散发型甲状腺髓样癌及正常甲状腺组织RET基因第13外显子碱基序列分析

目的研究散发型甲状腺髓样癌酪氨酸激酶受体基因（RET）第13外显子的突变情况。方法提取17例散发型甲状腺髓样癌和4例正常甲状腺组织基因组的DNA,PCR扩增该基因第13外显子全部序列,纯化目的基因DNA后直接序列测定。结果与Genebank比较全部散发型甲状腺髓样癌和正常甲状腺组织在RET基因第18973和18974位点之间均有一个鸟嘌呤插入,插入点位于该基因的第13外显子和第13内含子之间。结论该位点处鸟嘌呤插入不是基因突变,可能为不同人种间基因组差异或Genebank存在错误。

Conservation and Utilization of Crop Genetic Resources in Malaysia： Mardi＇s Effort

Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute （MARDI） is the country＇s major custodian of the nation＇s crops genetic resources. It has a global responsibility in the conservation of genetic resources of banana, sweet potato and citrus, and national responsibility for the conservation of crops, such as rice, tropical fruits and some herbs and medicinal plant species. MARDI rice seed genebank at Seberang Prai in the state of Penang was established in 1984 and currently holds 12,770 registered rice accessions, of which 53% are of local origin. In addition, MARDI also conserves genes in the field, mostly for underutilized tropical fruit genetic resources. At present, about 168 species of underutilized, rare and wild tropical fruit species consisting of about 2,000 accessions, the largest in the country, are being conserved. The species include ＂kuini＂ （Mangifera odorata）, ＂bacang＂ （Mangifera foetida）, ＂binjai＂ （Mangifera caesia）, ＂cerapu＂ （ Garcinia praniana）, ＂rambai＂ （Baccaurea motleyana）, ＂asam gelugor＂ （ Garcinia atroviridis）, ＂terap＂ （drthocarpus odoratissimus） and ＂pulasan＂ （Nephellium rambutan-ake）. The accessions are mostly conserved ex situ in field genebanks located at the various MARDI stations throughout the country. Although the conservation of the various crop species genetic resources is important, the real challenge is enhancing its utilisation. The main objective of the paper was to share and disseminate information related to works conducted and strategies opted by MARDI on the conservation and utilization of crop genetic resources. Information on species of crops that are available in MARDI＇s genebank was also highlighted together with brief information of some of the associated traits of significant importance posses by those genetic resources.

An International Survey on State of the Art of Grain Legume Management in Gene Banks

An online survey addressed to members listed in the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks Working Group on Graithe current problems in the management of GL germplasm, to work out the criterian Legumes and Grain Legumes （GL） germplasm managers and breeders was carded out to pinpoint and decisions involved in the implementation of regeneration procedures and to identify strategic areas where further research is required. The survey was divided into three sections： （1） germplasm collection details and current status of the regeneration needs; （2） assessment over the understanding of basic information required to carry out appropriate regeneration procedures such as the breeding systems, the pollination requirements and pollinating agents, the isolation techniques and regeneration facilities; and （3） assessment of different options, in addition to ＂ex situ＂, such as ＂in situ＂ and ＂on farm＂ conservation. Obtaining, collating and analysing different kinds of existing data on mating system of GL species, effective pollination control methods and isolation facilities by species and location is one example of a priority issue. The GL community makes a clear request for greater support for the development of well-designed methodologies of regeneration that maintain the genetic structure of populations and that the optimum regeneration strategy is most likely to be achieved through integrating pollinators with the regeneration procedures. A major concern of the GL community is the lack of empirical scientific information on the most suitable pollinator agents.

