Ganoderma lucidum:a comprehensive review of phytochemistry,efficacy,safety and clinical study

Ganoderma lucidum,one of the most well-known edible fungi,is believed to be very beneficial for longevity and vitality.A long usage history suggests that G.lucidum has various clinical therapeutic effects.And experimental studies have confirmed that G.lucidum has multiple pharmacological effects,including antitumor,anti-microbial,anti-HIV protease,and antidiabetic activity and so on.With the deepening of research,more than 300 compounds have been isolated from G.lucidum.There is an increasing population of G.lucidum-based products,and its international development is expanding.Currently,G.lucidum has drawn much attention to its chemical composition,therapeutic effect,clinical value,and safety.This paper provides a comprehensive review of these aspects to enhance the global promotion of G.lucidum.

Ganoboninketal C from Ganoderma boninense improves the efficacy of CDDP-based chemotherapy through inhibiting translesion DNA synthesis

Translesion DNA synthesis(TLS)can bypass DNA lesions caused by chemotherapeutic drugs,which usually result in drug resistance.Given its key role in mutagenesis and cell survival after DNA damage,inhibition of the TLS pathway has emerged as a potential target for improving the efficacy of DNA-damaging agents such as cisplatin(CDDP),a widely used anticancer agent.Unfortunately,few suitable natural TLS inhibitors have been reported.Here,we found that a triterpenoid compound Ganoboninketal C(26-3)from Ganoderma boninense,a traditional Chinese medicine,can impair CDDP-induced TLS polymerase eta(Polη)focus formation,PCNA monoubiquitination as well as mutagenesis.Moreover,26-3 can significantly sensitize tumor cells to CDDP killing and reduce the proportion of cancer stem cells in AGS and promote apoptosis after CDDP exposure.Interestingly,26-3 can also sensitize tumor cells to Gefitinib therapy.Mechanistically,through RNA-seq analysis,we found that 26-3 could abrogate the CDDP-induced upregulation of Polηand PIDD(p53-induced protein with a death domain),2 known factors promoting TLS pathway.Furthermore,we found that activating transcription factor 3 is a potential novel TLS modulator.Taken together,we have identified a natural TLS inhibitor 26-3,which can be potentially used as an adjuvant to improve clinical efficacy.

Studies on Active Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum vith Immune Activity

从云头状灵芝[Ganoderma Lucidum(Leyss.ex Fr.)Karst.]中分离得到三种灵芝多糖BN3A，BN3B及BN3C，它们均表现明显免疫调节作用。从灵芝多糖BN3B及BN3C中各分离得到四个多糖均一体，对其中主要成分BN3C1，BN3C3，BN3B1及BN3B3进行了物理及化学研究，它们的平均分子量依次为1.6×10^4，2.5×10^4，3.5×10^4及4.0×10^4。经完全酸水解、红外光谱测定、过碘酸氧化、甲酸生成、Smith降解等证明，BN3B1及BN3C1均为β－（1→6)(1→3）甙键相连的葡聚糖。BN3B3为阿拉伯半乳聚糖。BN3C3为由葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖组成的肽多糖。它们均为β－（1→6）（1→3）甙键相连。

Ganoderma lucidum spore oil enhances the effect of paclitaxel,improves the tolerance to paclitaxel and prolongs the survival in Lewis tumor-bearing mice

Purpose:This study aims to investigate whether Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO)could enhance the effect of paclitaxel(PTX),improve the tolerance to PTX and prolong the overall survival of Lewis tumor-bearing mice,which has never been reported before.Methods:The tumor,spleen,and thymus were weighed at the end of the experiment.Whole blood was collected for hematological index analysis,and the intact femur was removed to determine the bone marrow nucleated cell count(BMN).The percentage of lymphocytes in the spleen of mice was detected by flow cytometry,the activity of NK cells was detected by LDH assay,and the proliferation index of lymphocytes was determined by CCK-8 assay.The overall and mean survival time and life extension rate were calculated using SPSS software.Results:Our data showed that GLSO could enhance the anti-tumor effect of PTX and prolong the survival of mice.The underlying mechanisms of the above effects might be related to the toxic reduction effect of GLSO by relieving hematotoxicity,myelosuppression and immunosuppression.Specifically,GLSO could increase the number of blood cells and bone marrow cells,alleviate the thymic index,and elevate the number and activity of NK cells in mice treated with PTX.Conclusion:GLSO may enhance the efficacy of PTX by boosting the activity of immune NK cells and prolong survival by counteracting PTX-induced bone marrow alterations and improving hematopoiesis.These findings suggested the promising role of GLSO in combination with PTX to extend the survival and increase the tolerance of patients in clinical chemotherapy of lung cancer.

