点低内存小波变换方法研究

基于Le Gall 5/3滤波器提出了一种逐行小波变换方法,处理器从图像节点SD卡逐行读出图像信息,完成多级变换后将变换结果行写入SD卡。该方法 SRAM内存需求低,且仅涉及定点整数乘法、加法及移位操作。应用所提方法对一幅256像素×256像素仔猪灰度图像进行小波变换实验,结果表明,该方法以合理的定点运算代价换取了3.968 KB的SRAM开销以及8.718 s的时间开销。为基于小波变换的WMSN节点图像压缩奠定了基础,使农业生产图像在低带宽WMSN上高效传输成为可能。

基于GAL器件的步进电机控制器的研究与设计

介绍了利用阵列逻辑器件GAL16V8对三相六拍步进电机实现控制的方法及其电路设计。通过计算机和编程器对GAL进行编程,可以满足各种控制要求。该电路简单,工作稳定可靠,编程灵活方便。

美国核电厂GALL报告解读

GALL报告是美国NRC颁布的用于指导审查核电厂执照更新申请的技术文件,它采用表单化形式,从具体的构筑物与部件层面出发,详细记录了材料、环境、老化效应与机理、老化管理大纲间逐一对应的关系。基于文献调研与分析,从开发背景、发展历史、内容框架、应用情况等方面介绍了GALL报告的基本信息,应是我国对该文件的首次全面解读,对我国建立核电厂老化管理大纲及有关核电厂延寿的核安全监管法规具有重要参考价值。

Insect herbivory along environmental gradients

There is a general assumption in the literature that insect herbivory increases towards the tropics, but decreases with increasing altitude. Similar generalities have been identified along other environmental gradients, such as resource, temperature, climatic and biotic gradients. However there is growing evidence in the scientific literature that such generalities are not consistent. This could be due to a number of reasons including the lack of consistency in the way herbivory is assessed such as different methodologies used by researchers, or fundamental differences in leaf damage caused by different types of insect herbivores. Here we assess 61 publications researching insect herbivory along a range of environmental gradients (both biotic and abiotic) and review the methods that researchers have used to collected their data. We found leaf chewing from samples collected in North America dominated the field and most studies assessed herbivory on a single host plant species. Thirty three percent of the studies assessed latitudinal gradients, while 10% assessed altitudinal gradients. Insect herbivory was most commonly expressed as percentage leaf damage using point herbivory. Fewer studies measured a range of different types of herbivory (such as sap sucking, leaf mining, galling, and root feeding) as leaves aged. From our synthesis, we hope that future research into insect herbivory along environmental gradients will take into account herbivory other than just leaf chewing, such as sap sucking, which may cause more damage to plants. Future research should also assess herbivory as a rate, rather than just a single point in time as damage to a young leaf may be more costly to a plant than damage to a mature or senescing leaf. Measurements of plant traits will also assist in comparing herbivory across habitats, plant species, and within species physiological variation. The true impacts that insects have on plants via herbivory along environmental gradients are still poorly understood.

Pharmacognostic studies of insect gall of Quercus infectoria Olivier(Fagaceae)

Objective:To study the detailed pharmacognostic profile of galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier(Q.infectoria olivier)(Fagaceae),an important medicinal plant used in the Indian system of medicine.Methods:Samples of galls of Q.infectoria were studied by macroscopical,microscopical,physiochemical,phytochemical.fluorescence analysis and othjer methods for standardization as recommended by WHO.Results:Macroscopically,the crude drug is globose with horny appearances on external surface(1.4-2.3 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in diameter),with greyish-brown to brownish-black in colour externally and dark brown buff colored.Surface is smooth with numerous horny protuberances giving rough touch,and witfi unpleasant odour.Microscopically,a wide zone of radially elongated parenchyma cells between upper and lower epidermis were found.The vascular strands were present at all places and radially elongated sclerides touched the lower epidermis.In physico-chemical studies,the moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash,alcohol soluble,water soluble,petroleum ether,chloroform extractive value and tannin content were found to be 2.790,5.020,0.110,38.780,41.210,0.402,1.590 and 49.200 percentage respectively.Prcliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols,flavonoids,steroids,triterpenes,tannins,saponins and alkaloids.Cooclusions:The results of the present study serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this medicinally important plant drug material for future investigations and applications.

