Measuring the Accuracy and Precision of the Garmin GPS Positioning in Forested Areas： A Case Study in Taxiarchis-Vrastama University Forest

In this paper, it is attempted to examine and compare different orientation, one recreational and another more precise, in the performance of two （global positioning system） receivers of forested areas. In doing this, a field test on horizontal and vertical positional errors of GPS positioning at different points in the forested area of Taxiarchis-Vrastama University forest was conducted. The two GPS receivers were used to determine the positional accuracy of a selected number of points under tree canopies. Specifically, the precision and accuracy of Garmin＇s GPS positioning at different points were calculated and compared with the corresponding positioning and accuracy of another GPS system, namely the TOPCON GPS. By the calculation of various measures of accuracy and precision suitable for GPS receivers and the use of statistical methods, accuracy between the different receivers differed significantly is shown. Also, regression analysis revealed that the basal area and the number of available satellites are the most important factors for predicting position error.

The Quality Assessment of Non-Integer-Hour Data in GPS Broadcast Ephemerides and Its Impact on the Accuracy of Real- Time Kinematic Positioning Over the South China Sea

Abnormal effects in GPS broadcast ephemerides can have a significant effect on real-time navigation and positioning solutions that use the orbit and clock error data provided by GPS broadcast ephemerides.This paper describes three types of non-integerhour navigation data in GPS broadcast ephemeris data.Compared with GPST integer hour data,we find that there are two types of data blocks for non-integer-hour navigation containing gross errors with different levels of precision,which is reflected in the user range accuracy(URA)of the broadcast ephemeris.These gross errors can cause large deviations when using the GPS broadcast ephemeris for orbit calculation and lead to a decrease in the kinematic positioning accuracy.An improved weighting method which is based on the consistency relationship between the URA value and the orbital precision is proposed to improve the positioning accuracy by controlling the effect of gross errors in the broadcast ephemerides.The correction algorithm proposed in this paper was applied to real-time kinematic positioning with shipborne GPS data over the South China Sea.The results showed that the proposed positioning algorithm can effectively reduce the effects of gross errors in the broadcast ephemeris,and significantly improve the accuracy of the navigation and positioning.

Test measurements for accuracy of absolute and relative GPS positioning

The paper, after the introduction, briefly outlines the principles of both absolute and relative GPS positioning. It deals with factors and error resources affecting the accuracy of these surveying procedures. It reviews the geodetic determination of a reference point and a base line used for the test measurements. The study describes the completed test measurements, and on the basis of results, it draws the conclusions for the accuracy of the investigated surveying methods. Finally, considering these accuracy measures, their possible application in mine surveying is also mentioned very shortly.

Positioning accuracy of IGPS

The positioning accuracy of a short-haul target-locating system,the inverse-GPS(IGPS) ,was analyzed in detail. The relationship between IGPS and the positioning error was discussed. The multiplicative error minimal bound of the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) about the four-base-station IGPS was also investigated. In order to clarify the practical implementation of IGPS,the multiplicative and additive error factors which affect the positioning accuracy and theoretical estimation of positioning accuracy were presented. By analyzing the experiments of locating a target's position in virtual three-dimensional areas,the positioning performance of IGPS was illustrated. The results show that the multiplicative and additive error factors should be eliminated in IGPS to improve the positioning accuracy.

Deformation caused by the 2011 eastern Japan great earthquake monitored using the GPS single-epoch precise point positioning technique

Crustal deformation can provide constraints for studying earthquake rupture and shock wave transmission for the Mw9.0 eastern Japan great earthquake. Using the single- epoch precise point positioning （PPP） method and the appropriate positioning flow, we process GPS data from six IGS （International GNSS Service） sites （e.g., MIZU, TSK2, USUD, MTKA, AIRA and KSMV） located in Japan and obtain the positioning results with centimeter scale precision. The displacement time series of the six sites are analyzed using the least squares spectral analysis method to estimate deformations caused by the Mw9.0 mainshock and the Mw7.9 aftershock, and the cumulative displacements after 1 day. Mainshock displacements at station MIZU, the nearest site to the mainshock in the North （N）, East （E）, and Up （U） directions, are -1.202 m, 2.180 m and -0.104 m, respectively, and the cumulative deformations after 1 day are -1.117 m, 2.071 m and -0.072 m, respectively. The displacements at station KSMV, the nearest site to the Mw7.9 aftershock in the N, E and U directions, are -0.032 m, 0.742 m and -0.345 m, respectively. The other sites obviously experienced eastern movements and subsidence. The deformation vectors indicate that the horizontal displacements caused by the earthquake point to the epicenter and rupture. Elastic bounds evidently took place at all sites. The results indicate that the crustal movements and earthquake were part of a megathrust caused by the Pacific Plate sinking under the North American Plate to the northeast of Japan island arc.

