Study on the Evolution of Plane Shape of Guangfu Ancestral Hall Buildings and the Construction of Type Genealogy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

This paper studies the clan temples in four periods,namely,the development period(early Ming Dynasty and before),the shaping period(mid-Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty),the maturity period(mid-Qing Dynasty),and the programmed period(late Qing Dynasty),analyzes and summarizes their prototypical planform features and attempts to summarize and construct a genealogy of the architectural characteristics of the plane shape of clan temples.During the Ming and Qing dynasties,Guangfu ancestral halls in general showed a journey of development from a centripetal-single-linear-multi-linear-grid pattern,forming the unique Guangsanlu classic pattern in the Guangfu area.

Bibliometric-based Study of Scientist Academic Genealogy

Purpose:This study aims to construct new models and methods of academic genealogy research based on bibliometrics.Design/methodology/approach:This study proposes an academic influence scale for academic genealogy,and introduces the w index for bibliometric scaling of the academic genealogy.We then construct a two-dimensional(academic fecundity versus academic influence)evaluation system of academic genealogy,and validate it on the academic genealogy of a famous Chinese geologist.Findings:The two-dimensional evaluation system can characterize the development and evolution of the academic genealogy,compare the academic influences of different genealogies,and evaluate individuals’contributions to the inheritance and evolution of the academic genealogy.Individual academic influence is mainly indicated by the w index(the improved h index),which overcomes the situation of repeated measurements and distortion of results in the academic genealogy.Practical implications:The two-dimensional evaluation system for the academic genealogy can better demonstrate the reproduction and the academic inheritance ability of a genealogy.Research limitations:It is not comprehensive to only use the w index to characterize academic influence.It should also include scholars’academic awards and academic parttimers and so on.In future work,we will integrate scholars’academic awards and academic part-timers into the w index for a comprehensive reflection of scholars’individual academic influences.Originality/value:This study constructs new models and methods of academic genealogy research based on bibliometrics,which improves the quantitative assessment of academic genealogy and enriches its research and evaluation methods.

The Issue of Genealogy of Armenians, Georgians and Other Caucasian Nations in the Historiography of the Middle Ages

The paper shows that the story about the origin of Armenians, Georgians and other Caucasians from a common ancestor, namely, from Targamos (Togormah)—The Life of the Fore-Patriarchs and Ancestors of the Georgian Kings, which is represented in the introductory part of The Georgian Chronicles and is dated back to the end of the11th, is a compiled work that mainly contains, on the one hand, an old Georgian genealogical-geographical story about Tarshish’s son Kartlos (Iber) and his six brothers ( Egros, Movakan, Heros, Bardos, Lekan and Caucas)created at the end of the 6th c.-first half of the 8th c. based on Byzantine works, and on the other hand, a genealogical story created in old Armenian historiography about Targamos and his son Hayk that went through certain steps of development as well. In the process of synthesizing, Togormah (Targamos) and his son Hayk (Haos)were inserted between Tarsish and his son Kartlos (Iber), which violated the Biblical scheme as well as the structure of the sentence in which the insertion was made. The goal of developing the synthesized scheme was to bring evidence of the common origin of Georgians and Armenians, as long as quite a large number of Armenians,because of the incorporation of a large part of Armenian territories within Georgian borders, became citizens of Georgia. At the same time, the story also offers a justification in the eyes of the Muslim world for the claims of Georgia for Armenian territories. According to the newly-created synthesized scheme, Georgia was “the successor brother” of Armenia(Haos//Hayk) and considering the absence of Armenian states, i.e., “the elder brother”,Georgia was the only legal heir of Armenian territories.

The Significance of Geographical Factors in Genealogy to Language Research--Taking Liao’s Audio-visual Genealogy as an Example

The geographical information reflected in a traditional genealogy mainly has two aspects.On the one hand,it is the administrative division,human geography,and other general environmental conditions of the ethnic group.On the other hand,it points to the specific origin and migration of family members in the family tree.In addition to affecting the formation and evolution of language,these factors will also affect the development trend of language behavior by promoting the psychology of people’s geographic identity.From these data,we find that geographic factors in the genealogy have a non-negligible relationship with the geographical spread of the language of the genealogy.