GALL线评价快速扩弓联合前方牵引治疗替牙期骨性Ⅲ类错[牙合]的疗效

目的:运用Andrews口颌面协调六要素中的GALL线,尝试对快速扩弓联合前方牵引矫治骨性Ⅲ类错[牙合]的疗效评价分析。方法:共选取25名扩弓前牵矫治结束的7~12岁骨性Ⅲ类错[牙合]患者(男12,女,13),以GAll线作为参考平面分析矫治前(T1)和治疗后(T2)的头颅侧位片,并以传统的评价指标为对照,评价矫治前后软硬组织的变化。结果:治疗结束后,患者均发生了明显的上颌骨前移,下颌骨后移.SNA、ANB、PP-FH、MP-FH、L1-MP、U1-SN、MP-FH、B-GALL、Pog-GALL、U1FA-GALL、U1-GALL、L1-GALL、LL-E、LL-GALL、Ns-Sn-Pos治疗前后的数值,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),SNB、Wits值、Y轴角治疗前后差值无统计学意义。结论:以GAll线为参考平面的测量指标的结果与传统评价指标大的结果基本一致,这种基于面部协调美学理论的评价方法能够有效直观的反映出错患者扩弓牵前矫治后的牙、颌、面关系的改善,较传统的评价测量方法更加直观及个性化。

Multiorgan chronic inflammatory hepatobiliary pancreatic murine model deficient in tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2

AIM: To provoke persistent/chronic multiorgan inflammatory response and to contribute to stones formation followed by fibrosis in hepatobiliary and pancreatic tissues. METHODS: Tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2(TNFR1/R2) deficient mice reared in-house were given dibutyltin dichloride(DBTC) twice within 10 d by oral gavage delivery. Sham control animals received vehicle treatment and na?ve animals remained untreated throughout the study. Animals were monitored daily for symptoms of pain and discomfort. The abdominal and hindpaw hypersensitivity were assessed with von Frey microfilaments. Exploratory behaviors were recorded at the baseline, after initiation of treatment, and before study termination. Histopathological changes were examined postmortem in tissues. Collagen accumulation and fibrosis were confirmed with Sirius Red staining. RESULTS: Animals lost weight after oral administration of DBTC and developed persistent inflammatory abdominal and hindpaw hypersensitivity compared to sham-treated controls(P < 0.0001). These pain related secondary mechanical hypersensitivity responses increased more than 2-fold in DBTC-treated animals. The drastically diminished rearing and grooming rates persisted after DBTC administration throughout the study. Gross as well as micropathology at one month confirmed that animals treated with DBTC developed chronic hepatobiliary injuries evidenced with activation of stellate cells, multifocal necrosis, fatty degeneration of hepatocytes, periportal infiltration of inflammatory cells, and prominent biliary ductal dilation. The severity of hepatitis was scored 3.7 ± 0.2(severe) in DBTC-treated animals vs score 0(normal) in shamtreated animals. Fibrotic thickening was extensive around portal ducts, in hepatic parenchyma as well as in lobular pancreatic structures and confirmed with Sirius Red histopathology. In addition, pancreatic microarchitecture was presented with distortion of islets, and parenchyma, infiltration of inflammatory cells, degeneration, vacuolization, and necrosis of acinar cells and distention of pancreatic ducts. Extent of pancreatic damage and pancreatitis were scored 3.6 ± 0.4(severe) for DBTC-treated in contrast to score 0(normal) in sham-treated animals. The gall bladder became expanded with ductal distention, and occasional bile stones were detected along with microscopic hepatic lesions. DBTC-treated animals developed splenic hypertrophy with increased weight and length(P < 0.01) along with thymic atrophy(P < 0.001). Finally, colitic lesions and colitis were prominent in DBTC-treated animals and scored 3.4 ± 0.3(moderately severe) vs 0(normal) for the sham-treated animals. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of chronic inflammatory multiorgan hepatobiliary pancreatitis, along with fibrosis and calculi formation induced reliably utilizing oral DBTC administration in TNFR1/R2 deficient mice.

GALL线评价Twin-Block治疗安氏Ⅱ类1分类的侧貌变化

目的:基于Andrews六要素的美学理论,尝试用GALL线评价Twin-Block治疗青少年Ⅱ^(1)错[牙合]引起的侧貌改变。方法:收集18例戴用Twin-Block矫治器7~13个月的10~13岁Ⅱ^(1)错[牙合]患者,用GALL线作为参考对矫治前后的头颅侧位片进行测量,并以传统的评价指标为对照,评价软硬组织的变化。结果:18例患者矫治后,以GALL线为参考平面测量指标在评价硬组织变化方面得出了与传统评价指标基本一致的结果:下颌骨长度明显增加,下颌位置前移;上前牙舌倾下前牙唇倾,面下1/3高度增加(P<0.01);但在评价软组织变化方面较传统指标更灵敏。结论:以GALL线为参考可直观的反映出Ⅱ^(1)错[牙合]患者矫治后的变化,较传统的测量方法更加直观及个性化。

