A three-component decomposition is applied to global analysis data to show the existence of a beta gyre, which causes Tropical Cyclone （TC） to drift from a large-scale environmental steering current. Analyses from t...A three-component decomposition is applied to global analysis data to show the existence of a beta gyre, which causes Tropical Cyclone （TC） to drift from a large-scale environmental steering current. Analyses from the Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System （GDAPS） of the Korea Meteorological Adminis- tration （KMA）, the Global Forecast System （GFS） of NCEP, and the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System （NOGAPS） are used in this study. The structure of the beta gyre obtained in our analyses is in good agreement with the theoretical structure, with a cyclonic circulation to the southwest of the TC center, an anticyclonic circulation to the northeast, and a ventilation flow directed northwestward near the center. The circulation of the beta gyre is strongest at the 850-hPa level where the cyclonically swirling primary circulation is strongest, and decreases with height, in a pyramid shape similar to the primary circulation. The individual structure of the beta gyre is case- and model-dependent. At a certain analysis time, one model may clearly reveal a well-defined beta gyre, but the other models may not. Within one model, the beta gyre may be well defined at some analysis times, but not at other times. The structure of the beta gyre in the analysis field is determined by the nature of the vortex initialization scheme and the model behavior during the 6-h forecast in the operational data assimilation cycle.展开更多
Background: Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein of unknown function the ganglioside induced differentia tion associated protein 1 gene (GDAP1) are associated with the autosomal recessive Charcot Marie Tooth d...Background: Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein of unknown function the ganglioside induced differentia tion associated protein 1 gene (GDAP1) are associated with the autosomal recessive Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 4A (CMT4A). Objective: To investigate the role of GDAP1 mutations in causing au tosomal recessive neuropathies in an Italian population. Methods and results: 76 patients with severe early onset polyneuropathy and possible autosomal recessiv e inheritance were screened for mutations. A T > G transversion (c.347 T > G) at codon 116 (M116R) was detected in four affected subjects from three apparently unrelated families. All patients had early onset of disease with pronounced foot deformities and impaired walking. Neurophysiological studies showed an extremel y variable expression. Sural nerve biopsies revealed signs of both de remyelina tion and axonal impairment, the most prominent feature being a severe loss of la rger fibres. Haplotype analysis of the GDAP1 locus demonstrated a common disease haplotype. Conclusions: The association of the mutation with a common haplotype suggested a common ancestor.展开更多
基金The participation of S.-H. Kimand H. J. Kwon was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant CATER 2007–2310The participation of R. L. Els-berry was funded by the Office of Naval Research Marine Meteorology
文摘A three-component decomposition is applied to global analysis data to show the existence of a beta gyre, which causes Tropical Cyclone （TC） to drift from a large-scale environmental steering current. Analyses from the Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System （GDAPS） of the Korea Meteorological Adminis- tration （KMA）, the Global Forecast System （GFS） of NCEP, and the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System （NOGAPS） are used in this study. The structure of the beta gyre obtained in our analyses is in good agreement with the theoretical structure, with a cyclonic circulation to the southwest of the TC center, an anticyclonic circulation to the northeast, and a ventilation flow directed northwestward near the center. The circulation of the beta gyre is strongest at the 850-hPa level where the cyclonically swirling primary circulation is strongest, and decreases with height, in a pyramid shape similar to the primary circulation. The individual structure of the beta gyre is case- and model-dependent. At a certain analysis time, one model may clearly reveal a well-defined beta gyre, but the other models may not. Within one model, the beta gyre may be well defined at some analysis times, but not at other times. The structure of the beta gyre in the analysis field is determined by the nature of the vortex initialization scheme and the model behavior during the 6-h forecast in the operational data assimilation cycle.
文摘Background: Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein of unknown function the ganglioside induced differentia tion associated protein 1 gene (GDAP1) are associated with the autosomal recessive Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 4A (CMT4A). Objective: To investigate the role of GDAP1 mutations in causing au tosomal recessive neuropathies in an Italian population. Methods and results: 76 patients with severe early onset polyneuropathy and possible autosomal recessiv e inheritance were screened for mutations. A T > G transversion (c.347 T > G) at codon 116 (M116R) was detected in four affected subjects from three apparently unrelated families. All patients had early onset of disease with pronounced foot deformities and impaired walking. Neurophysiological studies showed an extremel y variable expression. Sural nerve biopsies revealed signs of both de remyelina tion and axonal impairment, the most prominent feature being a severe loss of la rger fibres. Haplotype analysis of the GDAP1 locus demonstrated a common disease haplotype. Conclusions: The association of the mutation with a common haplotype suggested a common ancestor.