The archaeogenomic validation of Saint Ladislaus'relic provides insights into theárpád dynasty's genealogy

The house of Arp ad ruled Hungary for more than four centuries,establishing dynastical relationships with numerous European nobleand ruling houses,and giving many Catholic saints and blesseds to the Catholic Church.They were one of the significant dynasties of Medieval Europe(Krist o and Makk,1996).The knight-king Saint Ladislaus I(c.1040-1095,reign:1077-1095)is one of the most outstanding kings of this dynasty.In addition to the hand relic(the Holy Right)of King Saint Stephanus I(c.975-1038,reign:1000/1001-1038),the skull relic in the Saint Ladislaus’Herma(Fig.1A-1C)preserved in the Cathedral of Gy or,is one of the most important relics for Hungarians(Klaniczai,2000).

Identification of a decedent in a 103-year-old homicide case using forensic anthropology and genetic genealogy

Anthropologists are often the custodians of long-term unidentified human remains though their positions as curators of university or museum skeletal collections.Various factors decrease the solvability of these legacy cases including the passage of time,the loss of provenience for specific cases,and lack of documentation or case records.While anthropologists can contribute important information toward identification,it is often necessary to explore novel and cross-disciplinary strategies to resolve difficult cold cases.In long cold cases,the postmortem interval,in particular,may be difficult to estimate leading to further challenges in achieving identification.Modern advances in radiocarbon bomb pulse dating,isotope analysis,and actualistic studies have contributed to positive identification of unidentified human remains in some legacy cases,but may not be available to all forensic practitioners and law enforcement from resource-poor agencies.Pooling resources,as well as collaborating with professionals outside of forensic anthropology,is a useful strategy to pursue when anthropological methods are exhausted.The case study presented here demonstrates a collaborative approach between forensic anthropologists,forensic genetic genealogists,and law enforcement in a century-old homicide.The dismembered and mummified parts of a male body were recovered in a remote cave in 1979 and again in 1991.Despite forensic anthropologists creating and updating the biological profile over the decades from recovery to present,no identification was made until the application of forensic genetic genealogy(FGG)to the case in 2019.New interpretations of bone microstructure and trauma analysis are presented for the case,alongside the historical documentation and“proof of life”evidence used by the genealogy team.A review of the FGG methods underscores the challenges in this case(e.g.significant endogamy,multiple aliases used by the victim)and the steps taken toward resolution.Ultimately,a combined anthropology and genealogy approach resulted in a confirmed identity for a man who was murdered in 1916.

A new species of Crocodile Newt, genus Tylototriton(Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae) from the mountains of Kachin State, northern Myanmar

We describe a new species of the genus Tylototriton from Ingyin Taung Mt.,Mohnyin Township,Kachin State,Myanmar,based on morphological and molecular evidence.The new species is assigned to the subgenus Tylototriton s.str.and is clearly distinct from all known congeners by the following characters:medium body size;thin,long tail,lacking lateral grooves;rough skin;truncate snout;wide,protruding supratemporal bony ridges on head,beginning at anterior corner of orbit;weak,almost indistinct sagittal ridge;long,thin limbs,broadly overlapping when adpressed along body;distinct,wide,non-segmented vertebral ridge;13 or 14 rib nodules;brown to darkbrown background coloration with dull orange-brown to yellowish-brown markings on labial regions,parotoids,rib nodules,whole limbs,vent,and ventral tail ridge.We also briefly discuss biogeography and species diversity of the genus Tylototriton in Myanmar.

