GPS的现代化进展及启示

目前的全球定位系统(GPS)相关信息内容多,良莠不齐,导致出现一些二手信息误导读者的问题。该文以GPS官方机构近些年公开发布的相关技术文件为依据,梳理了GPS的现代化发展历程,阐述了导航卫星上新增加的民用信号及军用信号、新一代运行控制系统、新型GPS BlockⅢ/IIIF卫星的特点,介绍了GPS Block IIIF上使用的点波束技术,并提出了几点启示。GPS是世界上第一个建成的全球卫星导航系统(GNSS),全球覆盖程度、软件应用、全球用户数量等指标都处于领先地位,它的很多技术发展方向代表当前的主流趋势。GPS建设过程中的经验教训值得我们借鉴,GPS的发展方向值得我们学习和参考。本文内容可供卫星导航行业相关人员参考。

GPS SATELLITE SIMULATOR SIGNAL ESTIMATION BASED ON ANN

Multi-channel Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite signal simulator is used to provide realistic test signals for GPS receivers and navigation systems. In this paper, signals arriving the antenna of GPS receiver are analyzed from the viewpoint of simulator design. The estimation methods are focused of which several signal parameters are difficult to determine directly according to existing experiential models due to various error factors. Based on the theory of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), an approach is proposed to simulate signal propagation delay,carrier phase, power, and other parameters using ANN. The architecture of the hardware-in-the-loop test system is given. The ANN training and validation process is described. Experimental results demonstrate that the ANN designed can statistically simulate sample data in high fidelity.Therefore the computation of signal state based on this ANN can meet the design requirement,and can be directly applied to the development of multi-channel GPS satellite signal simulator.

边坡安全监测GPS-RTK信号的降噪算法研究

全球定位系统实时动态差分技术(global positioning system-real time kinematic, GPS-RTK)是解决路基边坡安全监测问题的重要手段,但GPS-RTK信号易受到多路径误差和共模误差的影响。基于小波变换(wavelet transform, WT)和主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)分别可以有效去除多路径误差和共模误差,提出WT-PCA算法去除信号误差。首先设置仿真信号,通过参数调优进一步提高单一算法的降噪效果。其次提出组合算法WT-PCA改进单一算法的缺陷,并与其他组合算法进行对比分析。最后,对十天高速路基边坡的GPS-RTK监测数据进行实例分析。结果表明,WT-PCA算法的信噪比和均方根误差较于WT-VMD优于66%和50%左右,算法可以有效地消除GPS-RTK信号的多路径误差和共模误差影响。提高边坡位移监测信号处理精度,进一步评估边坡结构形变及安全状态。

复杂环境下结合EMD的GPS-IR水位反演方法

利用法国布雷斯特(Brest)港BRST测站和英国塞文大桥监测系统GNSS双频观测数据,分别在静态和高动态环境下进行GPS-IR水位反演,探究传统GNSS监测系统进行水位反演的可行性与精度.结果表明:L1波段反演精度高于L2波段;在静态场景下,GPS-IR水位反演结果与验潮站数据相关系数大于0.98,在高动态场景下,桥梁GPS-IR水位反演精度稍低.利用经验模态分解(EMD)方法对算法进行改进,提高了在桥梁复杂环境下GPS-IR水位反演结果的精度,均方根误差(RMSE)相比经典方法降低约50%.本文方法提高了GPS-IR技术在不同水域环境下的适用性,在水位监测中具有很好的应用前景.

