Status of UnDifferenced and Uncombined GNSS Data Processing Activities in China

With the continued development of multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)and the emergence of various frequencies,UnDifferenced and UnCombined(UDUC)data processing has become an increasingly attractive option.In this contribution,we provide an overview of the current status of UDUC GNSS data processing activities in China.These activities encompass the formulation of Precise Point Positioning(PPP)models and PPP-Real-Time Kinematic(PPP-RTK)models for processing single-station and multi-station GNSS data,respectively.Regarding single-station data processing,we discuss the advancements in PPP models,particularly the extension from a single system to multiple systems,and from dual frequencies to single and multiple frequencies.Additionally,we introduce the modified PPP model,which accounts for the time variation of receiver code biases,a departure from the conventional PPP model that typically assumes these biases to be time-constant.In the realm of multi-station PPP-RTK data processing,we introduce the ionosphere-weighted PPP-RTK model,which enhances the model strength by considering the spatial correlation of ionospheric delays.We also review the phase-only PPP-RTK model,designed to mitigate the impact of unmodelled code-related errors.Furthermore,we explore GLONASS PPP-RTK,achieved through the application of the integer-estimable model.For large-scale network data processing,we introduce the all-in-view PPP-RTK model,which alleviates the strict common-view requirement at all receivers.Moreover,we present the decentralized PPP-RTK data processing strategy,designed to improve computational efficiency.Overall,this work highlights the various advancements in UDUC GNSS data processing,providing insights into the state-of-the-art techniques employed in China to achieve precise GNSS applications.

Effects of the differences between the ITRF2000 and ITRF2005 models in GNSS data processing

In comparison with the ITRF2000 model, the ITRF2005 model represents a significant improvement in solution generation, datum definition and realization. However, these improvements cause a frame difference between the ITRF2000 and ITRF2005 models, which may impact GNSS data processing. To quantify this im- pact, the differences of the GNSS results obtained using the two models, including station coordinates, base- line length and horizontal velocity field, were analyzed. After transformation, the differences in position were at the millimeter level, and the differences in baseline length were less than 1 ram. The differences in the hori- zontal velocity fields decreased with as the study area was reduced. For a large region, the differences in these value were less than 1 mm/a, with a systematic difference of approximately 2 degrees in direction, while for a medium-sized region, the differences in value and direction were not significant.

Site selection and data processing of GNSS receiver calibration networks based on TEQC and GAMIT

This study introduces the site selection and data processing of GNSS receiver calibration networks. According to the design requirements and relevant specifications, the authors investigate the observation conditions of the potential sites and collect the experimental GNSS observation data. TEQC is used to evaluate the data availability rate and multipath effects of the observation data to determine the appropriate site. After the construction and measurement of the calibration network, the baseline processing of the medium and long baseline network is conducted by GAMIT. The accuracy indexes including NRMS, difference between repeated baselines, and closure of independent observation loops all meet the specified criteria.

Cloud-Edge Collaborative Federated GAN Based Data Processing for IoT-Empowered Multi-Flow Integrated Energy Aggregation Dispatch

The convergence of Internet of Things(IoT),5G,and cloud collaboration offers tailored solutions to the rigorous demands of multi-flow integrated energy aggregation dispatch data processing.While generative adversarial networks(GANs)are instrumental in resource scheduling,their application in this domain is impeded by challenges such as convergence speed,inferior optimality searching capability,and the inability to learn from failed decision making feedbacks.Therefore,a cloud-edge collaborative federated GAN-based communication and computing resource scheduling algorithm with long-term constraint violation sensitiveness is proposed to address these challenges.The proposed algorithm facilitates real-time,energy-efficient data processing by optimizing transmission power control,data migration,and computing resource allocation.It employs federated learning for global parameter aggregation to enhance GAN parameter updating and dynamically adjusts GAN learning rates and global aggregation weights based on energy consumption constraint violations.Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm effectively reduces data processing latency,energy consumption,and convergence time.

