Arsenic Polluted Groundwater and Its Countermeasures in the Middle Basin of the Ganges, Uttar Pradesh State, India

The arsenic contamination of groundwater in Uttar Pradesh State was first recognized in 2003 and is now seen at 20 Districts out of 70 Districts. University of Miyazaki has performed the arsenic mitigation project in Bahraich District, severest arsenic-affected one in the 20 Districts, from June 2008 until now, with JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). The integrated mitigation, such as the raising awareness of villager, installing of alternative water supply units and healthcare of arsenocosis patients, have been executed at the 2 villages. The symptom of the arsenocosis patients was not so severe, which will be, therefore, improved by drinking arsenic-safe water supplied through arsenic removal units, installed by this project. In this paper, following results is discussed for the situation and mechanism of arsenic contamination of groundwater, objected in connection with the installation of arsenic removal units: 1) Groundwater is almost contaminated with arsenic in deep tubewell (depth: about 30 m), but scarcely in shallow tubewell (depth: about 10 m);2) Arsenic contaminated groundwater is under the reduced condition with the oxidized condition for no-arsenic contaminated groundwater;3) Arsenic concentration shows almost linear correlation with concentrations of Fe2+ and -N;4) Ground is composed of sand with high arsenic content at around 25 m depth;5) Arsenic exists mainly in the phase of reducible fraction or weak acid soluble fraction but no oxidizable fraction in the ground.

Soil Clay Mineralogical Phase Analysis of Ganges Floodplain Soils by XRD and XRF

Soil minerals study is vital in terms of investigating the major soil forming compounds and to find out the fate of minor and trace elements in soils. It is also essential for the soil-plant interaction purpose. To identify soil mineral phases especially clay minerals, X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been a popular technique. The clay mineralogical information of soils in Bangladesh is limited, especially in Ganges flood plain region (Agro Ecological Zone (AEZ) 12 and 13). Therefore, to overcome this limitation, in this study, we performed XRD analysis of <2 mm fractions soil samples of AEX 12 and 13. However, identifying mineralogical phases by XRD in <2 mm fractions soils is not so straight-forward due to many practical problems. We fully matched only two mineralogical phases in all the soil samples which is quartz and potassium-Aluminum-Silicate. However, the full XRD peaks indicate that more minerals are also present, but due to heterogeneity of soils samples, it is difficult to find other minerals phases by only XRD peak of <2 mm fractions. Therefore, to find more information about mineralogical phases, we performed XRF analysis that provides the elemental composition of minerals phase as oxide. XRF analysis indicated the presence of secondary minerals like illite and chlorite. The presence of high percentage Fe oxide not only indicated the iron mineral phase (goethite and ferrihydrite) but also indicated iron rich high charge smectite minerals (beidellite). The presence of iron rich smectite minerals in the Ganges sediments reported in several previous studies. Thus, we concluded that only XRD in <2 mm fractions of soils is not adequate to identify the mineralogical phases of soil samples. Others analyses like XRF, XRD in <2 μm fractions will be necessary to locate an entire image of soil mineralogical phases.

Biometrics of the rare fish Rhinomugil corsula(Hamilton,1822)(Mugiliformes:Mugilidae)in the Ganges,Northwestern Bangladesh

Objective:To investigate biometrics of the Rhinomugil corsula(Hamilton,1822)(R.corsula),including length-weight relationships(LWRS),condition factors(Allometric,K_(A);Fulton's,K_(F);Relative,K_(R);Relative weight,W_(R)),and sex ratio and length-frequency distributions in the Ganges(Padma River),Northwestern Bangladesh.Methods:Monthly sampling was conducted using traditional fishing gears during June to August 2012.Total length was measured to the nearest 0.01 cm using digital slide calipers,and total body weight was measured using an electronic balance with 0.01 g accuracy.The LWR was calculated using the expression:W=a×L_(b),where the W is the body weight,L is the total length,a and b are the parameters of the regression.Results:A total of 350 specimens ranging from 8.59-15.71 cm in total length and 9.57-32.59 g in body weight were analyzed during this study.The overall sex ratio was not significantly different from the expected value of 1:1(X^(2)=2.57,P>0.05),but there was significant difference in the length-frequency distributions between the sexes(P=0.03).The allometric coefficient b for the LWR indicated negative allometric growth(b=3.00)in males,female and combined sexes.Results further indicated that Kr was not significantly different between the sexes(P=0.57).However,the mean W_(R)of R.corsula showed significant differences from 100 for males(P=0.03)and females(P<0.001)in this study,indicating the imbalance habitat with food availability relative to the presence of predators.Conclusions:This study reported the first description of biometric relationships for R.corsula,which would be useful for the sustainable conservation of this rear fishery in Bangladesh and also neighboring countries.