Toward a Phylogeny of the Kukri Snakes,Genus Oligodon

The South and Southeast Asian snake genus Oligodon,known for its egg-eating feeding behavior,has been a taxonomically and systematically challenging group.This work provides the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus.We use approximately 1900 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA sequence data to infer the relationships of these snakes,and we examine congruence between the phylogeny and hemipenial characters.A hypothesis for the position of Oligodon within the Colubridae is also proposed.We discuss the implications of the phylogeny for previous taxonomic groupings,and consider the usefulness of the trees in analysis of behavior and biogeography of this genus.

The Future Common Ancestry of All Present-Day Humans

At some future time, each person alive today will be either an ancestor of everyone or an ancestor of no one. If the global population were unstructured by geography, race, religion and other factors, the time to future common ancestry for present-day humans would be between 33 and 66 generations, or about 1000 - 2000 years. In a structured population, migration and intermarriage are the necessary conditions for global common ancestry. Simulation of random and hierarchical migration models, shows that time to future global ancestry is generally less than triple, and often less than twice, that required for an unstructured population. The models suggest that someone alive today will become a common ancestor of the entire world population by about 5000 CE, or sooner;and that all current humans who are destined to become global common ancestors will be so by about 8000 CE, or sooner. At which time, everybody then alive will have the exact same genealogical ancestors from the present day.

Functions of hereditary immunity and xenogamy in cancer origin and pandemic spread

The efficacy of means exploited currently for cancer prevention and treatment appeared to be very low. New insights into the origin of the disease are sorely needed. The present article synthesizes the results from integrative reconsideration of actual data on cancer from the viewpoint of recent developments in pathology, epidemiology, immunology, genetics, and evolution. In contrast to the 80 years old hypothesis of somatic mutative origin of carcinogenesis, the revealed set of evidence showed the origin of cancerous clones is based on inherent constitutional incongruence between the regulators of cell physiology and their targets realized in inherent immunity of cancerous cells to normal regulation of cell replication and tissue growth. The incongruence arises out of both genome mutations which led to interethnic differences in the regulator-receptor structures and intercourse between ethnoses, the regulator-receptor evolution of which has been processed to deal with different ecologic conditions. The current pandemic spread of cancer is brought about growing expansion of interethnic xenogamy favored by growing industrialization, urbanization, globalization, and migration. The proposed hypothesis of genome intrusion in the origin of cancer induces new research ideas and proposals for cancer prevention and therapy.

Pairwise Shared Genealogical Ancestry in Structured Populations

Simulation was used to investigate the effects of population structure and migration on metrics of pairwise shared ancestry. Random and hierarchical structures, or migration geometries, were examined. Compared to panmictic populations, progress to all qualitative metrics of pairwise ancestry is delayed in structured populations. However, unless migration is very low, the time required is generally less than triple and often less than twice that required in a panmictic population of the same total size. Population structure also increases, to a similar degree, the time required for a population-wide most recent common ancestor (MRCA). As a result, the relationships between various qualitative metrics of pairwise shared ancestry and MRCA time are relatively unaffected by population structure. For example, the mean time to most recent shared ancestor (MRSA) with global sampling of pairs is 40% - 50% of the MRCA time for almost all simulated structures and migration levels. Quantitative pairwise genealogical overlap is strongly affected by population structure. With global sampling, pairwise quantitative overlap never approaches 1.0, as it does in panmictic populations;and instead eventually becomes stationary at much lower values. Possible implications of the present results for human pairwise shared ancestry are discussed. For globally sampled pairs, the longest time to most recent shared ancestor (MRSA) for humans is suggested to be approximately 2100 years before the present. If generation time is 30 years, then all humans are 69th, or closer, cousins. For people with recent European ancestry, the MRSA time may be only half as long, about 1000 years.