地基BDS/GNSS水汽监测在水利领域的研究进展与展望

地球上几乎所有的水汽都集中在对流层,水汽含量对全球气温、降水等气象要素都有很大的影响,在一定程度上可以影响地球气候变化,在全球范围内调节热量平衡.对对流层水汽监测、水资源管理、极端天气预警和气候变化研究等具有十分重要的作用.在北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, BDS)/GNSS技术持续发展和完善的过程中,BDS/GNSS大气可降水量反演(precipitable water vapor,PWV)逐渐成为一种新型的水汽探测技术,相较于传统水汽探测技术可实现对水汽高精度、近实时的监测.本文对BDS/GNSS PWV反演的发展历程及研究现状进行了系统地综述,阐明其反演原理与方法,主要从高精度水汽监测、降水短临预报、气候变化及旱涝监测方面分析地基BDS/GNSS水汽监测在水利领域中的应用与发展方向.

辐射计辅助的地基GNSS-R土壤湿度反演方法研究

基于全球导航卫星系统反射信号(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflection,GNSS-R)的土壤湿度监测弥补了传统测量方法的不足,是近年来遥感领域研究的热点。针对土壤粗糙度及植被含水量影响反演精度的问题,研究了利用辐射计数据辅助提升精度的方法。提出了一种基于非线性自回归模型的神经网络(NARX)的GNSS-R和辐射计数据融合的土壤湿度反演模型,通过信号处理的一般流程,进行现场实验,验证了该方法。结果表明,在测试集上所提出的反演方法相比于传统的GNSS-R方法,相关系数提高了77%,均方根误差下降了78%,与辐射计方法相比,相关系数提高了47%,均方根误差下降了68%,证明了该方法可以实现对固定区域土壤湿度的长期连续观测。

Vertical deformation analysis based on combined adjustment for GNSS and leveling data

A method is proposed to fuse the velocity data of the global navigation satellite system(GNSS) and leveling height via combined adjustment with constraints. First, stable GNSS-leveling points are uniformly selected, and the constraints of the geodetic height change velocity and normal height change velocity are given. Then, the GNSS vertical velocities and leveling height difference are used as observations of combined adjustment, and robust least-squares estimation are used to estimate the velocities of the unknown points. Finally, a vertical movement model is established with the GNSS vertical velocities and leveling vertical velocities obtained via combined adjustment. Data from the second-order leveling network and GNSS control points in Shandong Province are taken as test data, and eight calculation schemes are used for discussion. One of the schemes, the bifactor robust combined adjustment method based on variance component estimation with two kinds of vertical velocity constraints achieves the optimal results. The method applied in the scheme can be recommended for data fusion of GNSS and leveling, further improving the reliability of vertical crustal movement in Shandong Province.

Application and evaluation of layering shear method in LADCP data processing

The current velocity observation of LADCP(Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)has the advantages of a large vertical range of observation and high operability compared with traditional current measurement methods,and is being widely used in the field of ocean observation.Shear and inverse methods are now commonly used by the international marine community to process LADCP data and calculate ocean current profiles.The two methods have their advantages and shortcomings.The shear method calculates the value of current shear more accurately,while the accuracy in an absolute value of the current is lower.The inverse method calculates the absolute value of the current velocity more accurately,but the current shear is less accurate.Based on the shear method,this paper proposes a layering shear method to calculate the current velocity profile by“layering averaging”,and proposes corresponding current calculation methods according to the different types of problems in several field observation data from the western Pacific,forming an independent LADCP data processing system.The comparison results have shown that the layering shear method can achieve the same effect as the inverse method in the calculation of the absolute value of current velocity,while retaining the advantages of the shear method in the calculation of a value of the current shear.

拟稳平差法在GNSS时间序列修复中的研究与应用

针对CORS坐标时间序列的缺失问题提出一种基于GNSS网拟稳平差的时间序列插值方法。在区域内选择相对稳定的测站构建基线网,根据稳定测站的趋势变化对缺失序列进行修复。模拟实验对比分析证明,拟稳平差法的修复效果最好,平均误差在5 mm以内,并保留了原始数据的运动趋势。使用拟稳平差法对待求点365 d的坐标序列进行仿真处理,并与真实序列进行对比分析。结果表明,仿真序列与真实序列变化趋势基本一致,E、N方向上的平均误差在5 mm以内,U方向上的平均误差在10 mm以内。

Assessment of International GNSS Service Global Ionosphere Map products over China region based on measurements from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China