Behavioral responses to spatial heterogeneity in endangered Ganges River dolphins(Platanista gangetica gangetica)

Globally,the threat of endangerment and extinction of small cetaceans was highlighted after the recent extinction of the Chinese River dolphin or Baiji(Lipotes vexillifer).Species with a small population size and a limited geographic range,such as Ganges River dolphins(GRD),are more vulnerable to extinction.The social and behavioral needs of cetaceans have been identified as potential factors increasing their vulnerability to human disturbance.However,little is known about how GRD adapt their behaviors and diel activity patterns to spatiotemporal variation.In this paper,we examined the underwater behavior of GRDs in Nepal by collecting echolocation clicks from three spatially stratified habitats in the Sapta Koshi River system over a six-month period.Our research found that GRDs behave differently in response to spatial heterogeneity,indicating diverse environmental requirements for GRD persistence.Behavioral activity and duration varied across habitats but not across time of day,suggesting that GRD behaviors are likely to be regulated by habitat structure regardless of the time of day.However,GRD consistently exhibited nocturnal activity peaks even when diurnal activity varied substantially.This indicates that river dolphins may favor nocturnal refuges as a reaction to human disturbance in highly regulated rivers.Managing human disturbances in conjunction with habitat heterogeneity can improve the persistence of riverine cetaceans.Here,we document behavioral and ecological information pertaining to GRD,which is essential to the formation of river dolphin recovery plans that link ecological perspectives to planning and management.

文本解读与历史研究——以古藏文中的词语chu Gang、lta zhig、rje blas为例

古藏文中的chu Gang、lta zhig、rje blas等三个词语,屡次出现在吐蕃时期的石碑文、敦煌文、简牍文等中,在后期的部分《甘珠尔》《丹珠尔》文献中,也以变异或拆解的形式出现多次。通过古藏文学者对此类词语的解读和辨认,解答了chu Gang、lta zhig、rje blas等三个词语的部分含义。但随着文字考古研究的不断深入,古藏文的文化及阐释语境有了更大的拓展,也给研究古藏文的学者们提供了更全面的阐释空间。比如:古藏文chu Gang一词,在吐蕃时期仅用来表达君臣之间的忠信关系,至后宏时期其意义逐渐延伸,可以指称婚姻里的忠诚与信任,因此不能将其单纯地理解为英勇忠良之意;而lta zhi一词的语义不断虚化,逐渐具有了介词和虚词的功能,其所指也因语句搭配而发生变化,一味地将其解释为“他”或“他本人”是不准确的;通过词语考究和语素分析发现,rje dlas一词中的“rje”指的是君王,而“dlas”(藏文dlas后来作slas)则指帐中亲信,因此,rje dlas一词可以用来表达忠诚侍奉君王的一种责任和义务,rje dlas一词的这一含义也被后来的历史叙事所继承,部分教法史在叙述“六大决议法”(bkav gros chen mo)时,常以“保护赞普,不遗余力地侍奉”(rjevi sku vtsho zhing zho sha blar dbul)来扩解rje dlas一词。