Toledoth Yeshu: A Jewish Critique of the Gentile Christian Transformation of Jesus Christ

The essay deals with the so-called“Toledoth Yeshu,”one of the most cryptic stories about Jesus Christ from Middle Ages.They referred to some stories of the Gospels of the New Testament and rearranged them again in order to set up a counter story.The thesis of the paper is that these counter stories did not aim at the New Testament as such,but at the Christological dogmatic that stripped Jesus of his Jewishness and turned him into a figure similar to pagan deities opposing and damaging Jewish tradition mainly by exercising magic.At the end,“Toledoth Yeshu”told a story claiming that Yeshu was sentenced to death only by Jewish authorities,because he practiced the blasphemous act of magic of God’s name,seduced his followers by doing so and,therefore,damaged the faith in the One God.That is why I consider“Toledoth Yeshu”a strong and self-conscious Jewish polemic not against the Jewish roots of Christianity,not even against the Jewish Christians that long have perished,but against Gentile or pagan Christianity and its successful attempt to turn Christ into a paganized divine being acting out magic instead of observing the Torah.

Hakka Genealogical Metadata Principles and Practicalities

Genealogy (Zupu in Chinese) is the history of families. Genealogy has been widely used for the tracing of their lineages and history. Hakka is a special Chinese ethnic group. To explore the origin and history of Hakka people and their culture, this study starts with the genealogy. After several Hakka genealogies collected, the content analysis is performed in this study. According to the qualitative data analyses, this study designs the pedigree metadata standards for Hakka to implement the union catalog. The Hakka Pedigree Metadata is comprised of many individual family and ancestors, each of which has a process in place for archiving and distribution of genealogy. Hakka genealogical metadata contains the following types of constructs. 1) Pedigree: use given name and lines expressed the genetically related. 2) Individual: describe the personal information. 3) Family History: the story of the ancestors is narrated. 4) Bibliography: description of the genealogical book. 5) Miscellany: included the unique documents that could not categorized in the above four classification. Results of this study can be applied to genealogies integration and implement the union catalog.

Evolutionary adaptations of human cancer for parasitic life

According to the xenogamous paradigm of cancer origin, pathogenesis and epidemic spread, human cancer is a disease caused by the appearance in the afflicted body of deviant multicellular structures whose cells are aggressive (gobble the afflicted body;grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), metastatic (dispersed over embryogenesis at different locations in the body) and transmissible. The causative agent of the human disease has only just been identified as an ancient, unprecedentedly unique parasitic being that sustains itself at the expense of substances and energy derived from its victim’s body. Presented integrative discovery consists of a more systematic description of main adaptations of cancer causative agent to this specific way of life developed over its evolution. Focus is on the main stages of cancer existence including cancerous invasion of a human body, make-up of the parasite, its self-protection from the victim’s immune defense and regulatory management, disposition of cancer sub-units around afflicted body, the self-management of cancer and its nutrition, communication between dispersed cancer units, physiological synchronization between them, horizontal (reproductive) way of cancer transmission between humans.

The Transformation of Newly Compiled Chinese Genealogical Functions in the New Era

The cultural customs of compiling genealogy for 5,000 years are an integral part of the Chinese civilization.During the new socialist era,compiling new genealogy is a continuation and development of old genealogy,a cultural phenomenon adapting to social and public needs.The paper examines how Chinese genealogies transformed,and then explores how new genealogies have the new cultural function of serving the socialist era.The paper concludes with comments on how new compilations play a positive role in the construction of a harmonious society.

Pairwise Shared Ancestry in Random-Mating Constant-Size Populations

In a panmictic population of constant size N, random pairs of individuals will have a most recent shared ancestor who lived slightly more than 0.5 log2N generations previously, on average. The probability that a random pair of individuals will share at least one ancestor who lived 0.5 log2N generations ago, or more recently, is about 50%. Those individuals, if they do share an ancestor from that generation, would be cousins of degree (0.5 log2N) - 1. Shared ancestry from progressively earlier generations increases rapidly until there is universal pairwise shared ancestry. At that point, every individual has one or more ancestors in common with every other individual in the population, although different pairs may share different ancestors. Those ancestors lived approximately 0.7 log2N generations in the past, or more recently. Qualitatively, the ancestries of random pairs have about 50% similarity for ancestors who lived about 0.9 log2N generations before the present. That is, about half of the ancestors from that generation belonging to one member of the pair are present also in the genealogy of the other member. Qualitative pairwise similarity increases to more than 99% for ancestors who lived about 1.4 log2N generations in the past. Similar results apply to a metric of quantitative pairwise genealogical overlap.