Could saline irrigation clear all residual common bile duct stones after lithotripsy?A self-controlled prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND A previous study showed that irrigation with 100 mL saline reduced residual common bile duct(CBD)stones,which potentially cause recurrent stones after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.AIM To determine whether saline irrigation can improve CBD clearance after lithotripsy.METHODS This prospective self-controlled study enrolled patients receiving mechanical lithotripsy for large(>1.2 cm)CBD stones.After occlusion cholangiography confirmed CBD stone clearance,peroral cholangioscopy(POC)was performed to determine clearance scores based on the number of residual stones.The amounts of residual stones spotted via POC were graded on a 5-point scale(score 1,worst;score 5,best).Scores were documented after only stone removal(control)and after irrigation with 50 mL and 100 mL saline,respectively.The stone composition was analyzed using infrared spectroscopy.RESULTS Between October 2018 and January 2020,47 patients had CBD clearance scores of 2.4±1.1 without saline irrigation,3.5±0.7 with 50 mL irrigation,and 4.6±0.6 with 100 mL irrigation(P<0.001).Multivariate analysis showed that CBD diameter>15 mm[odds ratio(OR)=0.08,95%confidence interval(CI):0.01-0.49;P=0.007]and periampullary diverticula(PAD)(OR=6.51,95%CI:1.08-39.21;P=0.041)were independent risk factors for residual stones.Bilirubin pigment stones constituted the main residual stones found in patients with PAD(P=0.004).CONCLUSION Irrigation with 100 mL of saline may not clear all residual CBD stones after lithotripsy,especially in patients with PAD and/or a dilated(>15 mm)CBD.Pigment residual stones are soft and commonly found in patients with PAD.Additional saline irrigation may be required to remove retained stones.

Adaptation of faba bean varieties for yield, for yield components and against faba bean gall (Olpidium viciae Kusano) disease in South Gondar, Ethiopia

Faba bean(Vicia faba L.) has an important place in the Ethiopian national diet. It is consumed in various forms and contributes to the improvement of soil fertility. However,its production and productivity are affected by biotic and abiotic constraints. Among the biotic constraints, the emerging faba bean gall disease, caused by Olpidium uiciae, is the major and most destructive disease wherever faba bean is grown. Field experiments were conducted at two locations(Farta and Tach Gayint districts) to evaluate the reaction of faba bean varieties to faba bean gall disease and to assess them for yield and yield components during the 2014 and 2015 main cropping seasons. Thirteen faba bean varieties and one local check were plantecd in three replications Lusing a randomized complete block design. The disease incidence and severity of faba bean gall were recorded(on a 1-9 scale) five tinmes at10-day intervals. A combined analysis of variance showed za significant difference(P < 0.05)among faba bean varieties with respect to the incidence and severity of gall disease at both locations. Disease incidence, severity, and AUDPC were lowest for variety Turmsa at both locatiOons, but this variety showed lhigh yield only at tlhe Farta location. 'The lhighest yields were obtained from varieties Degaga(1157.74 kg ha ') and Nc58(828.97 kg ha ') at Farta and Tach Gayint, respectively and these varieties slhowed low faba bean gall severity and AUDPC. Thus, higher-yielding faba bean varieties such as Degaga and Nc58 are recommended for faba bean production areas in northwestern Ethiopia.

Chinese leek(Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel) reduced disease symptom caused by root-knot nematode

Root-knot nematodes（RKNs,Meloidogyne spp.） are obligate biotrophic parasites that settle close to the vascular tissues in plant roots.The diseases resulting from RKN infections cause serious damage to agricultural production worldwide.In the present paper,the resistance of Chinese leek（Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel） against RKNs,its suppressive effect on nematode disease,its nematicidal activity and its component profile were studied to identify an efficient disease control method.In soil heavily infected by nematodes,Chinese leek showed strong resistance to RKNs.Additionally,the gall indexes of cucumber plants rotated with Chinese leek and of tomato plants intercropped with Chinese leek were reduced by 70.2 and 41.1%,respectively.In a pot experiment,the gall indexes of Chinese leek extract-treated tomato and cucumber plants were reduced by 88.9 and 75.9%,respectively.In an in vitro experiment,the mortality rate of a RKN（Meloidogyne incognita J2） treated with Chinese leek extract was significantly higher than that of the control.The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） analysis revealed that glycosides,carboxylic acids,ketones and organic sulfides are the main components in the Chinese leek extract.This study revealed that Chinese leek possesses a high resistance to RKNs,has strong nematicidal activity against M.incognita and can significantly reduce the incidence of disease caused by nematodes.