菵草与其它杂草的种间联结关系

采用Pearson点相关系数(Pointcorrelationcoefficient)方法,研究无除草剂使用历史的稻茬油菜田和冬闲地中 草[Beckmanniasyzigachne(Stued.)Fernald]与其它杂草种群之间的联结关系。结果表明, 草有较强的喜湿性,与看麦娘(AlopecurusacquallisSobol.)、牛繁缕[Malachiumaquaticum(L.)Fries]和雀舌草(StellariaalsineGrimm.)等杂草种群相比,在不用除草剂与正常耕作条件下, 草适应性与竞争力弱,难以成为杂草群落的优势种;但在冬季休闲的稻茬田中,由于受积水的影响,其发生量急剧上升。这是近年来 草危害性加剧的原因之一。

16-23S rRNA Spacer Region Polymorphism in Gangetic River Water Isolates of Salmonella

Salmonella is one of the major pathogenic bacteria present in contaminated water. 16-23S rRNA spacer region has been reported to be polymorphic at serovar level in Salmonella. Salmonella isolates obtained from Ganges river water were studied for 16-23S rRNA spacer region polymorphism. Thirty three isolates belonging to eight serovars (S. Typhimurium, S. Abuja, S. Pantypridd, S. Lagos, S. Chinkual, S. Zwickau, S. Goldenberg and S. Oritamerin) were studied for the polymorphism. Out of 33 isolates, 15 different profiles were observed no serovar specific profile. Our findings indicate that 16-23S rRNA spacer region is not specific at serovar level, but can be used for differentiation of different Salmonella isolates.

Gang调度在云计算任务迁移和饥饿处理中的性能和成本评估

基于亚马逊的弹性计算云(EC2)的架构,对云计算模型中群调度的应用进行研究.研究中整合了作业迁移和作业饥饿处理机制,并同时考虑其性能与成本.在任意时刻可用的虚拟机的数量处于动态变化中,其规模取决于正在被服务的作业的需求.通过仿真研究某些模型,以分析具有作业迁移和饥饿处理机制的群调度的性能与总体成本.结果充分显示该调度策略可被有效地部署在云端,云平台可用于高性能计算或高性能的企业应用中.

用模糊线性规划计算井群开采量

本文根据模糊线性规划理论对沈阳石蜡化工总厂井群系统开采量总和的最大值进行了系统地计算,该计算结果比传统计算方法更加接近于实际值,因此,该方法有广泛地应用价值.

匠心独运出机杼——浅谈汉代灯具

在人类的发展史上,伴随着火的使用而掌握的照明技术标志着生活环境的极大改善,而专供照明使用的器皿——灯具的产生,又是照明技术的一大发展,这其间经历了使用篝火、地灶、火把等设施的漫长岁月,直到战国时期,才有明确的灯具出现,无论在数量上还是在质量上,都具相当规模,到了汉代,随着经济的繁荣,灯的使用也更加普及,灯的形状、种类、质地都比以前更加多样,而且更加注重实用性和技术性,使灯具艺术进入新的高度。汉代的形式主要有筒灯、行灯、吊灯、盘灯和釭灯,其主体部分仍然以动物、人物的雕塑为主。筒灯为圆筒形,有盖,中有铜管装置,这种灯在甘肃武威和江苏邗江汉墓中均有发现。行灯主要在行走时使用,为便于手持,灯盘上附有长柄,下有三足,便于放置。吊灯灯体配有链条,可以悬挂。盘灯发现最多,一部分盘灯造型与高柄豆很相似,另一部分盘灯是各种动物和人物雕塑与灯盘相结合,如有朱雀灯,主体为鸟形,常以嘴衔灯盘;羊灯。

Medical Relics Related to Li Shizhen Collected in Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine

This article introduces various editions of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica)and displays or collects in the Shanghai Museum of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),along with many other works on the study of Li Shizhen.Li Shizhen is not only a distinguished physician and pharmacist in the Ming dynasty of China but also a great scientist in human history.The most prominent contribution Li had made was sorting and developing the traditional Chinese herbal medicine,with the compilation of Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica),which represented the highest level of pharmaceutical development of TCM from a new starting line.