GPS信号与特性分析的研究

GPS作为一种广泛应用的卫星导航系统,其导航系统的高精度、广覆盖和全天候可用性受到人们的普遍认可。然而,地面GPS接收机是相对脆弱的,容易受到各种环境因素影响,可能会对GPS接收机造成干扰,使其难以或无法正常工作。本文通过对GPS信号的基本原理、调制方式进行了研究,分析了信号特征和C/A码的生成方式,为下一步GPS信号的干扰与抗干扰提供理论和现实意义。

Hypothesis testing analysis and unknown parameter estimation of GPS signal detection

Hypothesis testing analysis and unknown parameter estimation of both the intermediate frequency(IF) and baseband GPS signal detection are given by using the generalized likelihood ratio test(GLRT) approach,applying the model of GPS signal in white Gaussian noise,It is proved that the test statistic follows central or noncentral F distribution,It is also pointed out that the test statistic is nearly identical to central or noncentral chi-squared distribution because the processing samples are large enough to be considered as infinite in GPS acquisition problem.It is also proved that the probability of false alarm,the probability of detection and the threshold are affected largely when the hypothesis testing refers to the full pseudorandom noise(PRN) code phase and Doppler frequency search space cells instead of each individual cell.The performance of the test statistic is also given with combining the noncoherent integration.

Continuous Tracking of GPS Signals with Data Wipe-Off Method

The decentralized pre-filter based vector tracking loop(VTL)configuration with data wipe-off(DWO)method of the Global Positioning System(GPS)receiver is proposed for performance enhancement.It is a challenging task to continuously track the satellites’signals in weak signal environment for the GPS receiver.VTL is a very attractive technique as it can provide tracking capability in signal-challenged environments.In the VTL,each channel will not form a loop independently.On the contrary,the signals in the channels of VTL are shared with each other;the navigation processor in turn predicts the code phases.Thus,the receiver can successfully track signals even the signal strength from individual satellite is weak.The tracking loop based on the pre-filter provides more flexible adjustment to specific environments to reduce noise interference.Therefore,even if the signals from some satellites are very weak the receiver can track them from the navigation results based on the other satellites.The navigation data,which contains information necessary to perform navigation computations,are binary phase-shift keying(BPSK)modulated onto the GPS carrier phase with the bit duration of 20 ms(i.e.,50 bits per second)for the GPS L1 C/A signals.The coherent integration interval can be extended for improved tracking performance in signal-challenged environment.However,tracking accuracy is decreased by possible data bit sign reversal.The DWO algorithm can be employed to remove the data bit in I and Q correlation values so as to avoid energy loss due to bit transitions when the integration interval of the correlator is extended over 20 ms under the low carrier-to-noise ratio(C/No)environments.The proposed method has an advantage to provide continuous tracking of signals and obtain improved navigation performance.Performance evaluation of the tracking capability as well as positioning accuracy will be presented.

Data Wipe-Off Technique for Tracking Weak GPS Signals

In this paper,the data wipe-off(DWO)algorithm is incorporated into the vector tracking loop of the Global Positioning System(GPS)receiver for improving signal tracking performance.The navigation data,which contains information that is necessary to perform navigation computations,are binary phase-shift keying(BPSK)modulated onto the GPS carrier phase with the bit duration of 20 ms(i.e.,50 bits per second).To continuously track the satellite’s signal in weak signal environment,the DWO algorithm on the basis of pre-detection method is adopted to detect data bit sign reversal every 20 ms.Tracking accuracy of a weak GPS signal is decreased by possible data bit sign reversal every 20 ms to the predetection integration time(PIT)or integration interval.To achieve better tracking performance in weak signal environment,the coherent integration interval can be extended.However,increase of the integration interval lead to decrease of the tracking accuracy by possible data bit sign reversal every 20 ms to the integration interval.When the integration interval of the correlator is extended over 20 ms in low C/No levels,the navigation DWO algorithm can be employed to avoid energy loss due to bit transitions.The method presented in this paper has an advantage to continuously estimate the navigation data bit and achieve improved tracking performance.Evaluation of the tracking performance based on the various integration intervals for the vector tracking loop of a GPS receiver will be presented.