Modified algorithm of combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning for applications in open-pit mines

A modified algorithm of combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning （GG-PPP） was developed by decreasing the number of unknowns to be estimated so that accurate position solutions can be achieved in the case of less number of visible satellites. The system time difference between GPS and GLONASS （STDGG） and zenith tropospheric delay （ZTD） values were firstly estimated in an open sky condition using the traditional GG-PPP algorithm. Then, they were used as a priori known values in the modified algorithm instead of estimating them as unknowns. The proposed algorithm was tested using observations collected at BJFS station in a simulated open-pit mine environment. The results show that the position filter converges much faster to a stable value in all three coordinate components using the modified algorithm than using the traditional algorithm. The modified algorithm achieves higher positioning accuracy as well. The accuracy improvement in the horizontal direction and vertical direction reaches 69% and 95% at a satellite elevation mask angle of 50°, respectively.

结合GPS和LBS技术的计算机远程遥控方法

针对复杂环境中建筑物和遮挡物对计算机远程遥控的干扰,为提高覆盖范围,提出结合GPS和LBS技术的计算机远程遥控方法。分析计算机远程遥控系统组成,32位STM32F103ZET6微控制器主控,结合通信组件与遥控主体实现远程操控及实时动态反馈。结合GPS和LBS技术,利用RSSI定位技术辅助WIFI网络定位,通过服务器计算并存储远程遥控目标位置信息,实现快速准确的定位功能。构建目标运行轨迹规划模型,旨在通过优化方法,在目标运行范围内规划最优轨迹点,以最小化运行距离和高度为代价,同时考虑运行限制和干扰规范,确保目标安全高效地运行。实验表明,该方法能稳定可靠地实现无人机目标的计算机远程遥控,在实际应用中鲁棒性和适应性良好,异常情况下可快速恢复并保持较高控制精度。

GPS的现代化进展及启示

目前的全球定位系统(GPS)相关信息内容多,良莠不齐,导致出现一些二手信息误导读者的问题。该文以GPS官方机构近些年公开发布的相关技术文件为依据,梳理了GPS的现代化发展历程,阐述了导航卫星上新增加的民用信号及军用信号、新一代运行控制系统、新型GPS BlockⅢ/IIIF卫星的特点,介绍了GPS Block IIIF上使用的点波束技术,并提出了几点启示。GPS是世界上第一个建成的全球卫星导航系统(GNSS),全球覆盖程度、软件应用、全球用户数量等指标都处于领先地位,它的很多技术发展方向代表当前的主流趋势。GPS建设过程中的经验教训值得我们借鉴,GPS的发展方向值得我们学习和参考。本文内容可供卫星导航行业相关人员参考。

中国内地GPS坐标时间序列噪声模型特征及其对站点速率影响

为了进一步评估全球定位系统(GPS)时间序列噪声模型水平和垂直速率的大小,及其对误差的影响,选取中国内地227个GPS连续基准站2010—2020年南北、东西和垂直3个方向的坐标时间序列,采用6种噪声模型或噪声组合模型对其进行噪声分析。结果表明,中国内地GPS坐标时间序列噪声模型存在多样性,且部分站点在不同方向的噪声模型也存在差异,主要以一阶高斯马尔可夫+随机漫步噪声(GGMWN)和闪烁噪声+白噪声(FNWN)为主;在100°E附近的GPS站点噪声特性差异最为显著;噪声模型与速率之间的关系分析表明噪声模型对水平向速率的大小和误差影响较小,在现实计算中可不考虑噪声对水平速度的影响,但对垂向速率的大小和误差影响显著;考虑噪声模型可有效提高垂向速率的精度,同时也可能会改变部分站点的垂向运动方向,所以在现实计算中须考虑噪声对垂向速率的影响。

Positioning performance analysis on combined GPS/BDS precise point positioning

Combining the observation data from five Multi-GNSS Experiment(MGEX)stations with the precise orbit and clock products from Global Positioning System(GPS)and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS),we studied the model of combined GPS/BDS precise point positioning,and then analyzed the convergence speed and short-time(6 h)positioning accuracy.The calculation results show that in static positioning,the average convergence time of GPS is about 50 min,and its horizontal accuracy is better than 2 cm while the vertical accuracy is better than 4 cm.The convergence speed of combined GPS/BDS is about 40 min,and its positioning accuracy is close to that of GPS.In kinematic positioning,the average convergence time of GPS is about 72 min,and its horizontal accuracy is better than 5 cm while the vertical accuracy is better than 12 cm.The average convergence time of GPS/BDS is about 57 min,and its horizontal accuracy is better than 3 cm while the vertical accuracy is better than 9 cm.Combined GPS/BDS has significantly improved the convergence speed,and its positioning accuracy is slightly than that of GPS.