Studies on the Triterpenoid Constituents of the Spores from Ganoderma lucidum Karst

Five compounds were isolated from the ether-soluble fraction of the spores of Gano- derma lucidum.On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data(MS,UV,IR,~1H and ^(13)CNMR),they were identified as 3,7,11,12,15,23-hexaoxo-5α-lanosta-8-en-26-oic acid(Ⅰ),gano- deric acid B(Ⅱ),C(Ⅲ),D(Ⅳ)and ganodermanontriol(Ⅴ).Compound Ⅰ is a new natural product, named ganosporeric acid A.Compounds Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ are known compounds and were obtained for the first time from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum.Pharmacological experiments showed that ganosporeric acid A has an activity for lowering the levels GPT in mice with liver injury by CCl_4 and GaNI and exhibits heptoprotective effects.

树灵芝(Ganoderma sessile,SCAU-My1)菌丝体液态发酵条件优化以及菌丝体复合材料制备

该研究以树灵芝(Ganoderma sessile,SCAU-My1)为发酵菌株,采用菌丝体液态发酵制备种子,参考食用菌栽培技术进行菌丝体复合材料(mycelium-base composites,MBCs)制备。分别以麻秆和玉米秸秆为主要原料,接种上述菌丝体液态种后,固态发酵培养5 d,从而制备可生物降解的MBCs。首先,对树灵芝的菌丝体液态发酵种子培养基及培养条件进行了优化,研究碳源、氮源、发酵温度等因素对菌丝体生物量的影响。结果表明,最佳制种培养基配方为:玉米淀粉25 g/L、黄豆粉14 g/L、KH_(2)PO_(4)3 g/L、7H_(2)0·MgSO_(4)3 g/L;最佳培养条件为:发酵温度28℃,初始pH 5.5,接种量5%,装瓶量150 mL/500 mL,转速为180 r/min。在此条件下,种子液菌丝体生物量达18.73 g/L,较优化前的13.90 g/L,提高了34.7%。制备的MBCs在形变发生50%时,玉米秸秆-菌丝体复合材料(C-MBCs)压缩应力为聚乙烯(expanded polystyrene,EPS)材料的5.4倍,为麻秆-菌丝体复合材料(H-MBCs)的0.6倍;在热重分析中,经过600℃热处理C-MBCs质量剩余约39%,H-MBCs质量剩余约33%,而EPS材料质量仅剩1.08%,说明玉米秸秆或麻秆制成的MBCs承重能力、热稳定性均优于EPS材料。此结果可为菌丝体复合材料替代发泡塑料作为缓冲包装材料提供有意义的参考。

中国产Ganoderma lucidum的系统发育学分析及栽培技术研究(英文)

灵芝是一类木腐真菌,广泛存在于热带雨林中。根据形态特征、rDNA-ITS和mt SSU的系统发育学分析,课题组将从Cyclobalanopsis bambusaefolia分离出来的菌株命名为G.lucidum,该菌株可人工培养。系统发育学分析表明,这些菌株类群与亚洲灵芝为一个独立的分支;此外,该研究采用传统椴木栽培技术,实现了分离菌株的人工栽培。人工栽培灵芝子实体粗厚,木栓质,边缘淡黄,在成熟的过程中逐渐变褐。

Antitumor Activity of the Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Alcohol Extract in Vitro

Several cancer cell lines(epithelioma cells or leukemia cells)from human being or mouse were first used to study the antitumor activity of the Ganoderma lucidum spore alcohol extract(GLSAE)in vitro by the MTT test A comparision was made between the sporodermbroken(SB)and sporoderm nonbroken(SN)GLSAE It was showed that both GLSAE SB and GLSAE SN could inhibit the proliferation of these cancer cells,but the activity of GLSAE SB was much higher than that of GLSAE SN These results suggested that Ganoderma lucidum spore could probably be used for tumor treatment

Meroterpenoids from Ganoderma Species:A Review of Last Five Years

Meroterpenoids are hybrid natural products that partially originate from the terpenoid pathway.Ganoderma meroterpenoids(GMs)are a type of meroterpenoids containing a 1,2,4-trisubstituted phenyl and a polyunsaturated terpenoid part.Over last 5 years,great efforts have been made to conduct phytochemistry research on the genus Ganoderma,which have led to the isolation and identification of a number of GMs.These newly reported GMs showed diverse structures and a wide range of biological activities.This review gives an overview of new GMs from genus Ganoderma and their biological activities and biosynthetic pathway,focusing on the period from 2013 until 2018.