Simulator of GNSS signals for testing of space objects receivers in the earth conditions

A technique for testing space object receivers using global navigation satellite system （GNSS） signal simulator of the navigation field is proposed. Its structure consists of two blocks which allow synthesizing the scenario of reciprocal displacement of the receiver relative to navigation satellites and their signals. In the first block, according to the known coordinates of the receiver which are specified in tabular form or analytically, the distances between the receiver and the navigation satellites are calculated as well as their relative velocities. According to these data, the second block synthesizes the signals of navigational travelers with the specified characteristics which are transmitted via the air or cable with a given attenuation to the receiver. This allows testing on the earth receivers for airplanes and space objects under different scenarios of their movement, which not only reduces the risk of problems during the flight, but also avoids significant economic costs. Based on real data obtained by approaching two spacecraft using a simulator, the receiver was tested, which shows the promise of the proposed technology.

Analysis of RFID Based Positioning Technique Using Received Signal Strength and Directional Antenna

Automatic robot navigation is being utilized in many industries for the purpose of high speed work delivery. Color follower, fix path follower robots are current solution to this activities but dynamic path configuration is not possible in these robots. Hence new system proposes effective and fully dynamic path follower robots using RFID and directional antenna. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system permits automatic identification of objects with RFID tags using radio waves which have been widely used in mobile robot navigation, localization and mapping both in indoor and outdoor environment. This article presents a navigation strategy for autonomous mobile robot using passive RFID system. Proposed robot system is provided with RFID tag functionality which will load tag number and direction instruction. At some turning point, user will put RF tag, this tag will be read by RF reader which is placed on robot. As per direction instruction robot will change the direction and reach to the destination. Also as per the movement, robot will send its GPS location to PC (Personal Computer) which will be displayed on PC. Hence main goal is to provide more reliable and low energy consumption based indoor positioning system which will be achieved using directional antenna.

基于WiFi与GPS组合定位算法的无缝定位方法研究

无线局域网络(WLAN)是一种全新的无线信号传输平台,该文在总结目前无缝定位与导航技术的研究现状、分析存在的问题和发展趋势的基础上,提出了联合GPS和无线局域网络的组合定位方法,以实现室内外的无缝定位与导航。同时,在深入研究卫星导航定位和无线传感器网络定位原理与算法基础上,针对定位环境的不同,提出了无缝定位的解决方案、转换机制和切换策略,并以WiFi网与GPS组合定位算法为例,进行了详细分析和深入讨论,所用算法可以实现无GPS、少于4颗可用卫星以及GDOP值不满足定位情况下的定位,与单独WiFi网络定位算法相比,该算法可以提高定位精度。

多通道GPS模拟信号源

研发了GPS模拟信号源。该信号源能够模拟真实环境中GPS卫星在空中的运转情况,并据此提供相应的GPS卫星信号;同时,该信号源与现有设备中的GPS模块的接口兼容,其输出可直接作为现有GPS模块的输入,在GPS模块中产生相应的时间和方位信息。

基于GPS的新型输电线路故障定位装置的研制

输电线路故障定位一直是电力系统亟待解决的难题。针对单端法故障测距易受过渡电阻的影响，提出了一种基于全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）的双端同步采样的输电线路故障定位方法。基于此原理研制了新型的故障定位装置的样机，动态模拟实验表明它完全克服了过渡电阻的影响，且定位精度不受故障类型、故障点位置、故障发生时刻和电力系统运行条件的影响。动模实验结果还表明，在各种故障情况下定位误差均小于１％。

基于DBZP差分相干的GPS信号捕获算法

针对弱信号环境下全球定位系统(global position system,GPS)信号捕获问题,提出了一种基于双块零拓展(double block zero padding,DBZP)差分相干捕获算法。该算法将快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)、DBZP、差分相干及频率误差修正等4项技术有机结合,从而有效减小了在FFT计算过程中由大多普勒频移引起的码片速率变化而造成的相关功率损失,同时也削弱了残余多普勒频率造成的功率损失。实验表明,算法能明显提高系统捕获性能,在仿真数据集下,与直接FFT差分相干算法相比,捕获灵敏度提高了约2.8dB,并在给定的积分时间及载噪比下,捕获频率误差的标准差小于20Hz;在实验数据集下,与直接FFT差分相干算法相比,捕获结果信噪比提高了约3dB。

