Greenstone belts contain several clues about the evolutionary history of primitive Earth.Here,we describe the volcano-sedimentary rock association exposed along the eastern margin of the Gavião Block,named the No...Greenstone belts contain several clues about the evolutionary history of primitive Earth.Here,we describe the volcano-sedimentary rock association exposed along the eastern margin of the Gavião Block,named the Northern Mundo Novo Greenstone Belt(N-MNGB),and present data collected with different techniques,including U–Pb–Hf–O isotopes of zircon and multiple sulfur isotopes(^(32)S,^(33)S,^(34)S,and ^(36)S)of pyrite from this supracrustal sequence.A pillowed metabasalt situated in the upper section of the N-MNGB is 3337±25 Ma old and has zircon with ε_(Hf)(t)=2.47 to1.40,Hf model ages between 3.75 Ga and 3.82 Ga,and δ^(18)O=+3.6‰to+7.3‰.These isotopic data,together with compiled whole-rock trace element data,suggest that the mafic metavolcanic rocks formed in a subduction-related setting,likely a back-arc basin juxtaposed to a continental arc.In this context,the magma interacted with older Eoarchean crustal components from the Gavião Block.Detrital zircons from the overlying quartzites of the Jacobina Group are sourced from Paleoarchean rocks,in accordance with previous studies,yielding a maximum depositional age of 3353±22 Ma.These detrital zircons have ε_(Hf)(t)=5.40 to0.84,Hf model ages between 3.66 Ga and 4.30 Ga,and δ^(18)O=+4.8‰to+6.4‰.The pyrite multiple sulfur isotope investigation of the 3.3 Ga supracrustal rocks from the N-MNGB enabled a further understanding of Paleoarchean sulfur cycling.The samples have diverse isotopic compositions that indicate sulfur sourced from distinct reservoirs.Significantly,they preserve the signal of the anoxic Archean atmosphere,expressed by MIF-S signatures(Δ^(33)S between1.3‰to+1.4‰)and a Δ^(36)S/Δ^(33)S slope of0.81 that is indistinguishable from the so-called Archean array.A BIF sample has a magmatic origin of sulfur,as indicated by the limited Δ^(34)S range(0 to+2‰),Δ^(33)S~0‰,and Δ^(36)S~0‰.A carbonaceous schist shows positive Δ^(34)S(2.1‰–3.5‰)and elevated Δ^(33)S(1.2‰–1.4‰)values,with corresponding negative Δ^(36)S between1.2‰to0.2‰,which resemble the isotopic composition of Archean black shales and suggest a source from the photolytic reduction of elemental sulfur.The pillowed metabasalt displays heterogeneous Δ^(34)S,Δ^(33)S,and Δ^(36)S signatures that reflect assimilation of both magmatic sulfur and photolytic sulfate during hydrothermal seafloor alteration.Lastly,pyrite in a massive sulfide lens is isotopically similar to barite of several Paleoarchean deposits worldwide,which might indicate mass dependent sulfur processing from a global and well-mixed sulfate reservoir at this time.展开更多
Despite high pneumococcal disease and economic burden in Indonesia and interest to introduce pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), there were challenges in establishing a comprehensive strategy to accelerate and enabl...Despite high pneumococcal disease and economic burden in Indonesia and interest to introduce pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), there were challenges in establishing a comprehensive strategy to accelerate and enable the introduction in country in the early 2010s. Starting in 2017, Clinton Health Access Initiative and partners supported the government of Indonesia with evidence-based decision-making and implementation support for introducing PCV into the routine immunization program. Indonesia has since accelerated PCV roll out, with nationwide reach achieved in 2022. On the path to PCV introduction, several challenges were observed that impacted decision making on whether and on how to optimally roll out PCV, resulting in significant introduction delays;including (1) a complex country context with a devolved government structure, fragmented domestic funding streams, and an imminent transition out of major immunization donor (Gavi) support;(2) strong preference to use domestically sourced products, with limited experience accessing global pooled procurement mechanism including for vaccines;and (3) concerns around programmatic feasibility and sustainability. This case study documents key insights into the challenges experienced and how those were systematically addressed to accelerate new vaccine introduction in Indonesia, with support from local and global stakeholders over time. The learnings would be beneficial for other countries yet to introduce critical new vaccines, in particular those with similar archetype as Indonesia e.g., middle-income countries with domestic manufacturing capacity and/or countries recently transitioning out of Gavi support.展开更多
目的评价2002年以后,中华人民共和国卫生部(MInistry Of Health Of the People’s Republic of China,MOH)/全球疫苗和免疫联盟(Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization,GAVI)合作项目乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(Hepatitis B Vaccine,He...目的评价2002年以后,中华人民共和国卫生部(MInistry Of Health Of the People’s Republic of China,MOH)/全球疫苗和免疫联盟(Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization,GAVI)合作项目乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB)纳入免疫规划的效果。方法在全国68个项目县(区、市),采用多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取2002～2005年出生的儿童作为调查对象。通过调查问卷收集基本情况、HepB接种史等信息,同时采集血清标本2～4ml,现场分离血清后,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(Hepatitis B Surfance Antigen,HBsAg)、抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体、抗乙肝病毒核心抗原抗体。结果MOH/GAVI合作项目地区2002～2005年出生的儿童,HepB3剂全程免疫接种率为80.02%,HepB首剂及时接种率为60.06%;出生越晚,接种率越高,农村接种率低于城市;在家出生儿童接种率低于在医院出生儿童。项目地区2002～2005年出生儿童HBsAg携带率<2%。结论MOH/GAVI合作项目实施后,加快了HepB纳入免疫规划进程,HepB接种率显著提高,起到了良好的预防作用。展开更多