Characterization of chickpea germplasm conserved in the Indian National Genebank and development of a core set using qualitative and quantitative trait data

Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop as a source of dietary protein. Ever-increasing demand in Asian countries calls for breeding superior desi-type varieties, in turn necessitating the availability of characterized germplasm to breeders. The Indian National Genebank,located at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, conserves 14,651 accessions of chickpea. The entire set was characterized in a single large-scale experiment.High variation was observed for eight quantitative and 12 qualitative agro-morphological traits. Allelic richness procedure was employed to assemble a core set comprising 1103 accessions, 70.0% of which were of Indian origin. Comparable values of total variation explained by the first three principal components in the entire collection(51.1%) and the core(52.4%)together with conservation of nine pairwise r values among quantitative traits in the core collection and a coincidence rate around 99.7% indicated that the chickpea core was indeed an excellent representation of the entire chickpea collection in the National Genebank. The chickpea core exhibited greater diversity than the entire collection in agro-morphological traits, as assessed by higher variance and Shannon–Weaver diversity indices, indicating that the chickpea core maximized the phenotypic diversity available in the Indian chickpea germplasm. The chickpea core, comprising mainly indigenous desi genotypes, is expected to be an excellent resource for chickpea breeders. Information on the chickpea core can be accessed at http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/pgrportal.

Seed Germinability of 23 Crop Species After a Decade of Storage in the National Genebank of China

Seed viability of 18 576 accessions of 23 crops was monitored. After 10-12 years storage in National Crop Genebank ofChina (NCGC), more than 96.12% of the accessions maintained high germination percentage (>85%). The germination of95 accessions, accounting for 0.51% of the total, declined significantly from above 80% to below 70%. For each crop ofcarrot (Daucus carota var. sativa DC.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cotton (Gossypium sp. L.), flax (Linum usitatissimumL.) and castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), the mean monitored germination percentage declined significantly as awhole, of which carrot and lettuce seeds lost viability more rapidly. Seed initial germination percentage and pre-storageenvironments affect subsequent seed viability in storage.

Safe conservation and utilization of peanut germplasm resources in the Oil Crops Middle-term Genebank of China

Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)is an important oil and cash crop in the world.Peanut germplasm collected in China are abundant,which provides important material guarantee for peanut breeding and industrial development.Here,the safe conservation technology and indicators of peanut germplasm resources in the Oil Crops Middleterm Genebank of China were expounded from three processes of storage,monitoring,reproduction and renewal.We summarized and reviewed the situation of conservation and utilization of peanut germplasm resources in the Middle-term Genebank in the past 20 years.The future research direction of peanut resources in the Oil Crops Middle-term Genebank of China is prospected.

Refrigeration Calculation and System Design for Medium-term Genebank of Crop Germplasm Resources in Shandong Province

Crop germplasm resources are the material basis for the breeding of new varieties, and strategic resources for food production, ecological security and agricultural sustainable development. Constructing a scientific, environmental-friendly and energy-saving medium-term genebank is essential for preserving crop germplasm resources. However, the construction of medium-term genebank involves a wide range of subjects but lacks unified standard, which might result in many difficulties in the process of construction and application. According to the key parameters of refrigeration system for medium-term genebank, the cooling load was calculated and key system schemes were determined in this paper. Based on the calculation results and designed schemes, the equipment selection was discussed and the standards for construction of bank and monitoring system were proposed with the aim to provide references for germplasm genebank design and equipment selection.

Establishment and Operation of Crop Genebank in Shandong Province

Shandong Province has abundant and diverse crop germplasm resources, but it is in lack of unified and effective preservation and management, leading to the decline and even extinction of many rare germplasm resources. In this study, the necessity for the establishment of crop genebank in Shandong Province was briefly described. In addition, the type, functions and technical indicators, as well as the operation of the crop genebank were introduced comprehensively to provide a reference for the establishment of genebank by other units or organizations.

Selection of High Yielding and Farmers’ Preferred Genotypes of Bambara Nut (<i>Vigna subterranea</i>(L.) Verdc) in Malawi

Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) is a nutritious legume, however, its production is characterised by use of landraces, which have been maintained by farmers. Lack of improved varieties has contributed to low yields. This re- search was done to identify potentially high yielding and farmers’ preferred genotypes for improved production of Bambara in Malawi. A completely Randomised Block Design experiment with eight genotypes (181CR, 181RD, 194, 137CR, 137RD, 317, 2762 and 2768) and four replicates was implemented at Chitedze, Chitala and Mbawa Research Sta- tions to identify high yielding genotypes. In addition to the yield, farmers’ criteria based on plant vigour, ability to fully bury its pods in the ground (mounding), yield at harvest, maturity period, seed colour, grain size, taste of boiled dry grain and taste of fresh pods were used to identify farmers’ preferred genotypes. Significant yield differences were identified between genotypes (P < 0.0001), sites (P < 0.001) and interaction between genotypes and sites (environment) (P < 0.001). Yield means across sites show that genotype 181CR yielded highly (1322 kg/ha) followed by 2768 (1066 kg/ha), 181RD (1064 kg/ha) and 2762 (841 kg/ha). In contrast to the high yielding genotypes, genotype 137RD gave the lowest yield (485 kg/ha) followed by 194 (573 kg/ha), 317 (617 kg/ha) and 137CR (620 kg/ha). Mbawa Research Sta- tion showed significantly high yields with site mean of 1177 kg/ha compared with Chitedze and Chitala with site means of 703 kg/ha and 530 kg/ha respectively. Farmers ranked the eight accessions in order of importance as follows: 181RD, 181CR, 2768, 137CR, 194, 137RD, 2762 and 317. Combination of yield and farmers’ preference identified three geno- types (181RD, 181CR and 2768) as potential varieties for production in Malawi. Accessions 181RD and 2768 were specifically selected for relish unlike 181CR, which has been selected for use as snack. However, further research on nutrition, value addition and marketing needs to be conducted on the identified genotypes.

Effect of Low Temperature Storage on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Dragon Fruit

In order to explore the best storage temperature and storage period of dragon fruit seeds,with the constant-humidity germplasm cold storage of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences as a platform and storage temperature as an environmental factor,the germination characteristics of dragon fruit seeds and seedling growth characteristics under low temperature storage(8,4,-1,-10℃)and room temperature storage(25-30℃)over time were explored.The results showed that with the extension of the storage time,the seed germination rates,germination index,healthy seedling rates,seedling heights and fresh weights of 10 seedlings of the three dragon fruit varieties showed basically the same trends,showing a downward trend.After 367 d of cold storage,the germination rate decreased from 100%to 92.33%-98.00%,and the room temperature treatments decreased to 54.00%-86.30%;and the healthy seedling rates of cold-stored seeds decreased from 96.33%-98.00%to 77.33%-97.3%,and the values of the room temperature treatments dropped to 12.00%-68.33%.The germination rates,germination index,healthy seedling rates and seedling heights of the three dragon fruit varieties stored at low temperatures were basically significantly higher than those of the room temperature treatments within 367 d of storage.The germination rates of the three varieties stored at 8℃had no significant differences from other low temperature treatments,but the germination index was significantly lower than other low temperature treatments at 367 d.It showed that low temperature storage at-10-8℃could significantly prolong the vigor and storage time of dragon fruit seeds.Considering cost and other factors,it is better to store dragon fruit seeds in a dry environment at 4℃.The seeds stored at 4℃for 1 year showed a germination rate maintained over 90%and a healthy seedling rate over 85%.

Fast integration and accumulation of beneficial breeding alleles through an AB–NAMIC strategy in wheat

Wheat(Triticum aestivum)is among the most important staple crops for safeguarding the food security of the growing world population.To bridge the gap between genebank diversity and breeding programs,we developed an advanced backcross-nested association mapping plus inter-crossed population(AB-NAMIC)by crossing three popular wheat cultivars as recurrent founders to 20 germplasm lines from a mini core collection.Selective backcrossing combined with selection against undesirable traits and extensive crossing within and between sub-populations created new opportunities to detect unknown genes and increase the frequency of beneficial alleles in the AB-NAMIC population.We performed phenotyping of 590 AB-NAMIC lines and a natural panel of 476 cultivars for six consecutive growing seasons and genotyped these 1066 lines with a 660K SNP array.Genome-wide association studies of both panels for plant development and yield traits demonstrated improved power to detect rare alleles and loci with medium genetic effects in AB-NAMIC.Notably,genome-wide association studies in AB-NAMIC detected the candidate gene TaSWEET6-7B(TraesCS7B03G1216700),which has high homology to the rice SWEET6b gene and exerts strong effects on adaptation and yield traits.The commercial release of two derived AB-NAMIC lines attests to its direct applicability in wheat improvement.Valuable information on genome-wide association studymapping,candidate genes,and their haplotypes for breeding traits are available through WheatGAB.Our research provides an excellent framework for fast-tracking exploration and accumulation of beneficial alleles stored in genebanks.