基于随机共振的高灵敏度GPS信号捕获算法

针对微弱环境下全球定位系统(global position system,GPS)信号捕获问题,提出了基于随机共振(stochastic resonance,SR)的GPS信号捕获算法。该算法首先用部分匹配滤波器对GPS信号进行分段相关预处理,然后利用SR提高预处理后信号的信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR),SR中引入了二次采样和自适应技术,解决了传统SR不适合捕获大频率信号(频率远大于1 Hz的信号)及SR参数难以与被捕获信号匹配的难题,最后采用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)谱分析技术,实现在较短的相关累积时间内获得较高的捕获灵敏度。实验表明,算法能明显提高系统捕获性能,在相关累积时间为10 ms,信号SNR为-38 dB的情况下,算法捕获GPS信号的正确检测率达到100%。

基于批处理的微弱GPS信号捕获

针对传统方法难以实现微弱GPS信号的精确捕获,继而影响后续的信号跟踪及导航电文解码,提出了一种新的捕获方法解决这一基础性问题,采用基于批处理的手段来捕获低信噪比的GPS信号并提高运算速度,为高灵敏度GPS接收机的实现提供保证.仿真结果表明,在捕获过程处理的数据长度不超过4个导航电文数据位(80 ms)的情况下,此方法能够较好地捕获到载噪比低至21 dB的GPS信号,同时确保较短的捕获时间和较高的灵敏度.

32颗GPS卫星星座空间覆盖特性建模与仿真

GPS卫星要准确完成定位功能可见卫星数应不少于4颗。通过建立针对低轨、中高轨和大椭圆轨道目标卫星的GPS信号空间几何覆盖模型,利用Mat-lab计算针对低轨、中高轨和大椭圆轨道的可见卫星数,对目前美国32颗GPS卫星星座的空间覆盖特性进行仿真。仿真结果显示,32颗GPS卫星星座不仅可以对低轨目标实现全轨道覆盖,而且对中高轨和大椭圆轨道也有所覆盖,大大扩展了24颗GPS卫星星座的空间应用。

高灵敏度GPS接收机中的互相关减轻算法研究

通过理论分析,推导出了基于频差因子的互相关计算公式,提出了两种新的互相关减轻算法——并行互相关减去法和基于频差因子的并行互相关减去法.通过仿真实验,在一定多普勒频差下,1到3个干扰强信号、强度强于弱信号16dB到30dB时,两种方法对高灵敏度GPS接收机中互相关影响的减轻都有良好的效果和更强的实用性;基于频差的并行互相关减去法在计算量方面优势更大,可以加快高灵敏度GPS接收机的捕获速度,使其在接收强度较弱、信噪比很低的GPS信号时能正常工作.

基于GPS弹道测量的卡尔曼滤波参数估计算法

为提高基于GPS定位的弹道辨识方法的实时性和可靠性,提出了一种以弹道微分方程四阶龙格库塔数值积分预测作为状态量递推的卡尔曼滤波弹道参数估计算法,并针对卫星接收机有粗大误差或失效情况对方法进行了改进.利用卫星信号模拟器和C/A码GPS接收机构建半实物仿真系统对算法进行验证,该方法的弹道参数估计误差是GPS接收机正常工作时测量误差的30%~40%;且能在GPS接收机出现异常时继续给出接近实际的估计值.

GPS软件接收机全系统仿真

在模块化设计架构下,利用Simulink模块产生等效GPS中频信号,引入真实GPS信号导航电文、伪距等信息模拟接收机钟差和钟漂,使中频信号更接近实际情况。通过仿真分析几种常用载波跟踪环路优缺点,找到一种最合适的频率跟踪环路,由环路得到的伪距等信息用最小二乘技术完成定位,从而实现整个GPS接收机系统纯软件仿真。仿真结果表明,该仿真有效、可行。