Most genes identified that control Arabidopsis trichome initiation and formation are transcription factors or regulatory components in transcriptional networks and include GLABROUS1 （GL1）, GLABRA2 （GL2）, GLABRA3 ...Most genes identified that control Arabidopsis trichome initiation and formation are transcription factors or regulatory components in transcriptional networks and include GLABROUS1 （GL1）, GLABRA2 （GL2）, GLABRA3 （GL3） and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 （TTG1）. Herein, we report that an importin β-like protein, SENSITIVE TO ABA AND DROUGHT2 （SAD2）, is required for trichome initiation. Mutations in SAD2 disrupted trichome initiation resulting in reduced trichome number, but had no effect on trichome development or root hair number and development. Expression levels of GL1, MYB23, GL2 and TTG1 were reduced in shoots of sad2 mutants while expression levels of GL3 and ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 （EGL3） were enhanced. Overexpression of GL3 increased trichome numbers in wild type but not in sad2 mutants, indicating that the function of the GL3 protein is altered in the sad2 mutants. In contrast, overexpression of GFP-GL1 decreased trichome number in both wild type and sad2. Double mutant analysis of gll sad2 and g13 sad2 indicated that SAD2 functions genetically, at least in part, in the same pathway with these two genes. Co-immunoprecipitation indicated that the sad2 mutation does not disrupt formation of the TTG1-GL3-GL1 complex. Analysis of GFP fusions of GL1, GL2, GL3 and TTG1 suggested that these proteins are most likely not direct cargo of SAD2. Our data suggest that SAD2 is involved in trichome initiation by regulating these nuclear genes.展开更多
In this paper, we discuss the necessary and sufficient conditions in which there exist exceptional isomorphisms between E3（A） and E3（R） and between GL3（A） and GL3（R） for commutative rings A and R. A counterexa...In this paper, we discuss the necessary and sufficient conditions in which there exist exceptional isomorphisms between E3（A） and E3（R） and between GL3（A） and GL3（R） for commutative rings A and R. A counterexample shows that two rings that are not isomorphic may have isomorphic tinear groups. This partly solves an open problem posed at the conference on abstract homomorphisms of algebraic groupsrs.展开更多
基金the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China(2003AA210100) to Y. Guothe Department of Energy/Energy Bio-sciences (DE-FG02-04ER15616/G) to K.S. Schumaker
文摘Most genes identified that control Arabidopsis trichome initiation and formation are transcription factors or regulatory components in transcriptional networks and include GLABROUS1 （GL1）, GLABRA2 （GL2）, GLABRA3 （GL3） and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 （TTG1）. Herein, we report that an importin β-like protein, SENSITIVE TO ABA AND DROUGHT2 （SAD2）, is required for trichome initiation. Mutations in SAD2 disrupted trichome initiation resulting in reduced trichome number, but had no effect on trichome development or root hair number and development. Expression levels of GL1, MYB23, GL2 and TTG1 were reduced in shoots of sad2 mutants while expression levels of GL3 and ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 （EGL3） were enhanced. Overexpression of GL3 increased trichome numbers in wild type but not in sad2 mutants, indicating that the function of the GL3 protein is altered in the sad2 mutants. In contrast, overexpression of GFP-GL1 decreased trichome number in both wild type and sad2. Double mutant analysis of gll sad2 and g13 sad2 indicated that SAD2 functions genetically, at least in part, in the same pathway with these two genes. Co-immunoprecipitation indicated that the sad2 mutation does not disrupt formation of the TTG1-GL3-GL1 complex. Analysis of GFP fusions of GL1, GL2, GL3 and TTG1 suggested that these proteins are most likely not direct cargo of SAD2. Our data suggest that SAD2 is involved in trichome initiation by regulating these nuclear genes.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘In this paper, we discuss the necessary and sufficient conditions in which there exist exceptional isomorphisms between E3（A） and E3（R） and between GL3（A） and GL3（R） for commutative rings A and R. A counterexample shows that two rings that are not isomorphic may have isomorphic tinear groups. This partly solves an open problem posed at the conference on abstract homomorphisms of algebraic groupsrs.
