Sensory Evaluation and Nutritional Composition of Developed Papaya-Gooseberry Jam

Jams are delicious and nutritious spreads typically made from fruit, sugar and pectin that ensure availability of fruits in off-season. The study aimed to develop papaya-gooseberry jam and to evaluate sensory and nutritional parameters. Six variations of papaya: gooseberry jam was prepared besides the control T0 (100% papaya). The successive variations were T1 (95:5), T2 (90:10), T3 (85:15), T4 (80:20), T5 (75:25) and T6 (70:30). T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to find the significant difference in sensory and nutritional parameters in different variations. Among different variations, the treatment (T4) was found to be the best on the basis of sensory evaluation with incorporation levels of 80 percent papaya and 20 percent gooseberry. The identified treatment (T4) was analyzed for nutritional composition in comparison to control (T0). Nutritional analysis showed that treatment (T0) contained maximum energy (353 Kcal/100g), protein (0.50 g/100g), carbohydrate (87.14 g/100g), fat (0.19 g/100g) and beta-carotene (195.0 g/100g) whereas the treatment (T4) was found to be high in nutrients such as fiber (1.32 g/100g), calcium (92.0 mg/100g), phosphorus (14.13 mg/100g), vitamin C (19.16 mg/100g) and antioxidant activity (98.0%). Thus, results signified that treatment (T4) was considered best in sensory and nutritional qualities and gooseberry could be successfully incorporated in fruit jams to enhance the nutritional properties of the food products.

Induced Polyploidy via Colchicine Treatment Increases Flower Size and Fruit Weight in Cape Gooseberry(Physalis peruviana L.)

An induced polyploid plant through colchicine treatment offers probably the best scope for improvement in flower size and fruit weight.Thus,in the present study,an attempt was made to induce polyploidy in Cape gooseberry using colchicine with the objective of creating more genetic variability.The colchicine concentrations were used as 0.10%(C1),0.20%(C2)and 0.40%(C3)for the duration 12(H1),24(H2)and 36(H3)hours for each concentration with seedling apex dip method(M1),cotton plug method(M2)and lanolin paste method(M3).The plants treated with 0.10%of colchicine by cotton plug method for 12 h showed the better performance during the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in respect of more delay in the flower bud emergence(54 d and 53 d from the date of transplanting),anthesis(19 d and 20 d from the first appearance of bud to full anthesis of flower)and fruit setting(8.00 d and 9.00 d from the date of anthesis),bigger flower size(2.93 cm2 and 3.00 cm2)than the untreated plants.The lower percentage of pollen viability(40.33%and 40.67%)was noticed in the same treatment in comparison to control(70.33%and 72.33%).The fruit maturity was also extended(59 d and 60 d from the date of fruit set)with bigger sized fruits(length:2.53 cm and 2.57 cm,breadth:2.27 cm and 2.33 cm)as well as more fruit weight(8.70 g and 8.33 g)by the application of colchicine at 0.10%with cotton plug method for 12 h.On the basis of results obtained,the application of colchicine at 0.10%for 12 h duration with cotton plug method was found to be the best and effective treatment for induction of polyploidy as well as more flower size and fruit weight in Cape gooseberry.

Extraction of β-Carotene,Vitamin C and Antioxidant Compounds from Physalis peruviana(Cape Gooseberry)Assisted by High Hydrostatic Pressure

High hydrostatic pressure assisted extraction (HHPE) has several advantages when compared to traditional extraction methods, which frequently cause degradation and loss of target components and might consume large volumes of environmentally unfriendly solvents. The aim of this study was to develop an assisted extraction method using high hydrostatic pressure (HHPE) and to evaluate both HHPE and conventional extraction methods for β-carotene, antioxidant compounds and vitamin C from cape gooseberry. β-carotene and compounds with antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical assay (DPPH*) or radical scavenging activity;ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP)) were extracted using HHPE for 5 min, 10 min and 15 min at 500 MPa, while vitamin C was extracted at 500 MPa for 30 s, 60 s and 90 s. Processing significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) the β-carotene content of all samples, increasing retention by 8%, 14% and 15% at 500 MPa after 5 min, 10 min and 15 min of HPPE, respectively. The highest antioxidant content determined by DPPH* and FRAP assays was obtained in a sample treated at 500 MPa for 15 min, showing increases of 26% and 51%, respectively, compared with an untreated sample. The ascorbic acid content of fresh cape gooseberry was 26.31 mg·100 g-1. In fact, the ascorbic acid levels were significantly higher for all high-pressure-treated samples compared to this of conventionally extracted sample (p ≤ 0.05), exhibiting increases of 9%, 41% and 53% at 500 MPa after 30 s, 60 s and 90 s of HPPE, respectively. Thus, the application of HHPE produced higher β-carotene content, antioxidant compounds and vitamin C content and required less extraction time compared to other extraction methods. The pharmaceutical and food industries can benefit by using high pressure extraction technology.

Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) in hepatocellular carcinoma rats model

Aim:Oxidative damage of cellular components by free radicals and other reactive oxygen molecules is believed to be associated with the development of degenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity of cape gooseberry juice (CGJ) in diethylnitrosamine-(DENA) and CCl4 (3 mL/kg b.w.)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats model.Methods: The rats were divided into 4 groups (6 rats each group). Group 1 (control): the rats of this group did not receive any treatments;group 2 (CGJ): rats were daily administered cape gooseberry juice at a dose of 1 mL/kg b.w.;group 3 (HCC): the rats treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of fresh DENA (200 mg/kg body weight) and received a subcutaneous injection of CCl4 (3 mL/kg/week);group 4: (HCC + CGJ):rats were treated with DENA (200 mg/kg b.w.) and CCl4 (3 mL/kg b.w. per week) in addition to daily administered cape gooseberry juice at a dose of 1 mL/kg b.w.Results: Treatment with DENA plus CCl4 induced a signiifcant increase in tumor marker level, alpha-fetoprotein level, and liver function enzymes activity as well as elevated levels of malondialdehyde. This suggests oxidative stress accompanied with a signiifcant decrease in antioxidant biomarkers including glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the examined tissues. However, the administration of GGJ could reduce these changes to control levels.Conclusion:CGJ is a promising candidate as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant processor in an HCC rats model. This beneifcial effect was achieved by antagonizing free radicals generation and the enhancement of the antioxidant defense mechanisms, resulting in marked improvement of hepatic biomarkers.

分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱法快速检测猕猴桃中的氯吡脲

建立了高效液相色谱快速检测猕猴桃中氯吡脲残留的方法。试样经乙腈提取、丙基乙二胺（PSA）分散固相萃取（DSPE）净化后在C18柱上以乙腈-0．01mol／L磷酸水溶液（体积比为35：65）为流动相进行分离，在260nm波长下检测。氯吡脲的检出限为0．005mg／kg，在0．05～10．00mg／L时线性关系良好（r=1．000）。试样在0．05，0．60，1．20mg／kg三个添加水平的回收率为82．0％～112．0％，相对标准偏差（RSD）（n=5）为2．41%。该方法简便快速，准确灵敏，适合大批量样品的快速处理。

Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in Liquid Fermentation

The desirable active ingredients for the development of bioproducts based in Bacillus sp. for the control of soil pathogens are the spores because these structures exhibit more resistance and stability to conditions present during the fermentation, formulation, and storage processes. To improve the sporulation of a native strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Bs006) using liquid fermentation, some modifications in the concentrations of the components in a previously standardized culture media were made. Subsequently, five sporulation inducers (iron nitrate, mixture of salts, peroxide hydrogen, temperature, and initial cell concentration) were evaluated. The treatment with a mixture of salts in combination with an initial cell concentration of 1 × 108 cells/ml was selected because a final spore concentration of 1.05 × 1010 spores/ml after 66 hours with a fully substrate consumption and sporulation efficiency of 88.7% was obtained. To demonstrate the biological activity of B. amyloliquefaciens Bs006 in Cape gooseberry seedlings, a greenhouse bioassay was conducted, and statistical differences in plant growth-promoting parameters compared with previous media were not found. Additionally, the proposed modified media (coded as JM) presented a benefit-cost ratio 2.65 times higher compared with the baseline media.