耕牛青棡叶中毒的防治措施

耕牛青叶中毒的防治措施李仕兴（四川宣汉县厂溪乡畜牧兽医站宜汉，６３６１５７）耕牛青叶中毒在每年的清明前后极易发生。此期牛只缺乏青草，放牧时青嫩叶和花被采食过多引起中毒，病死率较高，严重威胁着养牛业的发展。笔者将１０余年对此病探索的治疗体会介绍于后。１...

The Destructive Cult, the Cause of Formation,Nature and Countermeasures

The destructive cult is an underworld gang organization with the witchcraft and anti-social characteristics, in ＂Theliving god＂, namely the gang master, as the faith. The cause of formation bases on mankind cognitive level andsocial environment except for artificial factors. So in any time, the destructive cult has the possibility and necessityof its existence. In paper, it emphasizes that we should strengthen scientific education, open mind and sublimationof self at the same time of improving society. In this way, can only we eliminate the influence of the cult, breakdown the foundations of the cult.

Historical Figures Promoting the Communication of Ben Cao Gang Mu (《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica) in Japan

Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica)written by Li Shizhen(李时珍)was first introduced to Japan in the early 17th century and played an important role in the development of Japanese Material Medica and natural history in the Edo period.Tokugawa Ieyasu(德川家康),a shogun general,and Hayashi Razan(林罗山),a famous Confucianist in the Edo period,first recommended Ben Cao Gang Mu in Japan.Then,there emerged more scholars at herbal medicine in Japan who studied and taught Ben Cao Gang Mu through family teaching and master-apprenticeship training.Among them,the work of scholars such as Kaibara Ekiken(贝原益轩),Okamoto Ippou(冈本一抱),Matsuoka Gentatsu(松冈玄达),Ono Ranzan(小野蘭山),Iwasaki Kan-en(岩崎灌园),and Maeda Toshiyasu(前田利保)is of great significance to promote the wide communication and acceptance of Ben Cao Gang Mu in the Edo period in Japan.The rise of the Ben Cao Gang Mu in Japan fueled the development of Japanese herbal science and natural history to a new level.

Potential Economic Pitfalls Call for Removal of Institutional Drawbacks——An Interview with Mr. FAN Gang (樊纲), Ph.D. of Economics, Doctoral Advisor, Director of National Research Institute of Economics

The continuous rise of consumer price index (CPI) has increased concern over China's macroeconomic situation. Will inflation have a disastrous impact on the Chinese economy? What risks are brewing behind the booming real estate and stock markets? Have bubbles already occurred in the Chinese economy? From his office in Guohong Building, Beijing, Dr. Fan Gang gave his views on these questions in an exclusive interview with China Economist.

Li Shizhen and the Spirit of Investigation of Things and the Extension of Knowledge

Li Shizhen was a Ming Dynasty physician and was greatly influenced by the New-Confucian beliefs of the time.Although Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica)is a monograph on medicine,its purpose is“to investigate things.”The best way to get to know historical figures is to restore facts.

A Review on Ben Cao Gang Mu Ying Jiao Dui Zhao(《本草纲目影校对照》A Contrast between the Photocopy and Collation of Compendium of Materia Medica)

Ben Cao Gang Mu Ying Jiao Dui Zhao(《本草纲目影校对照》A Contrast between the Photocopy and Collation of Compendium ofMateria Medica),completed by Zhang Zhibin and Zheng Jinsheng,is the latest variorum on Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium ofMateria Medica).Adopting five different Jinling editions as the master copy,the book carefully collates the complex contents on the original book by contrasting the photocopies with the supplement and correction,which makes it easy to use.What is more,full-form punctuation is used to mark the reference books and proper nouns,which is a big success feat in the research history of Ben Cao Gang Mu.

“Going out”Is a Must,the Earlier the Bettei——An Interview with Wang Gang,general manager of SHANNXI heavy duty automobile import & export,ltd.

In August,2008,the export of heavy trucks began to face the daunting challenge presented by the current global climate.Under the influence of a financial crisis,the international automotive market has been smothered in an unpleasant atmosphere.With