The global ionosphere maps(GIM)provided by the International GNSS Service(IGS)are extensively utilized for ionospheric morphology monitoring,scientific research,and practical application.Assessing the credibility of GIM products in data-sparse regions is of paramount importance.In this study,measurements from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China(CMONOC)are leveraged to evaluate the suitability of IGS-GIM products over China region in 2013-2014.The indices of mean error(ME),root mean square error(RMSE),and normalized RMSE(NRMSE)are then utilized to quantify the accuracy of IGS-GIM products.Results revealed distinct local time and latitudinal dependencies in IGS-GIM errors,with substantially high errors at nighttime(NRMSE:39%)and above 40°latitude(NRMSE:49%).Seasonal differences also emerged,with larger equinoctial deviations(NRMSE:33.5%)compared with summer(20%).A preliminary analysis implied that the irregular assimilation of sparse IGS observations,compounded by China’s distinct geomagnetic topology,may manifest as error variations.These results suggest that modeling based solely on IGS-GIM observations engenders inadequate representations across China and that a thorough examination would proffer the necessary foundation for advancing regional total electron content(TEC)constructions.

顾及BDS-3星钟约束的GNSS超快速轨道钟差解算方法

BDS-3高稳定星载原子钟作为北斗星座的显著技术优势,在GNSS数据处理中尚未得到充分利用。针对严格时效性限制下GNSS超快速轨道钟差参数精度受限问题,本文提出顾及BDS-3星钟约束的GNSS超快速轨道钟差解算方法。首先,以GNSS轨道钟差参数间相关性为基础,构建顾及BDS-3星钟参数特性的GNSS定轨模型;然后,基于GNSS精密钟差产品,分析星钟约束对GNSS轨道钟差参数精度的影响规律;最后,为克服预报钟差精度与约束筛选对定轨影响,建立BDS-3星钟建模与GNSS超快速轨道钟差估计的同步处理方法。试验结果表明,在BDS-3星钟参数最优约束下,BDS-3与GPS轨道钟差精度可分别提升27.5%、5.1%和20.2%、5.2%;且较传统BDS-3星钟单历元处理策略,基于BDS-3星钟建模与GNSS超快速定轨同步处理方法,GNSS超快速轨道钟差精度可分别提升至4.8%与34.2%,轨道精度实现了毫米级改善。因此,顾及BDS-3星钟约束的GNSS超快速轨道钟差解算方法可有效对BDS-3高稳星钟信息模型化,并实现GNSS超快速轨道钟差精度的优化处理。

Methodology for local correction of the heights of global geoid models to improve the accuracy of GNSS leveling

At present,one of the methods used to determine the height of points on the Earth’s surface is Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)leveling.It is possible to determine the orthometric or normal height by this method only if there is a geoid or quasi-geoid height model available.This paper proposes the methodology for local correction of the heights of high-order global geoid models such as EGM08,EIGEN-6C4,GECO,and XGM2019e_2159.This methodology was tested in different areas of the research field,covering various relief forms.The dependence of the change in corrected height accuracy on the input data was analyzed,and the correction was also conducted for model heights in three tidal systems:"tide free","mean tide",and"zero tide".The results show that the heights of EIGEN-6C4 model can be corrected with an accuracy of up to 1 cm for flat and foothill terrains with the dimensionality of 1°×1°,2°×2°,and 3°×3°.The EGM08 model presents an almost identical result.The EIGEN-6C4 model is best suited for mountainous relief and provides an accuracy of 1.5 cm on the 1°×1°area.The height correction accuracy of GECO and XGM2019e_2159 models is slightly poor,which has fuzziness in terms of numerical fluctuation.

子午工程二期GNSS电离层TEC与闪烁监测仪样机测试及数据对比分析

子午工程二期电离层TEC与闪烁接收机布网采用国产设备.经过连续3天的运行测试,本文以同台站同天线的国外对比设备PolaRx5数据为参考,对样机的数据进行质量评估.对于科学研究,数据的连续性和有效性,VTEC、幅度闪烁指数、相位闪烁指数这三项数据的精度是最重要的指标.本文根据科研场景设计了这些方面的数据比较标准,评估样机的数据质量,并对两种设备探测结果特征的原因进行了分析,为数据准确性的评估提供参考和借鉴.

