In a reserved forest parcel in a virgin eastern Hyrcanian mixed beech forest,80 ha was surveyed to determine the pit and mound topography,canopy gaps and dead trees.The aim was to investigate the spatial patterns and ...In a reserved forest parcel in a virgin eastern Hyrcanian mixed beech forest,80 ha was surveyed to determine the pit and mound topography,canopy gaps and dead trees.The aim was to investigate the spatial patterns and correlation of pit and mound features with canopy gaps.Seventy-five canopy gaps and 61 pit and mound features were identified.The univariate first order nearest neighbor(R_(CE))and bivariate second order test(Ripley’s K)statistic were applied.R_(CE) statistics highlighted a general aggregation pattern for canopy gaps and pits and mounds,while pits and mounds alone were more clumped.Distances between canopy gaps were 130 m average,whereas distances between pit and mound features and dead trees were 60 and 78 m,respectively.Spatial positive correlation of canopy gaps with pits and mounds were observed with all distances.The result of spatial correlations between canopy gaps with pits and mounds confirmed that windthrows cause micro successions in fallen tree ecosystem-scale correlated with gap phase dynamics in the forest community-scale.展开更多
Explicit traffic control measures are absent in uncontrolled intersections which make them susceptible to frequent conflicts and resulting collisions between vehicles. In developing countries like India, drivers at su...Explicit traffic control measures are absent in uncontrolled intersections which make them susceptible to frequent conflicts and resulting collisions between vehicles. In developing countries like India, drivers at such intersections do not yield to higher priority movements which cause more crashes between vehicles. The objective of this study is to analyze and model the gap acceptance behavior of minor street drivers at uncontrolled T-intersections considering their aggressive nature. Three intersections in the northeast region of India have been selected as the case study area. Preliminary analysis of the data revealed that drivers behave aggressively, not because they have to wait for a long time at the stop line, but because of their lack of respect for traffic rules. Binary logit models are developed for minor road right turning vehicles which show that gap acceptance behavior is influenced by gap duration, clearing time and aggressive nature of drivers. The equations obtained were used to estimate the critical gaps for aggressive and non-aggressive drivers. Critical gaps are also calculated using an existing method called clearing behavior approach. It is also shown that the estimation of critical gap is more realistic if clearing time and aggressive behavior of drivers are considered.展开更多
Highway capacity is defined as maximum volume of traffic flow through the particular highway section under given traffic conditions, road conditions and so on. Highway construction and management is judged by capacity...Highway capacity is defined as maximum volume of traffic flow through the particular highway section under given traffic conditions, road conditions and so on. Highway construction and management is judged by capacity standard. The reasonable scale and time of highway construction, rational network structure and optimal management mode of highway network can be determined by analyzing the fitness between capacity and traffic volume. All over the world, highway capacity is studied to different extent in different country. Based on the gap acceptance theory, the mixed traffic flow composed of two representative vehicle types heavy and light vehicles is analyzed with probability theory. Capacity model of the minor mixed traffic flows crossing m major lanes, on which the traffic flows fix in with M3 distributed headway, on the unsignalized intersection is set up, and it is an extension of minor lane capacity theory for one vehicle-type and one major-lane traffic flow.展开更多
In order to describe the time-headway distribution more precisely in urban traffic network,the mixed distribution model was introduced which has been widely used in mathematical statistics,and a capacity model of unsi...In order to describe the time-headway distribution more precisely in urban traffic network,the mixed distribution model was introduced which has been widely used in mathematical statistics,and a capacity model of unsignalized intersections was obtained based on gap acceptance theory.The new model is suitable for absolute and limited priority controlled conditions and can be regarded as a more general form which handles simple headway distributions including lognormal distribution,negative exponential distribution and shifted negative exponential distribution.Through analyses of the main influencing factors in this model,the proportion of free flowing and the standard variance of gaps between any two continuous following vehicles are high sensitivity with the capacity when major stream volume is low.Besides,the capacity is affected deeply by the mean value of following vehicle gaps when major stream value is fixed and the proportion of free flowing is small.At last,the observed minor stream capacity is obtained by the survey date in Changchun city,and the average relative error between the theoretical capacity proposed in this paper is 13.73%,meanwhile the accuracy increases by 16.68% compared with the theoretical value when major stream obeys shifted negative exponential distribution.展开更多
By applying the auxiliary variational principle technique, the existence of solutions for a new class of generalized mixed implicit quasi-variational-like inequalities and the convergence criteria of a new iterative a...By applying the auxiliary variational principle technique, the existence of solutions for a new class of generalized mixed implicit quasi-variational-like inequalities and the convergence criteria of a new iterative algorithm to compute approximate solutions are proved in Hilbert spaces. The obtained result is a improvement over and generalization of the main theorem proposed by Ding.展开更多
利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法,得到端羟基聚醚(HTPE)/六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)和HTPE/奥克托今(HMX)混合体系在不同升温速率(2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0℃/min)下的热分解曲线;用Kissinger公式和Ozawa公式,计算了HTPE/CL-20和HTPE/HMX体系热...利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法,得到端羟基聚醚(HTPE)/六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)和HTPE/奥克托今(HMX)混合体系在不同升温速率(2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0℃/min)下的热分解曲线;用Kissinger公式和Ozawa公式,计算了HTPE/CL-20和HTPE/HMX体系热分解的表观活化能。结果表明,HTPE/CL-20混合体系表观活化能分别为132.11、130.60 k J/mol;HTPE/HMX混合体系表观活化能分别为193.80、198.57 k J/mol。对于同一体系,2种公式计算的结果基本一致。与单组分(CL-20或HMX)相比,HTPE/CL-20和HTPE/HMX体系的表观活化能分别降低了28.3~29.8 k J/mol和80.2~85.0 k J/mol。HTPE均降低了2种高能组分(CL-20和HMX)的分解放热峰温度,CL-20和HMX的分解放热峰峰温降低了36.0℃和17.3℃。HTPE/CL-20体系分解放热量减少了354.5 J/g,而HTPE/HMX体系分解放热量不变。展开更多
基金supported by Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
文摘In a reserved forest parcel in a virgin eastern Hyrcanian mixed beech forest,80 ha was surveyed to determine the pit and mound topography,canopy gaps and dead trees.The aim was to investigate the spatial patterns and correlation of pit and mound features with canopy gaps.Seventy-five canopy gaps and 61 pit and mound features were identified.The univariate first order nearest neighbor(R_(CE))and bivariate second order test(Ripley’s K)statistic were applied.R_(CE) statistics highlighted a general aggregation pattern for canopy gaps and pits and mounds,while pits and mounds alone were more clumped.Distances between canopy gaps were 130 m average,whereas distances between pit and mound features and dead trees were 60 and 78 m,respectively.Spatial positive correlation of canopy gaps with pits and mounds were observed with all distances.The result of spatial correlations between canopy gaps with pits and mounds confirmed that windthrows cause micro successions in fallen tree ecosystem-scale correlated with gap phase dynamics in the forest community-scale.