基金the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq)for financial support(grants 163459/2013-4 and 202267/2014-8 for G.S Teles and 305053/2014-0 for F.Chemale Jr.)the Australian Research Council(ARC)(grant DP140103393 for T.R.Ireland)。
文摘Greenstone belts contain several clues about the evolutionary history of primitive Earth.Here,we describe the volcano-sedimentary rock association exposed along the eastern margin of the Gavião Block,named the Northern Mundo Novo Greenstone Belt(N-MNGB),and present data collected with different techniques,including U–Pb–Hf–O isotopes of zircon and multiple sulfur isotopes(^(32)S,^(33)S,^(34)S,and ^(36)S)of pyrite from this supracrustal sequence.A pillowed metabasalt situated in the upper section of the N-MNGB is 3337±25 Ma old and has zircon with ε_(Hf)(t)=2.47 to1.40,Hf model ages between 3.75 Ga and 3.82 Ga,and δ^(18)O=+3.6‰to+7.3‰.These isotopic data,together with compiled whole-rock trace element data,suggest that the mafic metavolcanic rocks formed in a subduction-related setting,likely a back-arc basin juxtaposed to a continental arc.In this context,the magma interacted with older Eoarchean crustal components from the Gavião Block.Detrital zircons from the overlying quartzites of the Jacobina Group are sourced from Paleoarchean rocks,in accordance with previous studies,yielding a maximum depositional age of 3353±22 Ma.These detrital zircons have ε_(Hf)(t)=5.40 to0.84,Hf model ages between 3.66 Ga and 4.30 Ga,and δ^(18)O=+4.8‰to+6.4‰.The pyrite multiple sulfur isotope investigation of the 3.3 Ga supracrustal rocks from the N-MNGB enabled a further understanding of Paleoarchean sulfur cycling.The samples have diverse isotopic compositions that indicate sulfur sourced from distinct reservoirs.Significantly,they preserve the signal of the anoxic Archean atmosphere,expressed by MIF-S signatures(Δ^(33)S between1.3‰to+1.4‰)and a Δ^(36)S/Δ^(33)S slope of0.81 that is indistinguishable from the so-called Archean array.A BIF sample has a magmatic origin of sulfur,as indicated by the limited Δ^(34)S range(0 to+2‰),Δ^(33)S~0‰,and Δ^(36)S~0‰.A carbonaceous schist shows positive Δ^(34)S(2.1‰–3.5‰)and elevated Δ^(33)S(1.2‰–1.4‰)values,with corresponding negative Δ^(36)S between1.2‰to0.2‰,which resemble the isotopic composition of Archean black shales and suggest a source from the photolytic reduction of elemental sulfur.The pillowed metabasalt displays heterogeneous Δ^(34)S,Δ^(33)S,and Δ^(36)S signatures that reflect assimilation of both magmatic sulfur and photolytic sulfate during hydrothermal seafloor alteration.Lastly,pyrite in a massive sulfide lens is isotopically similar to barite of several Paleoarchean deposits worldwide,which might indicate mass dependent sulfur processing from a global and well-mixed sulfate reservoir at this time.
基金This work was made possible through funding support from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
文摘Despite high pneumococcal disease and economic burden in Indonesia and interest to introduce pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), there were challenges in establishing a comprehensive strategy to accelerate and enable the introduction in country in the early 2010s. Starting in 2017, Clinton Health Access Initiative and partners supported the government of Indonesia with evidence-based decision-making and implementation support for introducing PCV into the routine immunization program. Indonesia has since accelerated PCV roll out, with nationwide reach achieved in 2022. On the path to PCV introduction, several challenges were observed that impacted decision making on whether and on how to optimally roll out PCV, resulting in significant introduction delays;including (1) a complex country context with a devolved government structure, fragmented domestic funding streams, and an imminent transition out of major immunization donor (Gavi) support;(2) strong preference to use domestically sourced products, with limited experience accessing global pooled procurement mechanism including for vaccines;and (3) concerns around programmatic feasibility and sustainability. This case study documents key insights into the challenges experienced and how those were systematically addressed to accelerate new vaccine introduction in Indonesia, with support from local and global stakeholders over time. The learnings would be beneficial for other countries yet to introduce critical new vaccines, in particular those with similar archetype as Indonesia e.g., middle-income countries with domestic manufacturing capacity and/or countries recently transitioning out of Gavi support.
文摘目的评价2002年以后,中华人民共和国卫生部(MInistry Of Health Of the People’s Republic of China,MOH)/全球疫苗和免疫联盟(Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization,GAVI)合作项目乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB)纳入免疫规划的效果。方法在全国68个项目县(区、市),采用多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取2002～2005年出生的儿童作为调查对象。通过调查问卷收集基本情况、HepB接种史等信息,同时采集血清标本2～4ml,现场分离血清后,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(Hepatitis B Surfance Antigen,HBsAg)、抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体、抗乙肝病毒核心抗原抗体。结果MOH/GAVI合作项目地区2002～2005年出生的儿童,HepB3剂全程免疫接种率为80.02%,HepB首剂及时接种率为60.06%;出生越晚,接种率越高,农村接种率低于城市;在家出生儿童接种率低于在医院出生儿童。项目地区2002～2005年出生儿童HBsAg携带率<2%。结论MOH/GAVI合作项目实施后,加快了HepB纳入免疫规划进程,HepB接种率显著提高,起到了良好的预防作用。