Hydrodynamic Shear Stress Affects Cell Growth and Metabolite Production by Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

By investigating the shear effect on submerged cultivation of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Ganoderma lucidum, a relatively high cell concentration of 13.8 g·L-1 by dry mass was obtained in bioreactor at an impeller tip speed (ITS) of 0.51m·s-1. At an ITS of 0.51,1.02 and 1.53m·s-1, a maximal production titer of intracellular polysaccharide was 2.64, 2.20 and 2.28g·L-1 and that of ganoderic acid was 306, 299 and 273g·L-1, respectively. Under these ITSs, the maximal mean projected area of dispersed hyphae was 3.70, 2.54 and 2.13×104μm2, and that of pellets was 0.91, 0.67 and 0.55mm2, respectively. The information obtained is useful for efficient submerged cultivation of mushrooms on a large scale.

New alkaloids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense

Four new alkaloids,sinensines B-E(1-4),together with one known alkaloid,sinensine(5),were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra analysis.The structure of sinensine E was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its acetyl product(4a).

Preliminary Study on the Liquid Fermentation and Polysaccharide Production of Ganoderma

Strain of Ganoderma japonicum with higher mycelial growth rate and higher levels of polysaccharide production was selected from seven tested strains of Ganoderma. The effects of nitrogen source, carbon source and metal ions on the polysaccharide production of selected Ganoderma japonicum were studied. The results showed that the optimum nitrogen source and carbon source were 2% and 0.2% ,respectively. And the existence of 0.2% Fe^2＋ could improve the polysaccharide yield significantly. The result of fermentor enlargement test indicated that extracellular crude polysaccharide content per 100 mL fermentation liquor and mycelium content yielded highest amount of 181.7 mg and 151.0 mg,respectively,with relatively mild change of pH value. It was concluded that fermentation in fermentor was more suitable for the secretion of C, anoderma polysaccharide.

Fermentation Production of Ganoderma lucidum by Bacillus subtilis Ameliorated Ceftriaxone-induced Intestinal Dysbiosis and Improved Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function in Mice

Objective This study aimed to develop a type of Ganoderma lucidum(G.lucidum)-probiotic fermentation broth that can effectively improve the intestinal mucosal barrier function of mice with ceftriaxone-induced intestinal dysbiosis.Methods By means of absorbance of optical density(OD)value and phenol-concentrated sulfuric acid measurement of polysaccharide content,the probiotic species can grow on the medium of G.lucidum were screened out,and the concentration of the medium of G.lucidum was determined,and the fermentation broth was prepared for subsequent experiments.Thirty-two SPF grade male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups(eight mice in each group),namely control group(CON),intestinal mucosal barrier damage model group(CS),fermentation broth intervention group(FT)and G.lucidum medium intervention group(GL),respectively.The intestinal dysregulation model was induced by intra-gastric administration of 0.2 mL ceftriaxone sodium(twice a day for seven consecutive days).From day 8,the FT group and GL group were gavage with 0.2 mL fermentation broth and G.lucidum medium,respectively.On day 15,all mice were sacrificed.To draw the weight curve and measure the cecal index;pathological examination of colon tissues with HE staining;serum levels of LPS,IL-10,TNF and IL-6 were detected by ELISA.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the changes of CD3+T cells,CD4+T cells,CD8+T cells and macrophages in spleen.16S rRNA sequencing was performed to detect the intestinal microbiota structure of mice.Results Bacillus subtilis can decompose and utilize G.lucidum fruiting body medium,and the suitable concentration of G.lucidum fruiting body medium is 33.2 mg/mL.The effect of Bacillus subtilis-G.lucidum fermentation broth on the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier caused by ceftriaxone sodium was reduced,the body weight of mice recovered and colon swelling improved,colon histopathological injury was alleviated,inflammatory cell infiltration was alleviated,serum IL-10 increased significantly,LPS、TNF-αand IL-6 decreased significantly compared with model group,and the proportion of T cells and intestinal dysbiosis was improved.Conclusions The experimental results suggest that Bacillus subtilis-G.lucidum fermentation broth can effectively improve the intestinal barrier function damage,immune dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis caused by antibiotic overdose,and has a certain regulatory effect on intestinal mucosal barrier function.