基于GPS定位技术设计的老年智能服装

随着人口老龄化的加快,老年人口走失数不断增多。为解决老年人走失问题,智能定位服装的开发具有必要性。文章主要阐述了老年智能定位服装的研究现状,从生理、心理等角度分析了老年智能服装的设计需求,基于此,设计了一款基于全球定位系统(GPS)定位技术的智能定位服装,并对成衣进行测验。测验发现,所设计的智能定位服装能有效减少老年人走失情况。

Reliability of GPS/GNSS-based positioning in a forestry environment

The critical environment is one of the main insufficient to positioning. Geodetic observing systems such as the global positioning system （GPS） and the global navigation satellite systems （GNSS） are routinely used to estimate the contaminating effects by critical environment. In an effort to define the accuracy and reliability of GPS/ GNSS positioning, we investigated the data having con- taminating effects due to forestry environment. Some reliability criteria and geometric concepts were defined and then examined by them. Two sets of data were collected in open sky and closed canopy separately. The analysis of the observed data was performed using the reliability criteria and geometric concepts. The accuracy and reliability of positioning strongly depended on the canopy ratio and satellite availability. The minimum detectable error on baseline was estimated about 2.5 mm under closed canopy. The number of observable satellites and minimal detectable errors were computed for each epoch. The minimal biases on estimated baselines, bias-to-noise ratios for estimating baseline components and probability of success of the integer ambiguity solution were defined in case of forest canopy. Finally, geometric quality could be achieved using the factors of dilution of precision. Thus, the presented accuracy and reliability concepts fulfill the requirement proposed by the global geodetic observing system in forest environment.

Data-processing induced GPS-positioning error

Global Positioning System data processing is affected by many non-tectonic factors, including the common-mode errors （CME） in station-position time series. The characteristics and origins of CME are still not clear, due to uneven distribution of global GPS networks and the lack of reliable data of the position time series. In this work, data from 241 continuous GPS stations were reprocessed in a consistent way and the results were compared with those generated at Jet Propulsion Laboratory （JPL）. Improvements of residual positions were obtained for many low-quality stations, especially those located in Asia and Australia.

Error Analysis and Accuracy Assessment of GPS Absolute Velocity Determination without SA

Error sources which decrease the accuracy of GPS in absolute velocity determination have been changed since SA was turned off. Firstly, quantities of all kinds of error sources that influence velocity deter-mination are analyzed. The potential accuracy of GPS absolute velocity determination is derived from both theory and field GPS data simulation. After that, two tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of GPS absolute velocity determination in the case of a static and an airborne GPS receiver and INS (Inertial Navigation System) instrument in kinematic mode. In static mode, the receiver velocity has been estimated to be several mm/s with the carrier-phase derived Doppler measurements, and several cm/s with the receiver generated Doppler measurements. In kinematic mode, GPS absolute velocity estimates are compared with the synchronized measurements from the high accuracy INS. The root mean square statistics of the velocity discrepancies between GPS and INS come up to dm/s. Moreover, it has a strong correlation with the accel-eration or jerk of the aircraft.

COMBINED GPS/GLONASS PRECISE POSITIONING FOR LONG-DISTANCE BASELINES

Combined GPS/GLONASS can increase the accuracy and reliability of positioning especially in some applications with many impediments.Due to the atmosphere delay,the commonly used methods for processing short distance baselines can not be implemented in long distance baselines.In this paper,a new data processing strategy for long distance baselines is proposed,which uses the properties of some combination observables of combined GPS/GLONASS and distance baselines may come to the order of 10 -8 and combined GPS/GLONASS improves the accuracy over that of GPS_only positioning,which brings benefit to crust deformation monitoring and research on geodynamics.