文摘Explicit traffic control measures are absent in uncontrolled intersections which make them susceptible to frequent conflicts and resulting collisions between vehicles. In developing countries like India, drivers at such intersections do not yield to higher priority movements which cause more crashes between vehicles. The objective of this study is to analyze and model the gap acceptance behavior of minor street drivers at uncontrolled T-intersections considering their aggressive nature. Three intersections in the northeast region of India have been selected as the case study area. Preliminary analysis of the data revealed that drivers behave aggressively, not because they have to wait for a long time at the stop line, but because of their lack of respect for traffic rules. Binary logit models are developed for minor road right turning vehicles which show that gap acceptance behavior is influenced by gap duration, clearing time and aggressive nature of drivers. The equations obtained were used to estimate the critical gaps for aggressive and non-aggressive drivers. Critical gaps are also calculated using an existing method called clearing behavior approach. It is also shown that the estimation of critical gap is more realistic if clearing time and aggressive behavior of drivers are considered.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China（50478071）
文摘Highway capacity is defined as maximum volume of traffic flow through the particular highway section under given traffic conditions, road conditions and so on. Highway construction and management is judged by capacity standard. The reasonable scale and time of highway construction, rational network structure and optimal management mode of highway network can be determined by analyzing the fitness between capacity and traffic volume. All over the world, highway capacity is studied to different extent in different country. Based on the gap acceptance theory, the mixed traffic flow composed of two representative vehicle types heavy and light vehicles is analyzed with probability theory. Capacity model of the minor mixed traffic flows crossing m major lanes, on which the traffic flows fix in with M3 distributed headway, on the unsignalized intersection is set up, and it is an extension of minor lane capacity theory for one vehicle-type and one major-lane traffic flow.
基金Sponsored by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2011AA110304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50908100,70971053)
文摘In order to describe the time-headway distribution more precisely in urban traffic network,the mixed distribution model was introduced which has been widely used in mathematical statistics,and a capacity model of unsignalized intersections was obtained based on gap acceptance theory.The new model is suitable for absolute and limited priority controlled conditions and can be regarded as a more general form which handles simple headway distributions including lognormal distribution,negative exponential distribution and shifted negative exponential distribution.Through analyses of the main influencing factors in this model,the proportion of free flowing and the standard variance of gaps between any two continuous following vehicles are high sensitivity with the capacity when major stream volume is low.Besides,the capacity is affected deeply by the mean value of following vehicle gaps when major stream value is fixed and the proportion of free flowing is small.At last,the observed minor stream capacity is obtained by the survey date in Changchun city,and the average relative error between the theoretical capacity proposed in this paper is 13.73%,meanwhile the accuracy increases by 16.68% compared with the theoretical value when major stream obeys shifted negative exponential distribution.
文摘By applying the auxiliary variational principle technique, the existence of solutions for a new class of generalized mixed implicit quasi-variational-like inequalities and the convergence criteria of a new iterative algorithm to compute approximate solutions are proved in Hilbert spaces. The obtained result is a improvement over and generalization of the main theorem proposed by Ding.
文摘利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法,得到端羟基聚醚(HTPE)/六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)和HTPE/奥克托今(HMX)混合体系在不同升温速率(2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0℃/min)下的热分解曲线;用Kissinger公式和Ozawa公式,计算了HTPE/CL-20和HTPE/HMX体系热分解的表观活化能。结果表明,HTPE/CL-20混合体系表观活化能分别为132.11、130.60 k J/mol;HTPE/HMX混合体系表观活化能分别为193.80、198.57 k J/mol。对于同一体系,2种公式计算的结果基本一致。与单组分(CL-20或HMX)相比,HTPE/CL-20和HTPE/HMX体系的表观活化能分别降低了28.3~29.8 k J/mol和80.2~85.0 k J/mol。HTPE均降低了2种高能组分(CL-20和HMX)的分解放热峰温度,CL-20和HMX的分解放热峰峰温降低了36.0℃和17.3℃。HTPE/CL-20体系分解放热量减少了354.5 J/g,而HTPE/HMX体系分解放热量不变。