Effects of Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) on Hemorrheology Parameters and Symptoms of Hypertensive Patients with Hyperlipidemia and Sequelae of Cerebral Thrombosis

The effects of Lingzhi(Ganoderma lucidum)on hemorrheology parameters and symptoms of hypertensive patients with hyperlipidemia,sequelae of cerebral thrombosis and coronary heart disease are studied.The Lingzhi extract was given to 33 patients(15 male,18 female,65±8 years old)in dosage of 110mg qid po for 2 weeks.The blood viscosity was im- proved after treatment.The results showed that whole blood viscosity(at high shear rate and low shear rate)and plasma viscosity were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Lingzhi showed the effect of reducing blood pressure simultaneously.Several symptoms were also improved. However,there were no significant changes in haematocrit and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P>0.05).In a few cases there occurred adverse reactions of palpitation and restlessness.

Isolation and Structural Determination of a Glucan from the Spores of Ganoderma lucidum

A water soluble, (1 -->6)-branched, (1 -->4) linked D-glucan (LB-B1), [alpha](D)(21) = +174.2 degrees (c 0.87, H2O), was obtained from a hot-water extract of the sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidun (Fr.) Karst by HPSEC, with 0.001 mol/L sodium hydroxide as the eluant, the molecular weight (Mw) of LB-B1 was estimated to be 9.3 x 10(3). From the results of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, acetolysis and 1D, 2D-NMR experimentation, it was concluded that LB-B1 was composed of repeating units with the following structure: alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->6)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->6)-alpha -D-Glc(p) 1 down arrow 6 (-->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4-)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->)(n)

Triterpenoids from the Fruiting Body of Ganoderma lucidum

A new triterpenoid, named ganolactone, was isolated from the CH 2Cl 2 soluble fraction of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Its structure was deduced as 7β hydroxy 3,11,15 trioxo lanosta 8 en 24→20s lactone (1) on the basis of spectral analysis (UV, IR, MS. 1H NMR, 13 C NMR and 2D NMR) and was confirmed by X ray diffraction. In addition, three known compounds, ganoderiol A (2), ganoderiol B (3) and ganodermatriol (4), were obtained.

Ganoderma sp. X1固态发酵改善酒糟品质

白酒糟含有丰富的营养成分,可开发为高蛋白饲料饲喂动物,但木质素的存在降低了动物对酒糟的利用率。为提升酒糟的利用价值,研究了固态发酵条件下真菌Ganoderma sp.X1对酒糟木质素的降解。采用正交试验,分别优化了培养基含水量、培养温度、接种量等条件。结果显示,Ganoderma sp.X1发酵白酒糟的最适发酵条件为培养基含水量75%、发酵温度28℃、接种量10%。发酵至第15天,白酒糟中木质素降解率最高达47.10%,粗蛋白由11.41%增加到17.30%。在此基础上,采用单因素试验探究麸皮的添加对Ganoderma sp.X1降解白酒糟木质素的影响。结果表明,以酒糟∶麸皮(5∶5)为固态发酵基质,发酵至第10天,木质素降解率可达46.36%,粗蛋白增加至24.80%。因此,麸皮的添加可有效缩短发酵周期,同时提高发酵产物品质。

Determination of ganoderic acids in rat plasma after oral administration of total triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum

To investigate the absorption of total triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum in rats. HPLC-DAD and LC-MS methods were used to identify ganoderic acids in rat plasma after oral administration of total triterpenoids from G. lucidum by comparing their HPLC retention behaviors, UV absorption spectra, and mass spectra with authentic samples. Five ganoderic acids, ganoderic acid C2, C6, G, B and A were simultaneously detected in rat plasma. Ganoderic acids can be directly absorbed into circulation after oral administration of total triterpenoids from G. lucidum in rats.

New Sesquiterpene Esters from the Culture Filtrate of Calcarisporium arbuscula Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum

从四川野生赤芝 (Ganodermalucidum (Leyss.exFr.)Karst.)的一共生菌CalcarisporiumarbusculaPreuss的发酵过滤液中分离得到 3个新的倍半萜酯类化合物 ,分别命名为calcarisporinB2 (1)、B3 (2 )和B4(3) ,通过物理方法和波谱分析确定了它们的结构。

树舌(Ganoderma lipsiense)化学成分及药理学研究进展

树舌的化学成分包括多糖、甾体化合物、三萜、脂类、氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质类、生物碱类、酚类、内酯、香豆素类和甙类以及微量元素等。树舌具有广泛的药理活性,主要包括调节机体免疫系统、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、消炎抗菌、降血糖、调节血压、阻碍血小板凝集和强心作用。临床用于治疗腹水癌、神经系统疾病、肝炎、心脏病、糖尿病和糖尿病并发症,预防和治疗胃溃疡、急慢性胃炎、十二指肠溃疡、胃酸过多等胃病,具有较高的药用价值。本文对树舌的化学成分、药理作用及临床应用情况进行了综述。