Uncovering hidden nodes and hidden links in complex dynamic networks

Inferring network structures from available data has attracted much interest in network science;however,in many realistic networks,only some of the nodes are perceptible while others are hidden,making it a challenging task.In this work,we develop a method for reconstructing the network with hidden nodes and links,taking account of fast-varying noise and time-delay interactions.By calculating the correlations of available data with different derivative orders for multiple pairs of accessible nodes,analyzing and integrating the relationships between different correlations,and defining diverse hidden-node-related reconstruction motifs,we can effectively identify the hidden nodes and hidden links in the network.

从亚当到亚伯兰——《创世记》谱系研究

《圣经》极为重视谱系的记录与梳理,甚至不吝一些重复性的工作,体现出强烈而自觉的谱系观念。《创世记》记录了由人类始祖亚当到犹太祖先亚伯兰再延续至雅各十二子孙的家谱(4-11章),

Exposing hidden diversity by concordant genealogies and morphology—a study of the Lactifluus volemus(Russulales)species complex in Sikkim Himalaya(India)

Although Sikkim belongs to one of the Global Biodiversity Hotspots,little is known about its ectomycorrhizal fungi,and even less about the main genera of Russulales,i.e.Lactarius,Lactifluus,Multifurca and Russula.Combining a multilocus genealogical and morphological study,we aimed to document the diversity within Lactifluus volemus sensu lato of Sikkim Himalaya.We compared nuclear ITS and LSU rDNA,nuclear rpb1 and rpb2 protein-coding,and mitochondrial atp6 protein-coding genealogies to determine species boundaries.Interspecific relationships were inferred from the combined dataset.Bayesian and maximum likelihood single-locus genealogies are concordant and support recognition of six species.Three of these could be identified by unique morphological characteristics and are described as new species:L.dissitus,L.leptomerus and L.versiformis.

Cantharellus(Cantharellales,Basidiomycota)revisited in Europe through a multigene phylogeny

Resolving species delimitation issues of European Cantharellus is crucial to correctly name chanterelles around the globe.Thirty names referring to Cantharellus s.str.have been described in Europe,some of which are used in other continents.Based on combined analyses of ITS2,LSU,RPB2 and TEF-1,merely eight species are here recognized in Europe applying the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criteria,one of which,C.roseofagetorum,is described as new.Morphological characters used in species delimitation are mapped and their variability evaluated.The colour of the hymenophore in young specimens is found to be a rather constant morphological character of taxonomic use.European species of Cantharellus are morphologically distinguished by unique combinations of characters,such as the presence of a pink pileal coating,pileus and hymenophore colour when young,and in some cases,the mean spore length and ecology.Eighteen type specimens from Europe are sequenced.Based on revised species concepts sixteen novel taxonomic synonyms are here proposed for European chanterelles:C.alborufescens(=C.henrici,C.ilicis,C.lilacinopruinatus),C.amethysteus(=C.cibarius subsp.squamulosus,C.cibarius var.umbrinus,C.rufipes),C.cibarius(=C.cibarius var.atlanticus,C.parviluteus),C.ferruginascens(=C.cibarius var.flavipes),C.friesii(=C.ignescens),C.pallens(=C.cibarius var.albidus,C.cibarius var.bicolor,C.subpruinosus),and C.romagnesianus(=C.pseudominimus,C.lourizanianus,C.romagnesianus var.parvisporus).The type of Cantharellus,C.cibarius,is epitypified.Descriptions,colour illustrations and a key to all European species are provided.