Vertical Accuracy Assessment of SRTM Ver 4.1 and ASTER GDEM Ver 2 Using GPS Measurements in Central West of Tunisia

This paper focuses on the quality of the vertical accuracy of two Digital Elevation Models, corresponding to Kasserine region, central west Tunisia. The vertical accuracy assessment is based on 23 GPS ground control points belonging to the study area. We applied a statistic analysis approach and established 3 elevation profiles corresponding to GPS, ASTER and SRTM. The erected statistical analysis reveals that the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) was 8.88 and 10.13 respectively for SRTM and ASTER DTMs. 2D elevation profiles constructed for GPS measurements, ASTER and SRTM, highlight that both DTMs underestimate the true elevation and that SRTM DTM is quite closer to the GPS elevation profile. Relying on this investigation, we think that both DTMs are significant for the vertical accuracy assessment and we urge that SRTM DTM might scheme the Kasserine area features better than ASTER DTM.

基于单片机的GPS定位系统的设计

随着城乡基础设施的迅猛发展,道路状况变得复杂,有效掌握交通流量和保障车辆出行安全变得尤其重要。从车辆出行的准确定位需求出发,设计一款车载GPS定位系统,其以STM32F103为控制核心,利用SIM868模块进行GPS定位并转换为可靠的定位信息,通过GPRS通信将信号传输至One NET服务器,再通过APP方式将所有的经纬度信息及其他相关的功能信息传至用户的智能手机,使用户能更精准地查询和定位车辆,获取出行车辆的位置信息,有效保障用户的出行安全。

Single Point Positioning Using GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou Satellites

This paper introduces the Chinese BeiDou satellite system and its comparison with the actual completed American GPS and the Russian GLONASS systems. The actual BeiDou system consists of 14 satellites covering totally the Asia-Pacific area. A Single Point Positioning (SPP) test has been realised in Changsha, Hunan province, China, to show the advantage of using combined pseudorange solutions from these 3 satellite navigation systems especially in obstructed sites. The test shows that, with an elevation mask angle of 10°, the accuracy is improved by about 20% in horizontal coordinates and nearly 50% in the vertical component using the simultaneous observations of the 3 systems compared to the GPS/GLONASS solution. For the processing with an elevation mask angle of 30°, most of the time less than 4 GPS satellites were available for the GPS-only case and no solution was possible. However, in this difficult situation, the combined GPS/GLONASS/ BeiDou solutions provided an accuracy (rms values) of about 5 m.

A GPS/BDS dual-mode positioning algorithm for a train based on CIPSO_EKF

When using global positioning system/BeiDou navigation satellite(GPS/BDS)dual-mode navigation system to locate a train,Kalman filter that is used to calculate train position has to be adjusted according to the features of the dual-mode observation.Due to multipath effect,positioning accuracy of present Kalman filter algorithm is really low.To solve this problem,a chaotic immune-vaccine particle swarm optimization_extended Kalman filter(CIPSO_EKF)algorithm is proposed to improve the output accuracy of the Kalman filter.By chaotic mapping and immunization,the particle swarm algorithm is first optimized,and then the optimized particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize the observation error covariance matrix.The optimal parameters are provided to the EKF,which can effectively reduce the impact of the observation value oscillation caused by multipath effect on positioning accuracy.At the same time,the train positioning results of EKF and CIPSO_EKF algorithms are compared.The eastward position errors and velocity errors show that CIPSO_EKF algorithm has faster convergence speed and higher real-time performance,which can effectively suppress interference and improve positioning accuracy.

不同纬度GPS/BDS-3精密单点定位性能分析

为分析不同纬度区域GPS/BDS-3组合精密单点定位精度及其收敛时间,实验选取了MGEX(Multi-GNSS experiment)7个测站连续14 d的观测数据,对GPS/BDS-3组合进行精密单点定位(PPP)技术定位性能分析,并与GPS、BDS-3单系统进行对比。结果表明,无论是静态定位还是动态定位模式下,由于低纬度地区电离层较为活跃,导致数据质量较差,测站的收敛时间比高纬度测站长。此外,在静态定位模式下,GPS/BDS-3组合在水平方向定位精度优于0.8 cm,高程方向优于1.4 cm;GPS/BDS-3组合对于BDS-3单系统而言在水平方向定位精度提高了26.3%,高程方向提高了42.9%。在动态定位模式下,GPS/BDS-3组合在水平方向定位精度优于1.8 cm,高程方向优于3.8 cm;GPS/BDS-3组合对于BDS-3单系统而言在水平方向定位精度提高了35.59%,高程方向提高了56.10%。