基于不同控制图的GNSS异常数据检测方法研究

控制图是一种成熟的突变点检测方法,在全球卫星导航系统坐标序列异常数据检测中得到了广泛的应用。采用3种使用较为广泛的控制图,分别为累计和控制图、休哈特控制图以及指数加权移动平均控制图,通过在GNSS异常数据中加入不同倍数的标准差偏移量进行实验,并进行比较分析。结果表明,CUSUM控制图对于3倍以下标准差偏移量具有较高的准确性,其次是EWMA控制图,但CUSUM控制图最小只能检测到0.5倍的偏移值。对于3倍以上的标准差偏移量,Shewhart控制图和EWMA控制图有类似的效果,而CUSUM控制图会随着偏移量的增大而导致误判的增大。

基于GNSS水汽与FY-4A闪电资料的降水阈值模型研究

以河北省为例,综合GNSS水汽与风云四号气象卫星(FY-4A)闪电资料,开展降水阈值模型研究,确定降水阈值判断影响指标。设置候选阈值集范围,使用临界成功指数(critical success index,CSI)确定各影响指标的阈值。通过FY-4A闪电资料获取最佳阈值选取模型,对另外3个站点应用最佳阈值选取模型验证研究模型的有效性。结果表明,融合GNSS水汽与FY-4A闪电资料的降水阈值模型正确率约为60%~80%,而误报率控制在20%~40%之间。该模型具有较高的正确率与较低的误报率,可为降水预报提供参考。

基于PPP-AR批量处理GNSS观测数据的方法与措施

为快速可靠地处理大量GNSS观测数据,以PPP-AR技术为数据处理的核心底层,采用规则结构化的GNSS数据存储目录和IGS产品,通过分年批处理脚本实现标准的数据处理流程,以6.5年的GNSS观测数据验证了批量处理的可行性。

多频多GNSS数据预处理软件设计与实现

GNSS数据预处理是实现高精度导航、定位和姿态应用的重要环节.针对当前GNSS预处理工具和模块难以处理多频多系统观测数据的问题,研发了一款GNSS数据预处理软件(GNSS data preprocessing software,GDPS),包括数据下载、格式转换、数据编辑、质量检核和辅助工具等模块,并通过PYQT5工具实现了软件图形用户界面的开发.实验测试结果表明:该软件界面清晰,界面交互性较强,模块运算稳定,软件功能完善,可满足不同用户对多频多GNSS观测数据预处理的需求.

基于电网GNSS站的区域对流层延迟改正建模研究

基于全球卫星导航系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)的高精度定位技术是实现无人机自动巡检的基础条件。广东省地处南方沿海地区,大气水汽含量丰富,导致对流层天顶总延迟(zenith total delay, ZTD)在该地区短期变化剧烈;且常规ZTD经验模型在该区域精度较差,导致无人机自动巡检经常出现偏航等情况。对此基于广东电网自建地基增强系统,结合ERA5再分析资料和GNSS-ZTD解算结果,充分考虑ZTD在不同高程范围内的变化,通过分段函数对ERA5再分析资料进行拟合;并考虑年、半年和日周期变化的傅里叶级数来对分段拟合函数的系数进行时序分析,提出新区域ZTD格网模型;最后,使用96个广东电网GNSS站2023年1—3月的数据对所提出的模型进行验证,以其中31个站点作为基准站,以65个站点作为验证站进行模型验证。结果表明所提出的模型定位均方根误差为1.12 cm,远优于常规经验模型。

基于TEQC的HBCORS GNSS数据质量评估方法与影响因素分析

研究了基于TEQC软件的数据质量评估方法,并分析了其影响因素。基于实验区域91个基准站31 d连续观测数据,采用该方法探究了数据有效率、多路径效应等对GNSS数据质量的影响;分析了设备性能和周围观测环境等质量影响因素。结果表明,部分基准站观测数据质量呈下降趋势,可为GNSS基准站选址、观测环境的评估、维护和相关标准制定提供重要依据。

地质灾害监测中GNSS与多传感器组合技术布点设计

该文探究GNSS与多传感器组合技术在地质灾害监测中的布设方式与应用方法。研究区附近的山体存在滑坡风险,在监测区内布置若干个监测点,将测斜仪、雨量计、孔隙水压力计等传感器放置在监测点上采集位移、降雨量、孔隙水压力等数据。最后利用计算机汇总数据并进行计算、分析,将最终结果直观地呈现在终端屏幕上,让工作人员远程获取监测区的各项信息,实现地质灾害的实时监测。